Wrist and Hand Examinaon...Objecves • Understand the osseous, ligamentous, tendinous, and neural...
Transcript of Wrist and Hand Examinaon...Objecves • Understand the osseous, ligamentous, tendinous, and neural...
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WristandHandExamina.on
DanielLueders,MDAssistantProfessorPhysicalMedicineandRehabilita.on
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Objec.ves
• Understandtheosseous,ligamentous,tendinous,andneuralanatomyofthewristandhand
• Outlinepalpablesuperficiallandmarksinthewristandhand
• Outlineevalua.onofanddifferen.a.onbetweennervestothewristandhand
• Describespecialtes.ngofwristandhand
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WristAnatomy
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpalbones
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WristAnatomy
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpalbones
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WristAnatomy
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpalbones
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WristAnatomy
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpalbones
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Inspec.on
• Ecchymosis
• Erythema
• Deformity
• Lacera.on
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Inspec.on
• CommonFingerDeformi.es
• SwanNeckDeformity
• BoutonniereDeformity
• Hypertrophicnodules• Heberden’s,Bouchard’s
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Inspec.on
• SwanNeckDeformity• PIPhyperextension,DIPflexion• PathologyisatPIPjoint• Insufficiencyofvolar/palmarplateand
suppor.ngstructures• Distally,theFDPtendon.ghtensfromPIP
extensioncausingsecondaryDIPflexion• Alterna.vely,extensortendonruptureproduces
similardeformity
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Inspec.on
• BoutonniereDeformity• PIPflexion,DIPhyperextension• PathologyisatPIPjoint• Commonlyoccursfrominsufficiencyofdorsal
andlateralsuppor.ngstructuresatPIPjoint• Lateralbandsmigratevolar/palmar,crea.ng
increasedflexionmoment• ResultsinPIP“buTonhole”effectdorsally
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Inspec.on
• Nodules• Osteoarthri.c• HypertrophicchangesofOA• PIP-Bouchard’snodule• DIP-Heberden’snodule
• RheumatoidArthri.s• MCPjointsaffectedmost• Distalradioulnarjointcanalsobeaffected• Synovi.sprocess=swelling,erythema,pain
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Palpa.on
• Systema.cpalpa.onisessen.alforaccuratediagnosis• Localizepointsofmaximaltenderness• Alwayscomparetooppositeside
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Scaphoid
• Prominenceatthethenareminenceanddistalendofthepalpabletendonoftheflexorcarpiradialis
• Thescaphoidtuberclerepresentsthepalmarprojec.onofthescaphoid
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Scaphoid
• Hasaproximalpole,awaist,andadistalpole
• ProximalPole• Palpablejustdistalto
Lister’stubercle
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Scaphoid
• Hasaproximalpole,awaist,andadistalpole
• Waist• Locatedwithin
anatomicsnuZox
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Scaphoid
• Hasaproximalpole,awaist,andadistalpole
• DistalPole• Palpablejustdistalto
palmarwristcrease• Becomesmore
prominentwithwristradialdevia.on
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Lunate
• Inlinewith3rdmetacarpal• Palpablewithinadepression
justulnartoscaphoidproximalpoleandulnartoextensorcarpiradialistendons• Wristdorsiflexionà
Increasesdepression• WristextensionàFullness
emerges
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Triquetrum
• UlnarlobepalpablewithintheulnarsnuZoxjustdistaltotheulnarhead/styloidprocess
• Dorsallobepalpableondorsalwristjustdistaltoulnarhead
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Lunate
• Inlinewith3rdmetacarpal• Palpablewithinadepression
justulnartoscaphoidproximalpoleandulnartoextensorcarpiradialistendons• Wristdorsiflexionà
Increasesdepression• WristextensionàFullness
emerges
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Triquetrum
• UlnarlobepalpablewithintheulnarsnuZoxjustdistaltotheulnarhead/styloidprocess
• Dorsallobepalpableondorsalwristjustdistaltoulnarhead
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Pisiform
• Palpableonthepalmaraspectofthewrist,justdistaltotheFCUtendon,whichaTachestothepisiform
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Pisiform
• Pisotriquetralar.cula.oncanbepassivelymoved• Passivewristflexion
relaxesFCUtendon• Permitsexaminerto
movethepisiformrela.vetotriquetrum
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Trapezium
• Palmarsurfacepalpablejustdistaltoscaphoidtubercle
• DorsalsurfacepalpableindistalaspectofanatomicsnuZox
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Trapezoid
• Dorsalsurfacepalpablejustproximaltothebaseofthesecondmetacarpal,deeptotheECRLtendon
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Capitate
• Dorsalsurfacepalpablejustdistaltothelunateandproximaltothebaseofthe3rdmetacarpal,deeptotheECRBandEDCtendons
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Hamate
• Dorsalsurfacepalpablejustulnartotriquetrumandproximaltothe4thand5thmetacarpalbases
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Hamate
• Hookofhamateispalpableonthepalmarsurfaceaboutonefingerwidthdistalandulnartopisiform
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Radius
• Radialstyloid
• Lister’stubercle
• Ar.culateswithdistalulna
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Radius
• Radialstyloid
• Lister’stubercle
• Ar.culateswithdistalulna
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Radius
• Radialstyloid
• Lister’stubercle
• Ar.culateswithdistalulna
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DistalRadialUlnarJoint
• Palpablebetweendistalradiusanddistalulna
• Ar.culatesinmo.onsofprona.on/supina.on
• Instabilitycanoccuratthisar.cula.on
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DorsalWrist
• AnatomicsnuZox• Dorsal-radialsideof
wrist
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DorsalWrist
• AnatomicsnuZox• Boundedby:• Radially-1st
dorsalwristcompartmenttendons• Abdpollicus
longus,Extpollicisbrevis
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DorsalWrist
• AnatomicsnuZox• Boundedby:• Ulnarly-3rddorsal
wristcompartmenttendon• Extpollicis
longus
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DorsalWrist
• AnatomicsnuZox• Boundedby:• Proximal–Radial
styloid
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DorsalWrist
• AnatomicsnuZox• Boundedby:• Distal–1st
metacarpalhead
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DorsalWrist
• AnatomicsnuZox• Palpabledeepin
dorsalsnuZox• Scaphoid• Radialartery• Superficialradial
nerve
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DorsalWrist
• Lister’sTubercle• Bonyprominenceon
dorsalsurfaceofdistalradiusjustproximaltoradiocarpalar.cula.on
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DorsalWrist
• Lister’sTubercle• Extensorpollicis
longuscurvesaroundthistuberclefromdistalforearmtoulnarthumb
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DorsalWristCompartments
• 1st–AbductorPollicisLongus,ExtensorPollicisBrevis• 2nd–ExtensorCarpiRadialisLongusandBrevis• 3rd–ExtensorPollicisLongus• 4th–ExtensorIndicisProprius,ExtensorDigitorum• 5th–ExtensorDigi.Minimi• 6th–ExtensorCarpiUlnaris
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DorsalWristCompartments
• 1st–AbductorPollicisLongus,ExtensorPollicisBrevis
• DeQuervain’sTenosynovi.s
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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PalmarWristTendons
• Brachioradialis• Flexorcarpiradialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Flexordigitorum
profundusandsuperficialis
• Palmarislongus• Flexorcarpiulnaris
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Hand
• Metacarpal-PhalangealJoints(MCPs)
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Hand
• ProximalInter-PhalangealJoints(PIPs)
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Hand
• DistalInter-PhalangealJoints(DIPs)
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RangeofMo.on
• Wrist• Flexionto90• Extensionto60• Ulnardevia.onto45
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RangeofMo.on
• Fingers• Allfingersshouldachievefullflexionandextension
• Lag–lackofACTIVErangeofmo.on• Block–lackofPASSIVErangeofmo.on
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NeurologicExamina.on
• MedianNerve
• UlnarNerve
• RadialNerve
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NeurologicExamina.on
• MedianNerve• Loca.on• Enterswristdeep
tothetransversecarpalligamentwithinthecarpaltunnel
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NeurologicExamina.on
• MedianNerve• Innervates• Flexordigitorumprofundusandsuperficialis• Flexorpollicislongus• Pronatorquadratus• Pronatorteres• Flexorcarpiradialis• Abductorpollicisbrevis
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NeurologicExamina.on
• MedianNerve• Cutaneoussensa.on• Thenareminence• Palmaraspectof
radial3½fingers• Distaldorsal
aspectofradial3½
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NeurologicExamina.on
• UlnarNerve• Loca.on• Traversesthrough
Guyon’scanalatwrist• Justradialto
pisiform• Liesbetween
pisiformandhookofhamate
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NeurologicExamina.on
• UlnarNerve• Innervates• FDPandFDStoringandliTlefingers• Firstdorsalinterosseus• Abductordigi.minimi
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NeurologicExamina.on
• UlnarNerve• Cutaneous
innerva.on• Ulnar1½digit
palmaranddorsalsurfaces
• Hypotenareminence
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NeurologicExamina.on
• RadialNerve• Loca.on• Throughspiralgrooveatmid-humerus• Betweentwoheadsofsupinator(ulnar,humeral)• Dorsalforearmdivisions• Deepmotorbranch• Becomesposteriorinterosseousnerve
• Superficialsensorybranch• Crosseswristatdorsolateralradius
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NeurologicExamina.on
• RadialNerve• Innervates• Extensorsofwrist,thumb,anddigits• Supinator
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NeurologicExamina.on
• RadialNerve• Cutaneous
innerva.on• Dorsalwristand
hand• Dorsalradial3½
fingerstoDIPjoints
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NeurologicExamina.on
• RadialNerve• Dorsalforearm
divisions• Deepmotor
branch• Becomes
posteriorinterosseousnerve
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NeurologicExamina.on
• RadialNerve• Dorsalforearm
divisions• Superficialsensory
branch• Crosseswrist
atdorsolateralradius
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Provoca.veTes.ng
• ATempttoreproduceforce/mechanismofinjurywithmanualtes.ng
• Performonlyalerrulingoutfracture
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WatsonTest
• Assessesforscapholunateinstability• akaScaphoidShilTest
• Procedure• Placethumboverscaphoidtubercleandindexfinger
overdorsalaspectofscapholunatejoint• Applydorsallydirectedforcewiththumbagainst
distalpoleofscaphoidwhilepassivelymovingwristfromulnartoradialdevia.on
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WatsonTest
• Posi.veTest• Sudden,dyskine.cshilofscaphoidwithdorsal
wristpain• “Catch-upClunk”
• Pathoanatomy• Instabilityatthescapholunatejointinterferes
withnormalflexion-extensionmo.onofthescaphoidduringwristradial-ulnardevia.on
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LunotriquetralShuck/Shear
• Assessesforlunotriquetralinstability
• Procedure• Grasplunatebetweenthethumbandindexfinger
ofonehand• Grasptriquetrum/pisiformbetweenthethumband
indexfingerofsecondhand• Shilthetwograspinghandsinoppositedirec.ons
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LunotriquetralShuck/Shear
• Posi.veTest• Reproduc.onofpain• Lunotriquetralexcursiongreaterthan2mm
• Pathoanatomy• Instability/ligamentousinsufficiencyat
lunotriquetralar.cula.on
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DistalRadioulnarJointInstability
• Assessesfordorsal-volarinstability
• Procedure• Graspdistalradiusandulnabetweenthumband
indexofoppositehands3-4cmproximaltowrist• Translateradiusrela.vetoulnainneutral,
supina.on,andprona.on
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DistalRadioulnarJointInstability
• Posi.vetest• Crepitus• Transla.on>5mm
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CarpalTunnelSyndrome
• Provoca.veTests• CarpalTunnelCompressionTest• PhalenTest• ReversePhalenTest• TinelSign
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CarpalTunnelSyndrome
• CarpalTunnelCompressionTest• Procedure• Applyfirmpressuredirectlytocarpaltunnel• Betweenscaphoidandpisiform• Distaltowristcrease
• Havepa.entlightlymakefist
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CarpalTunnelSyndrome
• CarpalTunnelCompressionTest• Posi.veTest• Paresthesiasindistribu.onofmediannerve
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CarpalTunnelSyndrome
• PhalenTest
• Procedure• Elbowsflexion,forearmneutral• Wristinmaximalpassiveflexion
• Posi.veTest• Paresthesiasindistribu.onofmediannerve
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CarpalTunnelSyndrome
• ReversePhalenTest
• Procedure• Elbowsflexion,forearmneutral• Wristinmaximalpassiveextension
• Posi.veTest• Paresthesiasindistribu.onofmediannerve
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CarpalTunnelSyndrome
• TinelSign• Procedure• Percussionovermediannervewithinthecarpal
tunnel• Betweenscaphoidandpisiform• Distaltowristcrease
• Posi.veTest• Paresthesiasindistribu.onofmediannerve
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FinkelsteinTest
• Assessesfortenosynovi.sinvolvingthetendonsofthefirstdorsalwristcompartment(APLandEPB)
• Procedure• Wristinneutralposi.on• Examinerplacesthumbondorsalthumb
proximalphalanxandfingersonpalmaraspecttograspthumb
• Wristisulnarlydeviated• Thumbisgraduallypulledintomaximalflexion
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FinkelsteinTest
• Posi.veTest• Painoverfirstdorsalwristcompartmentordorsal
thumb
• Pearl• Canalsocausepainsecondaryto1stCMCjointOA
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CarpometacarpalCompressionTest
• Assessesfor1stCMCjointpathology,mostcommonlyarthri.s
• AimistoproduceaxialcompressionofthethumbfirstCMCjointwitha“mortarandpestle”ac.on• ElicitpainfromCMC/basalthumbosteoarthri.s
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CarpometacarpalCompressionTest
• Procedure• Grasppa.ent’s1stmetacarpalwithonehandand
thedistalradiuswiththeother• Applyalongitudinalcompressionalongthe1st
metacarpalintothecarpalbone,axiallycompressingtheCMCjoint
• Applyrotatorymo.ontometacarpal• Posi.veTest• Painat1stCMCjoint
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Froment’sSign
• Assessesintrinsichandmusclestrength• Posi.vetestindicatesweaknessofulnar-innervated
adductorpollicismuscle
• Procedure• Posi.onthumbagainstsecondfingerina“pinchgrip”
posi.on• Pa.entisinstructedtoac.velyadductthumbinto2nd
fingertopinchfingerstogether
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Froment’sSign
• Posi.veTest• ProminentflexionatthumbIPjointbecauseof
insufficientadduc.onstrength• MedianinnervatedFPLintactandflexesFPLof
thethumbtocompensateandmaintainpinchpressure
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Gamekeeper’sThumb
• AssessesforthumbMCPjointUlnarCollateralLigamentinsufficiency/laxity
• Procedure• Immobilizethumbmetacarpalinwithonehandand
theproximalphalanxwiththeother• Applyanulnarlydirectedforcetotheradialsideof
thejointtogapthethumbMCPjointonulnarside
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Gamekeeper’sThumb
• Posi.veTest• PainatthumbMCPjoint• Asymmetricgappingofradialsideofjoint
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Ques.ons