http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1115/1141942/fig31-1.jpg

p. 917 of text

http://greatneck.k12.ny.us:16080/GNPS/SHS/dept/science/krauz/marino_bio_notes/Osteichthyes_files/image034.gif

Countercurrent Flow in Fishes

Figure 49.17 Structure and function of the human ear p. 1091

Muscle types• Cardiac –under involuntary control, has striations

and intercalated discs to speed up signal between muscle fibers to help all fibers contract together.

• Skeletal –under voluntary control and has striations. Attaches to bones through tendons.

• Smooth – under involuntary control/contraction, not striated and lines blood vessels and digestive organs.

•

Figure 49.31 The structure of skeletal muscle

Figure 49.33 One hypothesis for how myosin-actin interactions generate the force for muscle contraction (Layer 4) p. 1105 in text

Figure 49.32 The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction p. 1104

Figure 49.34 Hypothetical mechanism for the control of muscle contraction p. 1106

Figure 44.21 The human excretory system at four size scales p. 962

Figure 44.22 The nephron and collecting duct: regional functions of the transport epithelium

p. 903

p. 902

Number of heart chambers in vertebrates p. 901

p. 919

Respiratory system in vertebrates

• Alveoli – increase SA for gas exchange

• Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

• You take a breath by responding to HIGH carbon dioxide levels that results in low blood pH. The “breathing center”of your brain that responds to this is in the medulla.

Peristalsis occurs here – this is involuntary smooth muscle contraction to move food.

Bacteria produce vitamins

All groups of organic compounds are digested and absorbed here!

Liver MAKES bile

• Digestive

• System