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WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST 1

Section 2: Writing and Language Test

QUESTION 1.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a noun, “reductions,” yielding a grammatically complete and coherent

sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a verb or gerund, while the underlined portion calls for a noun.

QUESTION 2.

Choice B is the best answer because it offers a transitional adverb, “Consequently,” that communicates a cause-effect

relationship between the funding reduction identified in the previous sentence and the staffing decrease described in

this sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each misidentifies the relationship between the preceding sentence and the

sentence of which it is a part.

QUESTION 3.

Choice A is the best answer because the singular verb “has” agrees with the singular noun “trend” that appears earlier in

the sentence.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the plural verb “have” does not agree with the singular subject “trend,” and

the relative pronoun “which” unnecessarily interrupts the direct relationship between “trend” and the verb.

QUESTION 4.

Choice A is the best answer because it states accurately why the proposed clause should be added to the sentence. Without

these specific examples, readers have only a vague sense of what “nonprint” formats might be.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each represents a misinterpretation of the relationship between the proposed

clause to be added and the surrounding text in the passage.

QUESTION 5.

Choice D is the best answer because it includes only the preposition and noun that the sentence requires.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each includes an unnecessary pronoun, either “them” or “their.” The sentence

contains no referents that would circulate e-books.

QUESTION 6.

Choice D is the best answer because the verb form “cataloging” parallels the other verbs in the series.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each interrupts the parallel structure in the verb series, either through an

incorrect verb form or with an unnecessary subject.

QUESTION 7.

Choice B is the best answer because it consolidates references to the subject, “librarians,” by placing the relative pronoun

“whose” immediately following “librarians.” This results in a logical flow of information within the sentence.

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Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each fails to place “librarians” as the main subject of the sentence without

redundancy, resulting in a convoluted sentence whose relevance to the preceding and subsequent sentences is unclear.

QUESTION 8.

Choice D is the best answer because no conjunction is necessary to communicate the relationship between the clauses in

the sentence. The conjunction “While” at the beginning of the sentence already creates a comparison.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each provides an unnecessary coordinating conjunction.

QUESTION 9.

Choice B is the best answer because it mentions time periods when the free services described later in the sentence are

particularly useful to library patrons.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each creates redundancy or awkwardness in the remainder of the sentence.

QUESTION 10.

Choice B is the best answer because it is concise; it is also consistent with the formal language in the rest of the sentence

and the passage overall.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each is either unnecessarily wordy or uses colloquial language that does not

correspond with the tone of the passage.

QUESTION 11.

Choice C is the best answer because it restates the writer’s primary argument, which may be found at the end of the first

paragraph: “As public libraries adapt to rapid technological advances in information distribution, librarians’ roles are

actually expanding.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not paraphrase the writer’s primary claim.

QUESTION 12.

Choice B is the best answer because it clarifies that the sentence, which mentions a specific large-scale painting at the Art

Institute of Chicago, is an example supporting the preceding claim about large-scale paintings.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they propose transitional words or phrases that do not accurately represent

the relationship between the preceding sentence and the sentence containing the underlined portion.

QUESTION 13.

Choice D is the best answer because no punctuation is necessary in the underlined phrase.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each separates parts of the noun phrase “painter Georges Seurat’s 10-foot-

wide A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” from one another with one or more unnecessary commas.

QUESTION 14.

Choice C is the best answer because it provides the appropriate possessive form, “its,” and a colon to introduce the

identifying phrase that follows.

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Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none contains both the appropriate possessive form of “it” and the

punctuation that creates a grammatically standard sentence.

QUESTION 15.

Choice C is the best answer because an analysis of the consequences of King Louis XV’s reign is irrelevant to the

paragraph.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each represents a misinterpretation of the relationship between the proposed

sentence to be added and the main point of the paragraph.

QUESTION 16.

Choice C is the best answer because it provides a coordinating conjunction, “and,” to connect the two verb phrases “are

characterized” and “are covered.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each lacks the conjunction needed to connect the two verb phrases “are

characterized” and “are covered.”

QUESTION 17.

Choice B is the best answer because it offers an example of an additional household item, a “tea cup,” with a specific

measurement that is one-twelfth of its actual size.

Choices A, C, D are incorrect because, compared to the example preceding the underlined portion, each is vague and

fails to offer a specific measurement of an additional household item.

QUESTION 18.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides correct punctuation and the coordinating conjunction “but,” which

acknowledges the possible contrast between being “sparsely furnished” and displaying “just as true” period details.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each communicates an illogical relationship between the phrases that precede

and follow the underlined portion.

QUESTION 19.

Choice A is the best answer because it provides a clause that is the most similar to the two preceding clauses, which both

end with a reference to a specific wall.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each deviates from the stylistic pattern of the preceding two clauses.

QUESTION 20.

Choice D is the best answer because the article “a” requires the singular noun “visitor,” and the simple present verb

“remark” is the appropriate verb tense in this context.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each contains either a noun or verb that does not fit the context.

QUESTION 21.

Choice D is the best answer because it identifies the drawers, rather than the visitor, as being “dotted with pin-sized knobs.”

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Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because all three contain dangling modifiers that obscure the relationship between

the visitor, the drawers, and the pin-sized knobs.

QUESTION 22.

Choice B is the best answer because paragraph 3 offers an overview of the exhibit and so serves to introduce the specific

aspects of particular miniature rooms described in paragraphs 2 and 4.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each proposes a placement of paragraph 2 that prevents the passage from

developing in a logical sequence.

QUESTION 23.

Choice A is the best answer because it correctly completes the noun phrase that begins with “sea otters,” and directly

follows the noun phrase with the verb “help.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each separates the noun “otters” from the verb “help” in a way that results

in a grammatically incomplete sentence.

QUESTION 24.

Choice B is the best answer because the data in the chart show lower sea urchin density in areas where sea otters have lived

for two years or less than in areas where no otters are present.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none accurately describes the data in the chart.

QUESTION 25.

Choice B is the best answer because the conjunctive adverb “however” accurately communicates the contrast between an

environment shaped by the presence of sea otters, described in the preceding sentence, and an environment shaped by

the absence of sea otters, described in this sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each presents a conjunctive adverb that does not accurately depict the

relationship between the preceding sentence and the sentence with the underlined word.

QUESTION 26.

Choice A is the best answer because the additional information usefully connects the carbon dioxide levels mentioned in

this sentence with the global warming mentioned in the previous sentence.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each misinterprets the relationship between the proposed information and

the main points of the paragraph and the passage.

QUESTION 27.

Choice D is the best answer because it offers the verb “suggests” followed directly by its object, a that-clause, without

interruption.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each contains punctuation that unnecessarily separates the study from its

findings—that is, separates the verb from its object.

QUESTION 28.

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Choice A is the best answer because it accurately reflects the fact that sea urchins “graze voraciously on kelp,” as stated in

the first paragraph, and it also maintains the tone of the passage.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each offers a term that does not accurately describe the behavior of sea otters.

QUESTION 29.

Choice C is the best answer because the possessive singular pronoun “its” corresponds with the referent “kelp,” which

appears later in the sentence, and with the possessive relationship between the pronoun and the “terrestrial plant

cousins.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none provides a pronoun that is both singular and possessive.

QUESTION 30.

Choice C is the best answer because it provides the noun “sea otters” to identify who or what “played a role.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each provides a pronoun that makes no sense in the context of the paragraph

and the passage, which is about the role sea otters play—not the role scientists play or the role kelp plays.

QUESTION 31.

Choice D is the best answer because sentence 5 indicates that sea otters’ importance in decreasing atmospheric carbon

dioxide was not known, and the sentence to be added indicates that a surprise will follow. Sentence 6 provides that

surprise: sea otters have a large impact on the amount of carbon dioxide kelp can remove from the atmosphere.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each interrupts the logical flow of ideas in the paragraph.

QUESTION 32.

Choice B is the best answer because its clear wording and formal tone correspond with the passage’s established style.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains vague language that is inconsistent with the passage’s clear

wording and formal tone.

QUESTION 33.

Choice D is the best answer because it provides punctuation that appropriately identifies “removed” as the definition of

“sequestered.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each contains punctuation that obscures the relationship between

“sequestered,” “removed,” and the text that follows.

QUESTION 34.

Choice D is the best answer because it provides a conjunction that correctly identifies the relationship between “a practice”

and the actions involved in the practice.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each contains a conjunction that miscommunicates the relationship between

the text that precedes and follows the underlined portion.

QUESTION 35.

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Choice A is the best answer because it provides a comma to close the appositive clause “a practice whereby products are

designed to have a limited period of usefulness,” which also begins with a comma.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each provides closing punctuation inconsistent with the punctuation at the

beginning of the clause.

QUESTION 36.

Choice D is the best answer because it provides an adjective that accurately describes the clear “contrast” between products

“designed to have a limited period of usefulness” and those “produced to be durable.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none provides an adjective that appropriately modifies “contrast” in the

context of the paragraph.

QUESTION 37.

Choice A is the best answer because by mentioning the “specialized” methods used in repair shops, it suggests that

repairing goods is seen as a specialty rather than as a common activity. This connects logically with the “rare” repair

shops introduced just before the underlined portion.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none provides information that supports the claim made in the sentence.

QUESTION 38.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides the correct spelling of the noun “fair,” meaning exhibition, and uses the

correct word “than” to create the comparison between a “fair” and a “café.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains a misspelling of either “fair” or “than.”

QUESTION 39.

Choice C is the best answer because it offers a relative pronoun that properly links the noun “Martine Postma” with the

appropriate verb “wanted.” Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none contains a pronoun that is appropriate for

the referent and placement of the clause.

QUESTION 40.

Choice D is the best answer because it provides the most concise phrasing and links the sentence appropriately to the

previous sentence.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each provides an unnecessary adverb that obscures the relationship between

this sentence and the previous one.

QUESTION 41.

Choice D is the best answer because the gerund “waiting” corresponds with the preposition “for” and the present tense

used in the rest of the sentence.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each contains a verb form not used with the preposition “for.”

QUESTION 42.

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Choice C is the best answer because it appropriately places sentence 5, which describes the places Repair Cafés can be

found today, between a sentence that gives the first Repair Café’s location and purpose and a statement about current

customers and how they use Repair Cafés.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each creates a paragraph with an inappropriate shift in verb tense and,

therefore, an illogical sequence of information.

QUESTION 43.

Choice C is the best answer because it accurately states that the issue of “corporate and service-based jobs” is not

particularly relevant at this point in the paragraph. The focus here is on repairing objects in a “throwaway culture,” not

jobs.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each misinterprets the relationship between the proposed text and the

information in the paragraph.

QUESTION 44.

Choice D is the best answer because the phrase “and other countries” communicates the fact that there are additional items

not being named that could be added to the list; no other wording is required to clarify that point.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each presents a word or phrase

that results in a redundancy with “and other countries.”

WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST 2

Section 2: Writing and Language Test

QUESTION 1.

Choice D is the best answer because “outweigh” is the only choice that appropriately reflects the relationship the sentence

sets up between “advantages” and “drawbacks.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each implies a competitive relationship that is inappropriate in this context.

QUESTION 2.

Choice B is the best answer because it offers a second action that farmers can undertake to address the problem of acid

whey disposal, thus supporting the claim made in the previous sentence (“To address the problem of disposal, farmers

have found a number of uses for acid whey”).

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not offer examples of how farmers could make use of acid whey.

QUESTION 3.

Choice A is the best answer because it results in a sentence that is grammatically correct and coherent. In choice A,

“waterways,” the correct plural form of “waterway,” conveys the idea that acid whey could impact multiple bodies of

water. Additionally, the compound verb “can pollute” suggests that acid whey presents an ongoing, potential problem.

Choices B and D are incorrect because both use the possessive form of “waterway.” Choice C is incorrect because it

creates an unnecessary shift in verb tense. The present tense verb “can pollute” should be used instead, as it is consistent

with the other verbs in the paragraph.

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QUESTION 4.

Choice C is the best answer because it utilizes proper punctuation for items listed in a series. In this case those items are

nouns: “Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists, and government officials.”

Choices A and B are incorrect because both fail to recognize that the items are a part of a series. Since a comma is used

after “manufacturers,” a semicolon or colon should not be used after “scientists.” Choice D is incorrect because the

comma after “and” is unnecessary and deviates from grammatical conventions for presenting items in a series.

QUESTION 5.

Choice C is the best answer because sentence 5 logically links sentence 2, which explains why Greek yogurt production

yields large amounts of acid whey, and sentence 3, which mentions the need to dispose of acid whey properly.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each would result in an illogical progression of sentences for this paragraph.

If sentence 5 were left where it is or placed after sentence 3, it would appear illogically after the discussion of “the

problem of disposal.” If sentence 5 were placed after sentence 1, it would illogically discuss “acid-whey runoff” before

the mention of acid whey being “difficult to dispose of.”

QUESTION 6.

Choice D is the best answer because the paragraph includes several benefits of consuming Greek yogurt, particularly in

regard to nutrition and satisfying hunger, to support the sentence’s claim that the conservation efforts are “well worth

the effort.” This transition echoes the passage’s earlier claim that “the advantages of Greek yogurt outweigh the

potential drawbacks of its production.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they inaccurately describe the sentence in question.

QUESTION 7.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a grammatically standard preposition that connects the verb “serves” and

noun “digestive aid” and accurately depicts their relationship.

Choice A is incorrect because the infinitive form “to be” yields a grammatically incorrect verb construction: “serves to

be.” Choices C and D are incorrect because both present options that deviate from standard English usage.

QUESTION 8.

Choice C is the best answer because it presents a verb tense that is consistent in the context of the sentence. The choice is

also free of the redundant “it.”

Choice A is incorrect because the subject “it” creates a redundancy. Choices B and D are incorrect because they present

verb tenses that are inconsistent in the context of the sentence.

QUESTION 9.

Choice A is the best answer because it properly introduces an additional health benefit in a series of sentences that list

health benefits. “Also” is the logical and coherent choice to communicate an addition.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none of the transitions they offer logically fits the content that precedes or

follows the proposed choice.

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QUESTION 10.

Choice A is the best answer because “satiated” is the only choice that communicates effectively that Greek yogurt will

satisfy hunger for a longer period of time.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each is improper usage in this context. A person can be “fulfilled”

spiritually or in other ways, but a person who has eaten until he or she is no longer hungry cannot be described as

fulfilled. Neither can he or she be described as being “complacent” or “sufficient.”

QUESTION 11.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a syntactically coherent and grammatically correct sentence.

Choices A and C are incorrect because the adverbial conjunctions “therefore” and “so,” respectively, are unnecessary

following “Because.” Choice D is incorrect because it results in a grammatically incomplete sentence (the part of the

sentence before the colon must be an independent clause).

QUESTION 12.

Choice B is the best answer because the graph clearly indicates that, on March 5, average low temperatures are at their

lowest point: 12 degrees Fahrenheit.

Choice A is incorrect because the phrase “as low as” suggests that the temperature falls no lower than 20 degrees

Fahrenheit, but the chart shows that in January, February, and March, the temperature frequently falls below that point.

Choices C and D are incorrect because the information each provides is inconsistent with the information on the chart.

QUESTION 13.

Choice A is the best answer because it concisely combines the two sentences while maintaining the original meaning.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each is unnecessarily wordy, thus undermining one purpose of combining

two sentences: to make the phrasing more concise.

QUESTION 14.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a conjunctive adverb that accurately represents the relationship between

the two sentences. “However” signals an exception to a case stated in the preceding sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a transition that does not accurately represent the relationship

between the two sentences, and as a result each compromises the logical coherence of these sentences.

QUESTION 15.

Choice C is the best answer because it provides commas to offset the nonrestrictive modifying clause “an associate

professor of geology at Ohio State.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each provides punctuation that does not adequately separate the nonrestrictive

modifying clause about Jason Box from the main clause.

QUESTION 16.

Choice C is the best answer because the colon signals that the other factor that contributed to the early thaw is about to be

provided.

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Choice A is incorrect because it results in a sentence that deviates from grammatical standards: a semicolon should be

used to separate two independent clauses, but in choice A the second clause only has a subject, not a verb. Choice B is

incorrect because it is unnecessarily wordy. Choice D is incorrect because “being” is unnecessary and creates an

incoherent clause.

QUESTION 17.

Choice C is the best answer because it provides the correct preposition (“of”) and relative pronoun (“which”) that together

create a dependent clause following the comma.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each results in a comma splice. Two independent clauses cannot be joined

with only a comma.

QUESTION 18.

Choice A is the best answer because the verb tense is consistent with the preceding past tense verbs in the sentence,

specifically “produced” and “drifted.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each utilizes a verb tense that is not consistent with the preceding past tense

verbs in the sentence.

QUESTION 19.

Choice D is the best answer because “their” is the possessive form of a plural noun. In this case, the noun is plural: “snow

and ice.”

Choices A and B are incorrect because the possessive pronoun must refer to a plural noun, “snow and ice,” rather than

a singular noun. Choice C is incorrect because “there” would result in an incoherent sentence.

QUESTION 20.

Choice D is the best answer. The preceding sentences in the paragraph have established that a darker surface of soot-

covered snow leads to more melting because this darker surface absorbs heat, whereas a whiter surface, free of soot,

would deflect heat. As the passage points out, exposed land and water are also dark and cannot deflect heat the way ice

and snow can. Only choice D reflects the self-reinforcing cycle that the preceding sentences already imply.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the information each provides fails to support the previous claim that the

“result” of the soot “is a selfreinforcing cycle.”

QUESTION 21.

Choice B is the best answer because it is free of redundancies.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each of the three presents a redundancy: Choice A uses “repeat” and “again”;

Choice C uses “damage” and “harmful effects”; and Choice D uses “may” and “possibly.”

QUESTION 22.

Choice D is the best answer because sentence 5 describes the information Box seeks: “to determine just how much the soot

is contributing to the melting of the ice sheet.” Unless sentence 4 comes after sentence 5, readers will not know what

the phrase “this crucial information” in sentence 4 refers to.

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Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each results in an illogical sentence progression. None of the sentences that

would precede sentence 4 provides details that could be referred to as “this crucial information.”

QUESTION 23.

Choice D is the best answer because it is free of redundancies and offers the correct form of the verb “wear” in this context.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because all three contain a redundancy. Considering that “quickly” is a fixed part of

the sentence, choice A’s “soon” and choice B and C’s “promptly” all result in redundancies. Choices A and B are also

incorrect because each uses an incorrect form of the verb.

QUESTION 24.

Choice D is the best answer because it is the only choice that provides a grammatically standard and coherent sentence.

The participial phrase “Having become frustrated. . .” functions as an adjective modifying “I,” the writer.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each results in a dangling modifier. The participial phrase “Having become

frustrated . . .” does not refer to choice A’s “no colleagues,” choice B’s “colleagues,” or choice C’s “ideas.” As such,

all three choices yield incoherent and grammatically incorrect sentences.

QUESTION 25.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides the correct preposition in this context, “about.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a preposition that deviates from correct usage. One might read

an article “about” coworking spaces but not an article “into,” “upon,” or “for” coworking spaces.

QUESTION 26.

Choice A is the best answer because it provides the correct punctuation for the dependent clause that begins with the phrase

“such as.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each presents punctuation that deviates from the standard way of punctuating

the phrase “such as.” When “such as” is a part of a nonrestrictive clause, as it is here, only one comma is needed to

separate it from the main independent clause.

QUESTION 27.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a transitional phrase, “In addition to equipment,” that accurately represents

the relationship between the two sentences connected by the transitional phrase. Together, the sentences describe the

key features of coworking spaces, focusing on what the spaces offer (equipment and meeting rooms).

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a transition that does not accurately represent the relationship

between the two sentences.

QUESTION 28.

Choice C is the best answer because the sentence is a distraction from the paragraph’s focus. Nothing in the paragraph

suggests that the cost of setting up a coworking business is relevant here.

Choices A and D are incorrect because neither accurately represents the information in the paragraph. Choice B is

incorrect because it does not accurately represent the information in the next paragraph.

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QUESTION 29.

Choice B is the best answer because it logically follows the writer’s preceding statement about creativity and accurately

represents the information in the graph.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they present inaccurate and unsupported interpretations of the information

in the graph. In addition, none of these choices provides directly relevant support for the main topic of the paragraph.

QUESTION 30.

Choice D is the best answer because it provides a relative pronoun and verb that create a standard and coherent sentence.

The relative pronoun “who” refers to the subject “the people,” and the plural verb “use” corresponds grammatically

with the plural noun “people.”

Choices A and B are incorrect because “whom” is the relative pronoun used to represent an object. The noun “people”

is a subject performing an action (using the coworking space). Choices B and C are also incorrect because they display

a form of the verb “to use” that does not correspond to the plural noun “people.”

QUESTION 31.

Choice C is the best answer because the proposed sentence offers a necessary and logical transition between sentence 2,

which introduces the facility the writer chose, and sentence 3, which tells what happened at the facility “Throughout

the morning.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each would result in an illogical progression of sentences.

QUESTION 32.

Choice A is the best answer because the punctuation it provides results in a grammatically standard and coherent sentence.

When an independent clause is followed by a list, a colon is used to link the two.

Choice B is incorrect because the punctuation creates a fragment (a semicolon should be used to link two independent

clauses). Choice C is incorrect because its use of the comma creates a series in which “several of my coworking

colleagues” are distinguished from the “website developer” and others, although the logic of the sentence would suggest

that they are the same. Choice D is incorrect because it lacks the punctuation necessary to link the independent clause

and the list.

QUESTION 33.

Choice A is the best answer because it provides a phrase that is consistent with standard English usage and also maintains

the tone and style of the passage.

Choice B is incorrect because “give some wisdom” deviates from standard English usage and presents a somewhat

colloquial phrase in a text that is generally free of colloquialisms. Choices C and D are incorrect because both are

inconsistent with the tone of the passage as well as its purpose. The focus of the paragraph is on sharing, not on

proclaiming opinions.

QUESTION 34.

Choice A is the best answer because it offers a phrase that introduces a basic definition of philosophy and thereby fits the

sentence.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each offers a transition that does not suit the purpose of the sentence.

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QUESTION 35.

Choice A is the best answer because it offers the most succinct comparison between the basic definition of philosophy and

the fact that students can gain specific, practical skills from the study of philosophy. There is no need to include the

participle “speaking” in this sentence, as it is clear from context that the writer is offering a different perspective.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they provide options that are unnecessarily wordy.

QUESTION 36.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a verb that creates a grammatically complete, standard, and coherent

sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each results in a grammatically incomplete and incoherent sentence.

QUESTION 37.

Choice D is the best answer because it most effectively sets up the information in the following sentences, which state that

(according to information from the 1990s) “only 18 percent of American colleges required at least one philosophy

course,” and “more than 400 independent philosophy departments were eliminated” from colleges. These details are

most logically linked to the claim that “colleges have not always supported the study of philosophy.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none of these effectively sets up the information that follows, which is about

colleges’ failure to support the study of philosophy.

QUESTION 38.

Choice C is the best answer because it provides a transition that logically connects the information in the previous sentence

to the information in this one. Both sentences provide evidence of colleges’ lack of support of philosophy programs, so

the adverb “Moreover,” which means “In addition,” accurately captures the relationship between the two sentences.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each presents a transition that does not accurately depict or support the

relationship between the two sentences. The second sentence is not a result of the first (“Therefore,” “Thus”), and the

sentences do not provide a contrast (“However”).

QUESTION 39.

Choice A is the best answer because it succinctly expresses the idea that “students who major in philosophy often do better

. . . as measured by standardized test scores.”

Choices B and D are incorrect because they introduce a redundancy and a vague term, “results.” The first part of the

sentence mentions a research finding or conclusion but does not directly address any “results,” so it is confusing to refer

to “these results” and indicate that they “can be” or “are measured by standardized test scores.” The best way to express

the idea is simply to say that some students “often do better” than some other students “in both verbal reasoning and

analytical writing as measured by standardized test scores.” Choice C is incorrect because there is no indication that

multiple criteria are used to evaluate students’ “verbal reasoning and analytical writing”: test scores and something else.

Only test scores are mentioned.

QUESTION 40.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides subject-verb agreement and thus creates a grammatically correct and

coherent sentence.

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Choice A is incorrect because the verb “has scored” does not correspond with the plural subject “students.” Similarly,

Choice C is incorrect because the verb “scores” would correspond with a singular subject, but not the plural subject

present in this sentence. Choice D is incorrect because it results in a grammatically incomplete and incoherent sentence.

QUESTION 41.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides a coherent and grammatically standard sentence.

Choices A and D are incorrect because both present “students” in the possessive form, whereas the sentence establishes

“students” as the subject (“many students . . . have”). Choice C is incorrect because the verb form it proposes results in

an incomplete and incoherent sentence.

QUESTION 42.

Choice C is the best answer because it accurately depicts how inserting this sentence would affect the overall paragraph.

The fact that Plato used the dialogue form has little relevance to the preceding claim about the usefulness of a

philosophy background.

Choices A and B are incorrect because the proposed sentence interrupts the progression of reasoning in the paragraph.

Choice D is incorrect because, as with Choice A, Plato’s works have nothing to do with “the employability of

philosophy majors.”

QUESTION 43.

Choice D is the best answer because it creates a complete and coherent sentence.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each inserts an unnecessary relative pronoun or conjunction, resulting in a

sentence without a main verb.

QUESTION 44.

Choice D is the best answer because it provides a possessive pronoun that is consistent with the sentence’s plural subject

“students,” thus creating a grammatically sound sentence.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each proposes a possessive pronoun that is inconsistent with the plural noun

“students,” the established subject of the sentence.

WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST SET 3

Section 2: Writing and Language Test

QUESTION 1.

Choice A is the best answer because by providing the comparative adjective “healthier” and the word “more” to make

“productive” comparative, it creates a parallel structure within the list that begins with “happier.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none creates a parallel structure within the list of qualities.

QUESTION 2.

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Choice B is the best answer. The ways in which exposure to natural light affects employees is the main subject of the

passage.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none introduces the topic discussed in the remainder of the passage.

QUESTION 3.

Choice C is the best answer. It accurately notes that the proposed sentence would be placed directly between the first

mention of circadian rhythms and the explanation of the term.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each misinterprets the relationship between the proposed additional text and

the ideas in the paragraph.

QUESTION 4.

Choice C is the best answer. It provides the correct possessive construction for “body,” which must be a singular noun

when discussed in general terms as in this sentence. Choice C also provides the correct plural construction for “clocks.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each applies either a possessive or a plural construction in a place where it

doesn’t belong.

QUESTION 5.

Choice A is the best answer. The singular verb “is” agrees with the singular noun “absenteeism.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a verb that either fails to agree with the singular subject

“absenteeism” or introduces redundancy.

QUESTION 6.

Choice B is the best answer. It contains a direct reference to productivity, the topic introduced in the previous sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none directly addresses employee productivity, the primary subject of the

previous sentence.

QUESTION 7.

Choice A is the best answer. It opens with a reference to lowered worker productivity, creating a transition from the

previous paragraph, and clearly positions the high energy costs of artificial light sources as an additional disadvantage.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none of the choices offer an adequate transition from the previous paragraph:

Each awkwardly inserts the issue of lower worker productivity into a statement about the high energy costs of artificial

light sources.

QUESTION 8.

Choice D is the best answer. The word “annual” is adequate to communicate that the savings occurred every year.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each proposes an option that would result in a redundancy with “annual.”

QUESTION 9.

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Choice C is the best answer. It provides a transitional adverb that accurately communicates that this sentence describes an

option that companies could choose (“light tubes”) instead of the option described in the previous sentence (“full-pane

windows”).

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each proposes a transitional adverb that does not accurately reflect the

relationship between this sentence and the one preceding it.

QUESTION 10.

Choice C is the best answer. It provides the correct relative pronoun to correspond with the plural referent “light tubes”

and the correct verb to introduce the definition that follows.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each offers a pronoun inappropriate for opening a dependent clause defining

“light tubes.”

QUESTION 11.

Choice B is the best answer. The preposition “of” idiomatically follows the noun “means,” particularly as a way to connect

it to another noun or verb.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each results in nonstandard phrasing with “means.”

QUESTION 12.

Choice A is the best answer. The plural reflexive pronoun “themselves” corresponds with the plural noun “settlers.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each provides either a nonstandard phrase or a singular pronoun that does

not correspond with “settlers.”

QUESTION 13.

Choice C is the best answer. It creates a transition from the poor food quality mentioned in the previous sentence to the

information about Harvey in the remainder of the sentence.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none offers a transition from the previous sentence or a detail that corresponds

precisely with the information in the remainder of the sentence.

QUESTION 14.

Choice D is the best answer. It correctly provides a comma to close the modifying clause “an English-born entrepreneur,”

which opens with a comma.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each proposes punctuation that creates an inappropriately strong separation

between the subject “Fred Harvey” and the verb “decided.”

QUESTION 15.

Choice B is the best answer. It provides the plural verb and plural possessive pronoun that grammatically correspond to

the plural referent “Harvey Houses.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each either fails to provide a verb that corresponds with the plural referent

“Harvey Houses” or fails to provide the appropriate possessive pronoun.

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QUESTION 16.

Choice C is the best answer. It accurately echoes an earlier characterization of the food as being of “terrible quality,” while

maintaining the established tone of the passage.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect either because the word is less formal than the established tone of the passage (“icky”)

or because it illogically attributes agency to food (“sinister,” “surly”).

QUESTION 17.

Choice C is the best answer. It accurately interprets “not content to follow conventional business practices” as logically

introducing the new practice of “employing women” described in the following sentences.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none recognizes why the sentence is relevant to this particular location in

the passage.

QUESTION 18.

Choice B is the best answer. It is concise and free of redundancies.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each pairs “overwhelming” and “tremendous,” adjectives so close in meaning

that together they present a redundancy.

QUESTION 19.

Choice D is the best answer. It contains the pronoun “they,” a necessary reference to “such regulations” in the previous

clause.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each lacks a necessary subject, such as a pronoun or noun.

QUESTION 20.

Choice C is the best answer. It refers directly to benefits for the restaurants’ female employees, the subject of the previous

sentence.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none logically builds upon the sentence that precedes it.

QUESTION 21.

Choice D is the best answer. It provides punctuation that indicates that the opening dependent clause modifies the subject

“Harvey Girls.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each uses the punctuation for a dependent clause (“Living independently and

demonstrating an intense work ethic”) as if it were an independent clause.

QUESTION 22.

Choice A is the best answer. It recognizes that the new information supports the previous sentence’s claim that “the Harvey

Girls became known as a transformative force.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each misinterprets the relationship between the proposed text and the passage.

QUESTION 23.

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Choice A is the best answer. It opens with a clause that identifies how 1-MCP affects apples, which focuses the sentence

on 1-MCP as the subject and allows the ideas in the sentence to progress logically.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each displays awkward or flawed modification and progression of ideas, or

creates redundancy.

QUESTION 24.

Choice D is the best answer. Only the comma is necessary to separate “ethylene” from the appositive noun phrase that

defines it.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each creates a comma splice and/ or adds unnecessary words.

QUESTION 25.

Choice B is the best answer. It offers an adjective that accurately describes fresh apples.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each proposes an adjective that does not describe a plausible fruit texture.

QUESTION 26.

Choice A is the best answer. The plural possessive pronoun “their” corresponds with the plural referent “apples.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none provides a pronoun that is both possessive and plural.

QUESTION 27.

Choice D is the best answer. It provides the pronoun “who,” which accurately identifies the referent “consumers” as people

and appropriately begins the relative clause.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each contains a pronoun that either does not correspond with the human

referent “consumers” or does not correctly begin the relative clause.

QUESTION 28.

Choice B is the best answer. It provides the present tense verb “do,” which corresponds to the present tense established

earlier in the sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains a verb that deviates from the simple present tense established

in the sentence.

QUESTION 29.

Choice B is the best answer. It provides a colon to appropriately introduce the clause that follows, an elaboration on the

preceding claim that Bartlett pears are an example of fruit that “do not respond as well to 1-MCP treatment.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each either creates a comma splice or uses a transitional phrase (“For

instance”) illogically.

QUESTION 30.

Choice B is the best answer. Sentence 4 begins with “But,” indicating a contrast with a previous idea, and goes on to

mention that 1-MCP can have negative effects. Sentence 1 continues the discussion of benefits of 1-MCP, and sentence

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2 names the adverse effect of limiting scent production, so the most logical spot for sentence 4 is between these

sentences.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each proposes placing the sentence at a point where it would compromise

the logical development of ideas in the paragraph.

QUESTION 31.

Choice D is the best answer. It most accurately reflects the data in the graph, which shows a steep decrease in percentage

of flesh browning when untreated apples are left in the open air for three weeks rather than placed immediately into a

controlled atmosphere.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each presents an inaccurate interpretation of the data in the graph.

QUESTION 32.

Choice B is the best answer. It accurately interprets the data as indicating that “roughly half of their flesh turns brown”

when apples are treated with 1-MCP: both bars representing 1-MCP treatment are near the 50% line.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each proposes an inaccurate interpretation of the data.

QUESTION 33.

Choice C is the best answer. It describes an action, weighing the relative values, that fruit sellers must take as a result of

1-MCP’s limitations.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none specifically connects the shortcomings of 1-MCP with any action on

the part of fruit sellers.

QUESTION 34.

Choice D is the best answer. It clearly communicates that the preceding dependent clause modifies “works by human

artists.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each fails to link the preceding dependent clause to an independent clause,

resulting in an incomplete sentence.

QUESTION 35.

Choice B is the best answer. It provides the necessary em dash to close the aside about artist C.M. Coolidge, which opens

with an em dash.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each provides closing punctuation for the aside that does not correspond

with the opening punctuation.

QUESTION 36.

Choice C is the best answer. The plural verb “portray” corresponds with the plural noun “works of art.”

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none provides the plural verb in the present tense that the sentence requires.

QUESTION 37.

Choice D is the best answer. It names a “museum in Russia,” which is the subject of the next paragraph.

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Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each provides an overly general phrase that does not specifically link to the

paragraph that follows.

QUESTION 38.

Choice C is the best answer. It creates parallelism with the verb “could damage” that appears earlier in the clause (“rodents

that could damage . . . [and could] scare off visitors”).

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each presents a verb tense that is inconsistent with the sentence’s other

present-tense verb (“could damage”) that shares “mice, rats, and other rodents” as its subject.

QUESTION 39.

Choice C is the best answer. Sentence 5, which discusses Peter the Great’s daughter continuing his tradition, most logically

follows the sentence about Peter the Great.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each presents a placement that would compromise the logical development

of the paragraph.

QUESTION 40.

Choice B is the best answer. “Commissioned” describes the act of hiring an artist to create a specific work.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a word that does not correspond logically with the context.

QUESTION 41.

Choice D is the best answer. It provides punctuation that clearly places the noun phrase “digital artist Eldar Zakirov” as an

appositive identifying the person mentioned in the previous phrase, “The person chosen for this task.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each fails to open and close the uninterrupted appositive noun phrase “digital

artist Eldar Zakirov” with commas.

QUESTION 42.

Choice A is the best answer. The phrase “noble individuals” corresponds with the subsequent examples of portraits where

the cats are depicted as

“aristocratic,” “stately,” and like a “trusted royal advisor.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a statement that does not logically connect to the examples

that follow.

QUESTION 43.

Choice D is the best answer. It accurately states that the information in the proposed additional sentence is not related to

formal portraits of cats, the main topic of the paragraph.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each fails to recognize that the proposed sentence interrupts the logical

development of the paragraph.

QUESTION 44.

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Choice D is the best answer. The tone corresponds with that established in the passage, and the phrasing appropriately

focuses on the cats’ contribution to protecting artwork rather than on simply killing rodents.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none makes explicit the link between the cats’ hunting activities and the

service to the museum.

WRITING AND LANGUAGE TEST SET 4

Section 2: Writing and Language Test

QUESTION 1.

Choice B is the best answer because the relative clause appropriately modifies the noun “work” in the preceding

independent clause.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each creates a comma splice.

QUESTION 2.

Choice B is the best answer because it creates the appropriate contrasting transition from the fact that the first two panels

were painted during the day to the fact that the third panel was painted at night.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each creates an inappropriate transition from the previous sentence. Choice

A and choice D imply addition rather than contrast. Choice C results in an incomplete sentence.

QUESTION 3.

Choice B is the best answer because it creates an appropriate appositive to the subject “mural,” and is correctly set off by

commas on both sides.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each is incorrectly punctuated. Choice A lacks a comma after “centerpiece,”

choice C unnecessarily introduces an independent clause, and choice D contains an em dash that has no parallel earlier

in the sentence.

QUESTION 4.

Choice A is the best answer because it explicitly introduces the explanation for the behavior (painting at night) described

in the previous paragraph.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none alludes to the artist’s painting at night, which is described at the end of

the previous paragraph and explained in this paragraph.

QUESTION 5.

Choice D is the best answer because it refers to an action that can be performed on a physical object such as a mural.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each refers to an action that is performed on information rather than on a

physical object.

QUESTION 6.

Choice B is the best answer because it creates a past tense construction consistent with the verb “was dominated.”

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Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none is consistent with the verb tense established earlier in the sentence.

QUESTION 7.

Choice D is the best answer because it is the most precise choice, specifying the noun that the demonstrative pronoun

“this” refers to.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each provides a vague, nonspecific pronoun that does not concretely define

a referent.

QUESTION 8.

Choice B is the best answer because it correctly places and punctuates the appositive phrase that describes the “Chicano

mural movement.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains awkward syntax that obscures the relationship between the

key noun phrases “an explosion of mural painting” and “the Chicano mural movement.”

QUESTION 9.

Choice C is the best answer because it creates parallel construction within the list of locations (“in abandoned lots, on

unused buildings, or on infrastructure”).

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none follows the construction established within the list of locations.

QUESTION 10.

Choice A is the best answer because it alludes to the uniquely high level of investment, described in the next sentence, that

the new group of artists is making in restoring and publicizing “América Tropical.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each fails to express the connection between the general restoration efforts

mentioned in the previous sentence and the specific role of “América Tropical” in these efforts, which is described in

the next sentence.

QUESTION 11.

Choice C is the best answer because details of the initial reaction to Siqueiros’s mural and its subsequent rediscovery are

given previously in the passage and are not needed to set up the forward-looking sentence that follows.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each provides an inaccurate interpretation of the sentence that the writer is

considering adding.

QUESTION 12.

Choice D is the best answer because without the underlined portion, the sentence contains an appropriate parallel contrast

between the phrases “organically grown crops” and “conventionally grown counterparts,” each of which describes

crops.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each creates an illogical comparison: crops to “people,” crops to “purchase,”

and crops to “purchasing.”

QUESTION 13.

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Choice B is the best answer because it provides the subject “consumers,” creating a complete sentence and providing a

referent for the pronoun “they” that appears later in the sentence.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each lacks the subject that the sentence requires and none provide a referent

for “they.”

QUESTION 14.

Choice D is the best answer because it efficiently creates a contrast with “organically grown.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they are unnecessarily wordy and repeat information given in previous

sentences.

QUESTION 15.

Choice C is the best answer because it sets up the contrast between the added expense of organic food and the evidence

that suggests a lack of benefits from eating organic food.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each fails to acknowledge the contrast between the last sentence in the

paragraph and the previous sentences.

QUESTION 16.

Choice C is the best answer because “maintain” is commonly used to describe advocating a position in an argument.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none is appropriate in the context of describing an opinion advocated by a

group of people.

QUESTION 17.

Choice A is the best answer because the transitional phrase “For instance” sets up an example supporting the point, made

in the previous sentence, that organic food may not contain more vitamins and minerals than conventionally grown

food.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none indicates that the sentence is providing an example supporting the point

made in the previous sentence.

QUESTION 18.

Choice C is the best answer because it accurately identifies the reason that the writer should not add the proposed sentence:

the paragraph is about evidence of nutritional content, not the availability of organic food.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each provides an inaccurate interpretation of the proposed sentence’s

relationship to the passage.

QUESTION 19.

Choice A is the best answer because the plural verb “have” is consistent with the plural subject “amounts.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each is a singular verb, which is inconsistent with the plural subject

“amounts.”

QUESTION 20.

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Choice C is the best answer because the example it supplies, that pesticides can be minimized by washing or peeling

produce, supports the claim that nonorganic food is safe.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none supports the paragraph’s claim about the safety of nonorganic food.

QUESTION 21.

Choice B is the best answer because the plural noun phrase “numerous other reasons” must be preceded by a plural verb

and a pronoun that does not indicate possession: “there are.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains the singular verb “is,” the possessive pronoun “their,” or both.

QUESTION 22.

Choice D is the best answer because a nonrestrictive clause must be preceded by a comma; in addition, “such as” is never

followed by a comma.

In this case, the list of reasons supporting the claim that there are benefits to buying organic food is nonrestrictive; the

list tells the reader something about organic food but does not restrict or place limits on organic food.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each places erroneous punctuation after the phrase “such as.” Choices B and

C also lack the necessary comma preceding “such as.”

QUESTION 23.

Choice C is the best answer because “intriguing” conveys a realistic level of interest for the entertaining but ultimately

inconsequential question of regional differences in words for carbonated beverages.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each mocks the topic of regional words for carbonated beverages.

QUESTION 24.

Choice C is the best answer because “but also” is the appropriate transition to complete the correlative pair “not only . . .

but also,” which begins earlier in the sentence.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each fails to complete the phrase “not only . . . but also.”

QUESTION 25.

Choice B is the best answer because it is consistent with the fact that there remains a “veritable army of trained volunteers

traveling the country” and because it uses “still” to contrast this method with the “new avenues.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none is consistent with the information contained later in the passage.

QUESTION 26.

Choice D is the best answer because it uses the relative pronoun “who” to avoid needless repetition of the word “scholars.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each unnecessarily repeats the word “scholars.”

QUESTION 27.

Choice C is the best answer because the new sentence provides a logical transition from sentences 3 and 4, which describe

the data collection, to sentence 5, which explains that completing the dictionary took far longer than expected.

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Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each fails to create a logical transition between the preceding and subsequent

sentences.

QUESTION 28.

Choice A is the best answer because the singular verb “requires” agrees with the singular subject “research.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not create subject-verb agreement.

QUESTION 29.

Choice D is the best answer because a colon is the correct punctuation to introduce the elaborating phrase that follows the

word “army.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none provides the appropriate punctuation.

QUESTION 30.

Choice B is the best answer because it contains both the correct word to refer to an Internet location—“site”—and the

correct preposition to complete the collocation “in search of.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains a word that does not refer to an Internet location, and choices

C and D contain the wrong preposition.

QUESTION 31.

Choice C is the best answer because it correctly associates each beverage term with the region described in the sentence

according to the information contained in the map.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each contradicts the information contained in the map.

QUESTION 32.

Choice B is the best answer because it contains the two plural possessive pronouns needed to refer to the subject

“findings”—“their” and “their.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each contains a word frequently confused with “their.”

QUESTION 33.

Choice A is the best answer because it provides a summary and evaluation of gathering data from the Internet, which is the

focus of the paragraph.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each is either irrelevant to the main point of the paragraph or unnecessarily

repeats information.

QUESTION 34.

Choice C is the best answer because it uses the present tense, which is consistent with the verbs that appear later in the

sentence.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they create awkward shifts in tense.

QUESTION 35.

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Choice C is the best answer because the em dashes correctly bracket the examples of the types of elements.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each uses either inconsistent or incorrect punctuation to set off the types of

elements.

QUESTION 36.

Choice B is the best answer because a period is an appropriate way to separate the two independent clauses that meet at

the underlined text.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each either creates a comma splice or lacks necessary punctuation.

QUESTION 37.

Choice D is the best answer because the proposed sentence to be added is a paraphrase of the sentence before it, containing

the same ideas.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none fully acknowledges the relationship between the proposed sentence to

be added and the other sentences in the paragraph.

QUESTION 38.

Choice A is the best answer because it highlights the importance of the game designer’s communication with others, which

is the paragraph’s main point.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because none describes communication originating with the game designer, which

is the main focus of the paragraph.

QUESTION 39.

Choice C is the best answer because the importance of communication is established in the previous sentences. The

transition “consequently” best captures the fact that the designer must be skilled in this area.

Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because each contains a transition that either repeats information or creates an illogical

relationship between this sentence and the previous sentences.

QUESTION 40.

Choice B is the best answer because it provides the singular nouns “writer” and “speaker” to agree with the singular

pronoun “anyone.”

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none creates pronoun-referent agreement.

QUESTION 41.

Choice D is the best answer because it expresses in the clearest, simplest way the idea that many game designers start out

as programmers.

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each is unnecessarily wordy and obscures meaning.

QUESTION 42.

Choice D is the best answer because it logically and appropriately modifies the phrase “collaboration skills.”

Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none appropriately describes the value of collaboration skills.

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QUESTION 43.

Choice A is the best answer because it provides a logical subject for the modifying phrase “demanding and deadline

driven.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each creates a dangling modifier.

QUESTION 44.

Choice B is the best answer because sentence 5 expresses the main point upon which the paragraph elaborates.

Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because none places sentence 5 in the appropriate position to set up the details

contained in the paragraph.