Writing for Publication
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Transcript of Writing for Publication
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Writing for publication
Tim Dornan
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Outline
• Why publish?
• What possibilities are there?
• How do you set about it?
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Why?
So as not to perish
To:•Influence policy•Reach people who share your
interest•Contribute to building knowledge•Teach
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Possibilities: places
• Research journal - peer reviewed
• Book - whole or chapter (invited)
• Education or practice journal - +/- peer reviewed
• Report
• Other
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Possibilities: types
• 'Empirical' (data)'Primary' - original research'Secondary' - rigorous, if not systematic, review
• Editorial• Book contribution• Opinion or description• Letter• Abstract
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Quality of research publications
• Journal impact factor
• Frequency with which your work is cited
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Tips• Good journals may invite short
descriptions of (evaluated) good ideas
• Letters to prestigious journals carry weight
• Submitted editorials occasionally accepted
• Conference abstracts are sometimes published in good journals
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Publishing is ****** hard work!
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How do you set about it?
• Have suitable material• Identify a suitable place to submit
it• Match the two well• Get (competent) mentoring, if
possible• Read the journal authors’
instructions
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Abstract – write last
Structured – varies by journal• Background/aim• Setting• Methods• Results• Conclusions
• Must not go beyond what data can support
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Introduction
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Framing the topic
Specificity/generality determined by:
• The state of the research field• Application to which the work will
be put• Choice
• Big picture or detail• Methodology
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Presenting the topic
Present it as an argument• Moral or ethical• Political• Statistical• Social change - purposeful or
accidental• Common sense
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Literature review
Objectives:• Integrate existing
knowledge• Establish conceptual
orientation and scholarly question(s)
• Guide study design and methods
• Justify interpretation of study findings
Methods:• Cite articles relevant to
topic or study design• Critically discuss them
• Thoughtfully assess quality of studies
• Reflect on limitations or gaps in literature
After Cook et al 2007; Beckman and Cook 2007
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Statement of study intent
Questions• It’s easier to provide an
answer if you have asked a question
• Can be closed enough that you know when you have arrived
• Phraseology reflects nature of research• How? vs What?
Aims and objectives• Aim – broad statement of
purpose• Objectives – outcomes
specified in enough detail that you can tell if you have achieved them
Hard to phrase; demands thought; Hard to phrase; demands thought; subject to revision as research progressessubject to revision as research progresses
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Methods
• Ethics approval• Study design• Describe in enough detail that
another person could replicate your work
• Include statistical or qualitative methods
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Results
• Details of subjects (table)• Succinct presentation of findings
Figure(s)/tables
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Discussion
• Principal findings and meaning• Strengths and limitations• Relationship to other published
work• Implications
• Practice• Future research
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Remainder of MS
• Tables• Figures and legends• References• (Annexes)
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Presentation
• Read journal instructions• Page numbers• Version and date in header• 1.5-2x spacing• Adequate margins• 11 or 12 point font (eg arial)• Headings, subheadings etc
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References
• Use a reference manager (Endnote or similar)
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English style• Write in as simple language as
you can• Variable length sentences; shorter
rather than longer• Avoid verbage• Define abbreviations• Avoid undefined terms (jargon)• Punctuate carefully
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Patients
What’s the topic?
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Patients in UGME: Argument
• Medical students everywhere learn in authentic practice settings
• Interaction with patients is a central part of their learning
• At least early on, students are not active providers of care
• Impact on patients of students’ learning is a self-evidently important topic
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Patients in medical education
The current literature in this area has several limitations. The majority of studies evaluated patient opinions using questionnaires, few offering patients the opportunity to expand on their answers and most requiring them to select from options that were in line with previous evidence, such as ‘better’, ‘same’ or ‘worse’. These methods have therefore given a fairly superficial description of the experience. Even semi-structured interviews have focused more on perceived benefits and disadvantages than in-depth analysis of the patient’s experience. In one study where 92% of patients reported benefits from student involvement, patients were interviewed by members of the faculty by whom they were treated. Despite being assured of anonymity, this could have led to patients feeling pressured to be more positive in their answers.
Emma McLachlan 2009
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Patients in UGME
• How does involvement in medical student education affect a patient’s sense of identity?