WP4 Final presentation and achieved works...SaT5G - Satellite and Terrestrial network for 5G WP 4...

WP4 Final presentation and achieved works

[FINAL REVIEW]

Presented by WP4 leader and WP4 partners

2020, 29th April

SaT5G - Satellite and Terrestrial network for 5G

WP 4 presentation

SWP no SWP name Leader Duration (months)

WP 4.1 Implementing 5G SDN and NFV in satellite networks ST Engineering (iDR) 24 + 3

WP 4.2 Integrated network management and orchestration i2CAT 24 + 1

WP 4.3 Multi-link and heterogeneous transport Echinops (OA) 24 + 3

WP 4.4 Harmonisation of satcom with 5G control and user planes TAS 24 + 3

WP 4.5 Extending 5G security to satellites TNO 24 + 3

WP 4.6 Caching & multicast for optimised content & NFV distribution UoS 24 + 3

WP 4 Breakdown / Research pillars

WP4 Deliverables

Related SWP No Deliverable name Editor Final deliverydate

WP4.1 D4.1 Virtualisation of Satcom Components – Analysis, Design and Proof ofConcepts

iDR 2019 Dec 13

WP 4.2 D4.2 Integrated Network Management – Analysis, Design and Proof ofConcepts

i2CAT 2019 Sep 16

WP 4.3 D4.3 Multi-link and Heterogeneous Transport – Analysis, Design and Proof ofConcepts

OA 2019 Dec 13

WP 4.4 D4.4 Satcom & 5G Control/User Plane Harmonisation - Mid- and Long-TermApproach

TAS 2019 Dec 13

WP 4.5 D4.5 5G Security Mechanisms Extended to Satellite Links TNO 2019 Dec 13

WP 4.6 D4.6 Caching and Multicast - Analysis, Design and Proof of Concepts UoS 2019 Dec 13


Whitepaper

WP 4 Achieved works

Related SWP Whitepaper name Editor and contributors Deliverydate

All SWP 4.X White paper about Research Pillars All WP4 partners 2020 Feb 06

Related SWP Document name Editors and Editor, Contributors entities

Date

All SWP 4.X SaT5G Technical Reference Document TRD TAS, AVA, UoS, i2CAT, iDR V1.02: 2019, Apr

All SWP 4.X Presentations for all General Assemblies

(GA), along the project life.

TAS, iDR, Echinops (OA), TNO,

UoS, UOULU, i2CAT

Along the project

life.

Contribution to common SaT5G documents and presentations

Proofs of concept

• As described in the following charts


WP4.1 Overview

WP4.1 – Implementing 5G SDN and NFV in Satellite Networks

Duration: M4 – M33 PMs: 73

Leader: iDR

• Outcome: Developed Set of Virtualized Network Functions

• D4.1: Virtualisation of Satcom Components – Analysis, Design and

Proof of Concepts (Report, Public), Editor: iDR

Nov-18 [M19] (interim)

Dec-19 [M30] (final)

Contributors: iDR, TAS, UoS, SES, ADS, OA, GLT, i2CAT, ZII


WP4.1 Objectives and outcomes

Objective Outcome Status

3GPP integration.5G Core Network Integration

Successfully integrated standard 3GPP 5G core network into the satellite system. Included modification and enhancement of existing satellite functions to support standard 3GPP control and user plane interfaces.

Allows the operation of the satellite network via standard 5G core network protocols and procedures opens satellite up to the 3GPP/terrestrial network ecosystem

Completed

Validate selected NFV and EMS frameworks.OpenStack evaluation.

Identification and Virtualization of satellite network functions

Integration with OpenStack and OpenSource MANO

Migration and orchestrated deployment of satellite functions to Mobile Network Operator domain

Completed

Satellite integration into indirect end-to-end use cases

Verified consistently across multiple testbeds to support all of the end to end use cases identified by WP2 and WP3 and implemented in WP4 sub-work packages. All use cases were demonstrated in WP5.

Completed

Data Model Prototype(Service Level API)

Data model evolved to a service-level API, which was prototyped

and integrated into a live networkCompleted


WP4.1 3GPP adoption

Variant of “Scenario A3 - Indirect mixed 3GPP NTN access with bent-pipe payload” from

ETSI SES - "DTR/SES-00405 - TR 103 611: Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Seamless

integration of satellite and/or HAPS (High Altitude Platform Station) systems into 5G systems"


WP4.1 Satellite Service-Level API: Overview

High-level PoC for on-demand satellite services

Supports integration with third-party brokers, such as TALENT

Exposes RESTful API for dynamic satellite service modification

• API entry points are defined in OpenAPI (Swagger 2.0)

• API invocations are implemented as JSON-encoded HTTP requests

QoS levels are represented by abstract identifiers:

• BEST_EFFORT

• GOLD

• SILVER

• BRONZE

Currently-implemented APIs:

• Service querying

• Service activation

• Service deactivation


WP4.1 Testbed outputs – 5GIC testbed


WP4.1 Testbed outputs – Zodiac testbed

9


WP4.1 Testbed outputs – Zodiac testbed

Outputs to WP5:• NFVI layer

ETSI Open Source MANO (OSM) version four

OpenStack Queens release (Horizon, Neutron, Nova projects)

Management of network, compute and storage resources

Distributed cloud environment with Openstack compute nodes in different locations hooked to the central facility in ZII

• Orchestration and Management layer

VNF management, deployment and configuration from TALENT

OSM service descriptors

Heat template for OpenStack

REST API for satellite segment configuration (XML configuration file for TotalNMS)

• Satcom layer

Distributed Openstack Environment: Controller in ZII server in Munich and Compute Nodes on Gilat servers in Petach Tikva

Virtualisation of a satellite management function: Network Segment Controller (NSC) image deployed on the Gilat Compute Node machine

Extraction, apply modification and configuration of the vNSC to start up upon instantiation of the VNF

Develop provider network on the vNSC for Openstack deployment

Configuration of the vNSC to connect to the NTP server

Virtualisation of a satellite user plane function – xLAN switch – VxGW.

Juniper vMx software VMs (custom version for OpenStack) were uploaded as two images on the Openstack controller and deployed on the Gilat Compute Node machine for L2 services

• Service layer

YAML based descriptors for vNSC and VxGW deployment and XML configuration file for L2 service from TALENT

Virtualised 4G mobile core with CUPS for MEC services

Virtualised 5G mobile core with multiple UPF functions

Virtualisation of content delivery service components

BkS350, BkS400, BKM100, BkA100


WP4.1 Summary

WP4.1 Proved concepts

Satellite Network Functions are as suitable for virtualization as terrestrial NFs

Satellite services may be orchestrated using industry-standard orchestrators, such as Open

Source MANO (OSM)

3GPP architecture may be successfully applied to satellite networks

Conclusions

Virtualisation of satellite NFs and their endowment with SDN capabilities promotes the uptake

of satellite VNFs in 5G networks, in which NFV and SDN capabilities are crucial requirements

for the implementation of E2E network slices

Adoption of 3GPP architecture in the satellite network simplifies terrestrial/satellite network

integration, and opens satellite up to a comprehensive, standardized, ecosystem

Future Work

A deeper exploration of the 5G ecosystem, and the application of 5G core features, as they

pertain to the satellite network would be interesting

e.g. properties of satellite link could be mandated/controlled via 5G core (QoS, rate-limiting, etc.)

The PoC satellite service API warrants further exploration; an implementation of same using

industry-standard APIs such as MEF Presto could prove fruitful


WP 4.2 Integrated network management and

orchestration

Duration, concepts, main achieved works and outputs

Lead: i2CAT; Contributors: AVA, TAS, UoS, SES, OA, GLT, iDR, QUO

Outputs to WP5:

• O4.2 Developed Integrated Network Management and Orchestration

Functionality

• For the ZII testbed

WP4.2 Proved concepts: Terrestrial Satellite Resource Coordinator - TALENT

Occurred Issue(s) and method to fix them:

• We extended 3GPP TR 32.842 view towards integration of satellite systems



orchestration

Motivation

Manage 5G SDN and NFV satellite resources

Integrated Network Management & Orchestration

• TALENT - Terrestrial Satellite Resource Coordinatoor



orchestration

TALENT vs 3GPP & ETSI



orchestration

High-level design



orchestration

Implementation



orchestration

Outcome to WP5


WP 4.3 Multi-link and Heterogeneous Transport –

Analysis, Design and Proof of Concepts

Objectives & Outputs

Lead: Ekinops (OA); Contributors: SES, ADS, TNO, i2CAT, AVA, UoS

Objectives

• Investigate satellite/terrestrial link aggregation research areas:

Research possible link aggregations (satellite/terrestrial) approaches at backhaul level

Definition of link aggregation evolution towards delivering a competitive user experience to 5G

backhaul users, compared to terrestrial only 5G

Research integrating satcom’s QoS into 5G

Adaptation of the EC FP7 BATS’ multi-link (satellite / terrestrial) transport protocols to 5G

backhaul level (implementing NG2/NG3 protocols)

Evaluate state of the art satellite Performance Enhancement technologies for 5G compatibility

addressing 5G backhauling requirements

• Develop a 5G multilink backhauling performance enhancement prototype

Output:

• D4.3 Multi-link and Heterogeneous Transport – Analysis, Design and Proof of Concepts

• O4.3 Developed Set of Transport Protocol & Link Aggregation Functions

NOTE: the 5G hybrid backhaul proposed below is relatively easy to deploy/plug and play on 5G architectures therefore the

radio/transport cross-layer techniques exploration was discarded




D4.3

PEP, flow types, path selection

and multi-path protocol evolution

Satcom QOS in 5G profile mapping

3GPP Multi-Access

• AT3S Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting

• Multi-Access PDU sessions

No 5G User Equipment with satellite

available, therefore investigating backhauling

• 3 cases considered

1. 5G UE using AT3S (or MPTCP)

2. UE not using AT3S (nor MPTCP)

3. Regular host on hybrid backhaul gateway

• A contribution to 3GPP SA2 S2-1902443:

“Key issues Backhaul multilink” for study

3GPP

access

Non-3GPP

accessN3IWF

UE

(including

RG)

UPF

(PSA)

N3

N3

Application

clientServer host

UPF

UPF

N9

N9

MA PDU

PDU

PDU

(linked)

N6

https://portal.3gpp.org/ngppapp/CreateTdoc.aspx?mode=view&contributionId=986757




04.3

5G Hybrid Backhaul prototype 1: MPTCP proxies in the hybrid backhaul (NTN and Core Network) that

• Intercept TCP connections inside GTP traffic and

• Transport TCP using MPTCP with path selection "Packet Based Object Length (PSBOL) + Offload"

Short objects sent over terrestrial link – no penalty from satellite latency for interactive traffic

Long objects sent in Offload mode over terrestrial and satellite links (bandwidth aggregation)

5G Hybrid Backhaul prototype 2: Multi Path QUIC (MPQUIC)

• QUIC is a Google protocol aiming at accelerating the Internet, on-going standardization

• MPQUIC is a multi-path version from University of Leuven

• MPQUIC + PSBOL is performed in user space on client (UE) and server: 2 sub flows ("short objects",

"long objects") are established and DSCP tagged

• Tag is used by hybrid backhaul equipment to route on the satellite or terrestrial link

Expected benefits : Improved Satellite integration into 5G networks

Remote Satellite interfaces can be used for 5G Hybrid Backhaul by regular 5G UE !

Satellite latency issues are canceled for all applications, even encrypted. Plug&Play

Mixed flows (mixing interactive and download/upload) are supported

Quality of Experience oriented test design and development: speed and responsiveness measured




Outcomes

Breakthrough Outcome

Study BT3S 3GPP contributionArchitectures supporting

AT3S and non AT3S UE

Multilink protocols5G hybrid backhaul• Consolidated bandwidth• 5G compliant latency

5GIC WP5.2 / WP5.3 demonstrators

+5GENESIS Limassol

deploymentMPTCP GTP and(satellite) MPQUIC

First successful integration

Functions as VNF

QoS Test Plan and Report Measurable benefits


WP 4.4 Satcom & 5G Control/User Plane

Harmonisation - Mid- and Long-Term Approach

Concepts, main achieved works and outputs

Lead: TAS; Contributors: TAS, University of OULU (UOULU)

Approach and main activity:

• WP4.4 studied how 5G NR has to be modified to suit to satellite links (long term approach)

• Using NR based NTN access, requires impact analysis on NR

• Main issues and constraints to face:

Long delay (>600 km) and large Doppler frequency shift (720 kHz with 8 kHz/s change rate at 30 GHz) as sources of problems

Path Loss, HPA nonlinearity and extreme low back-off desire raise concerns of 5G NR suitability for satellites

Developed tools: Physical layer simulator, focused on SYNC feature

Outputs to WP5:

• WP5.5 “UOULU testbed” selected some of these features to be verified in the demonstration

• In particular, uplink random access process related issues were selected




List of WP4.4 studies

Study Constraint / main justification Delivery Standardization effort

Mid-term and long term analysis

- Going straight forward to the best solution from market perspective, - Leveraging on-going telecom standard and challenge vendors to design a satellite friendly waveform.

Moved to the delivery:SaT5G, “D3.4; Satellite and 3GPP NextGen Reference Interface,” 2018.

Draft ETSI TR 103 611 “Seamless integration of satellite and/or HAPS (High Altitude Platform Station) systems into 5G and related architecture options”

Protocol layers convergence study

Impact analysis of longer delay on 3GPP data link and higher layers, through N1, N2, N3 reference pointsand NR interface.

(Control plane:N1: UE – CN ,N2: gNB – CN.

User plane:N3: gNB – CN)

SaT5G D4.4Output to WP5.3.

-





Study Constraint / main justification Delivery Standardization effort

Propagation channels model

Satellite specific fading and delay required specific channels model.

D4.4 3GPP TR 38.811

Link budget Low SNR , especially in S-Band. GEO, LEO satellite scenarios assessment, in S-Band and Ka-Band.

D4.4 3GPP TDOC R1-1805078“NR-NTN: Link budget analysis”, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #92bis, Sanya, China, 16-20th April 2018.

Reference Symbolsdistribution in time and frequency domains

Impact analysis of the Doppler variation rate and the delay spread

D4.4 3GPP TR 38.811

Cyclic Prefix Impact analysis of the delay spread on the NR

D4.4 3GPP TR 38.811

Duplex mode (TDD vs. FDD) For NR based NTN access, required guard time in TTD mode may be excessive, depending on the one-way propagation time of the scenario (GEO, MEO, LEO)

D4.4 3GPP TR 38.811





Study Constraint / main justification

Dissemination effort Standardization effort

Downlink synchronization Impact on Large Doppler / CFO on SYNC mechanisms

D4.4,Publications [1], [2]

3GPP TR 38.811

Uplink random access,Initial Timing Advance

Impact on large delay and large differential delay on Timing Advance, Guard Intervals

D4.4,Publications [2], [3]

3GPP TR 38.811

HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request)

HARQ processing shall accommodate low to moderate NTN RTT delays.

D4.4 3GPP TR 38.811

PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)

Impairments of transmission:For large 5G NR PAPR > 10dB, severe clipping and undesired out-of-band emissions if 5G NR signal through HPA with low back-off

D4.4,To be published [4]

3GPP TR 38.811

[1] “5G New Radio Over Satellite Links: Synchronization Block Processing”, EuCNC, Valencia, 2019

[2] “5G NR over satellite links: Evaluation of synchronization and random access processes”, 1st Workshop on Integration of Optical and Satellite Communication Systems into 5G Edge Networks in 21th ICTON, 2019

[3] “Random Access Process Analysis of 5G New Radio Based Satellite Links”, IEEE 5G World forum, Dresden, 2019.

[4] “Integrating 5G NR and Satellite Systems: Main Features, Needed Changes, and Performance Results”, submitted into IJSCN Special Issue on “Satellite Networks Integration with 5G” in March 2020




WP4.4 studies Protocol layers convergence study

• It analyses how

NR data link layer

SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC, RRC),

5G higher layers protocols

NAS-SM, NAS-MM, NG-AP, SCTP, GTPv1-U, PDU Session user plane protocol,

Network Function (NF) service procedures

AMF, UDM, 5G-EIR, PCF, NEF, I-NEF, NRF, SMF, SMSF, AUSF, NWDAF, UDR, BSF, UDSF, LMF, NSSF, CHF, UCMF, AF services,

• could support satellite specifics, namely longer delay, and

• what are the possible changes in the 3GPP standards, if needed

NTN propagation channels models

• Use: For any further digital simulation

• This study covers both frequency selective fading model and flat fading model

• It provides series of path loss, shadow fading, the associated probability and other attenuations(atmospheric gases absorption, rain loss, scintillation loss)

Both in LOS and NLOS conditions, for S-Band and Ka-Band

for various scenarios (Urban / Suburban / Rural and Outdoor /Indoor) and UE elevation angle

For the frequency selective model, especially: series of specific delay spread, azimuth and elevation angular spreads

CDL (Cluster Delay Line) are series defined per delay spread and angles of departure

TDL (Tapped Delay Line) are series defined per delay spread, satellite altitude, satellite elevation angle,

» derived from CDL,

» taken into account the Doppler shift,

» handles both Rician fading (for LOS) and Rayleigh fading (for NLOS) distributions.




WP4.4 studies

Link Budget

• Provides the link budget analysis for deployment scenarios as described in 3GPP TR 38.811, for NR operating via satellite and

• Demonstrates the feasibility of a NR based transmission, per scenario.

• Link budget has been computed for GEO, MEO, LEO cases, with different UE (terminal) types characteristics, for the Ka-Band, the S-Band, both for uplink and downlink:

Deployment scenario D1: GEO in Ka band,

Deployment scenario D2: GEO satellite in S band,

Deployment scenario D2: GEO satellite in L band,

Deployment scenario D3: LEO satellite at 600 km in S band,

Deployment scenario D4: LEO at 600 km in Ka band.

• Performances assessment are provided in D4.4 delivery, based on the assumptions on terminal characteristics per type, per also provided in D4.4

• All the terminals are considered as 5G UE, implementing a NR waveform receiver / transmitter over the air.

• Terminal types:

HH : stands for handheld (handset) terminal,

UT : user terminal,

VM : vehicle mounted terminal,

VSAT stands for very small aperture terminal,




WP4.4 studies

Reference Symbols distribution in time and frequency domains

• DMRS frequency density

Enhancement to NR specifications with respect to DMRS frequency

diversity may not be needed depending on possible SCS choice

constraints, depending on scenarios and required bandwidth

Minimum coherence bandwidth of PBCH/PDCCH supported for a given SCS value

SCS (kHz) Minimum supported coherence bandwidth (kHz)

15 6030 12060 240

120 480

D1, GEO, Ka band D2, GEO, S band D3, LEO, S band D4, LEO, Ka band D5, HAPS, S band

Maximum Delay spread (ns)

10 100 100 10 150

Min coherence bandwidth(see below)

>> MHz 200 kHz 200 kHz >> MHz 133 kHz

Maximum delay spread and minimum coherence bandwidth for each deployment scenario




WP4.4 studies

Cyclic prefix

• The purpose of cyclic prefix length in NR prevent inter symbol interference for satellite channels

• Considering using NR based NTN access and

• The NTN channel model delay spreads

S-Band: for urban, suburban and rural scenarios, delay spread ranges are between 180 ns to 250 ns, whereas the 250 ns are stated to cover 90% of the cases.

Ka-Band: Assuming coherence bandwidth, the maximum delay spread Tm = 25 ns = 0.25 µs

• It is observed that lower numerologies (µ= 0, 1) are associated with CP lengths exceeding the requirement of NTN, resulting in a slightly reduced spectral efficiency due to the over-dimensioned CP (e.g. overhead is for µ= 0: (4.688µs - 0.25µs) / 66.67 µs = 6.7 %).

• High numerologies (µ= 3, 4) result in CP lengths which are well matching to propagation characteristics in Ka-Band.

• The extended CP for a SCS of 60 kHz is not required, because it is significantly larger than required for satellite applications.

• Enhancement to NR specification is not expected for NTN applications due to the NTN channel model delay spread compatible with the existing specified CP values.

Subcarrier spacing (SCS)

configuration parameter µ

SCS [kHz] normal CP

length [µs]

extended CP length

[µs]

0 15 4,688 Not defined


2 60 1,172 16,67



CP lengths and minimum/maximum RF bandwidth of NR as defined in 3GPP TS 38.211, NR; Physical channels and modulation (Release 15)




WP4.4 studies

Duplex mode: FDD vs. TDD for NR based NTN access

• In TDD, Guard time would range between

2 x 7 ms for LEO at 600 km and

2 x 270 ms for GEO satellite access networks ,

since NTN terminals can experience a one-way propagation time of

240 ms at minimum and 270 ms at maximum between UE and satellite

base station for GEO

2 ms at minimum and 7 ms at maximum between UE and satellite base

station for LEO at 600 km altitude

• Such excessive guard time would lead to a very inefficient radio interface

especially in GEO or even MEO based access.

• TDD mode may be acceptable in the case of LEO access system with the need

to deal with the variable delay.

• FDD is the preferred duplexing mode for most NR based NTN access network.

• In case the regulations allow it, TDD mode can be considered for both HAPS and

LEO satellite based access network with potential NR impacts if required.




WP4.4 studies

Downlink synchronization

• Large Doppler mean that usual (simple) receiver is not sufficient and fails to detect the SS block.

• Large CFO aware receiver has to be used.

• It was shown that this structure can handle CFOs by satellites at target -6 dB SNR/RE level.

• The same structure can be used in uplink direction for PRACH (since PSS/SSS are very similar than PRACH with usual SCS)

• The standard has to claim that NTN transceivers must be able to handle these large CFO values.

Uplink random access

• Long delay means that current timing advance (TA) is not sufficient

• Its calculation and transmission to UE must be redefined in the standard

• Differential delay (common minimum delay of beam) can reduce needed extra bits.

• PRACH signal needs long guard interval in the NTN case. In 5G NR the scheduler (vendor design) handles this. Differential delay may reduce requirements.




WP4.4 study

HARQ

• NR has extended the number of HARQ processes in Rel.15 to 16 processes (NR MAC layer, 3GPP TS 38.321)

• The minimum required number of HARQ processes can be computed directly from the RTT delay of each satellite constellation, e.g., LEO, MEO and GEO

Long NTN delay means that impractically more parallel HARQ processes are needed

Longer scheduling interval TTI could be used to prevent this that makes sense in SATCOM where propagation delay is long

• At least the following principles can be considered in further study:

A scheduler could be optimized for NTN

Enhancing existing HARQ operation to extend the HARQ processing accommodating low to moderate NTN RTT delays.

Limiting HARQ capabilities and/or disabling HARQ for long RTT delays.




WP4.4 studies

PAPR

• 5G NR PAPR is large >10 dB, with PAPR reduction 6 dB level is seen

• In SATCOM DVB-S operates near 0 dB back-off

• Severe clipping and undesired out-of-band emissions if 5G NR signal through HPA with low back-off

• It was shown that with the help of dense DMRS grid in time-frequency, SS block data and usual data can be received successfully even if PAPR is reduced to 2 dB level (or even a bit lower)

Clipping and filtering to reduce out-of-band emissions

SSPA HPA model with 2 dB back-off

QPSK modulation

1/5 coding in SS block

½ rate coding in data

• Further research needed to find minimum levels for various MODCOD, optimal DMRS density, …


WP 4.5 5G Security Mechanisms Extended to

Satellite Links

Duration, concepts, main achieved works and outputs

Lead: TNO; Contributors: Avanti, iDR

Studied topics

• State of the art 5G/3GPP security

Authentication, Access network protection (NR, untrusted non-3GPP, trusted non-3GPP), Backhaul/interconnect protection, Handover/mobility, Privacy

• State of the art of satellite security

Modem security, Transmission security, Network security

• Impact of security on integrated 5G/satellite networks

How does 5G/3GPP security impact satellite communication

Use of IPsec over satellite connections

How does satellite communication impact 5G security

Impact of satellite latency on security

New security aspects in 5G/satellite integrated networks

Slicing and virtual networking

Integrated Management and Orchestration

Edge computing and caching/CDN

Multicast

Conclusions and future work

• Need for introduction of USIM based 5G authentication in satellite networks

• Cooperation is needed between MNOs and SNOs on the use of IPsec over backhaul connections

• Integrated Management and Orchestration: need and opportunity

• Trusted non-3GPP access as first steppingstone for integration of satellite with 5G networks.



Satellite Links

State of the art of 5G/3GPP security

Authentication

• Mutual authentication (UE verifies home network; home network verifies UE)

• Based on shared secret key in USIM in the UE and home network

Protection of access networks

• New Radio

Integrity/Confidentiality of signaling (both AS and NAS)

Integrity/Confidentiality of user data (AS).

• Untrusted non-3GPP access

First setup IPsec between UE and N3IWF, then authenticate to 3GPP home network

• Trusted non-3GPP access

Use layer 2 connectivity to create connection over non-3GPP access network and authenticate to 3GPP home network

Protection of backhaul, protection of interconnection

• Backhaul: usually via IPSec, Interconnect via SEPP

Security during handover/mobility

• Transfer of security contexts (also between 5G and 4G and vice versa)

Privacy protection

• Encryption of the permanent subscriber identity (SUPI)

• Based on public key provided by the home network to the USIM in the UE



Satellite Links

State of the are of satellite security

Modem security

• VSAT modems are authenticated by the VSAT hub (ground station) during commissioning; after authentication, its IP address/VLAN/etc. is defined

• No authentication of the VSAT hub by the VSAT modem

• Various techniques used (hardware key, certificates, phone call)

• End-users may have access to the VSAT modem management via web interface

• End-users don’t have access to the VSAT hub management

Transmission security

• Forward link (gateway to terminal) may use adaptive coding and modulation (ACM); this makes it difficult to eavesdrop;

• VSAT systems encrypt unicast data on forward link; sometimes also multicast is encrypted;

• Return link (terminal to gateway) uses burst technique; downlink from satellite to gateway used gateway frequency bands

• VSAT may encrypt return link; third party key may be used (e.g. provided by MNO);

Network security

• Access to the gateway, network management systems use standard access control techniques (internal IP networks, firewalls, access control lists, etc.)

• Access to the satellite is highly secure.



Satellite Links

Impact of security on integrated 5G/satellite networks

Impact of 5G/3GPP security on satellite communication

• (Optional) Use if IPsec on backhaul connection (RAN-CN) interferes with use of TCP acceleration techniques

such as PEP (Performance Enhancing Proxies)

Impact of satellite communication on 5G/3GPP security

• Satellite connection (esp. GEO satellite) adds delay

up to 300 ms one-way.

• Protocols involving security (e.g. registration/authentication) are NOT impacted due to this

minimum timer values are 6s or larger (up to minutes)

• Protocols used during handover have stricter time constraints,

but in those protocols key handling is done locally

New security aspects in 5G/satellite integrated networks

• Slicing and virtual networking require new security mechanism

such as slice isolation, and

this is independent of any satellite involvement

• Integration between terrestrial and satellite networks most likely requires integration of management

this also requires additional security

• Edge computing/CDN and multicast may require additional security mechanisms

this is independent of any satellite involvement



Satellite Links

Conclusions and future work

In case satellite networks are used as roaming partners there is a need for

introduction of USIM based 5G authentication in satellite networks

The use of optimization techniques (such as PEP) for satellite connections:

• requires cooperation between MNOs and SNOs on the use of IPsec over

backhaul connections

• IPsec is not mandatory, but very common among MNO practices

There is a need for Integrated Management and Orchestration

• security of this integration is needed for that

Trusted non-3GPP access can be seen as first steppingstone for integration of

satellite with 5G networks

• this approach would not require full NR support over satellite networks,

• but enable a first step in the integration of satellite with MNO networks


Investigate the effective utilisation and integration of satellite backhaul link

into the 5G system for optimal content caching and delivery.

Utilize satellite communications as backhaul in a 5G network to support 4K

live video streaming applications.

Develop a video streaming framework over satellite and terrestrial integrated

5G content delivery infrastructure for AVC as well as SVC videos. (Advanced

and Scalable)

Caching strategy to load content on-board aircraft as an application of Multi-

access Edge Computing (MEC) use case that 5G features can unlock.

41

WP 4.6 Caching & multicast for optimised

content & NFV distribution

Objectives


Combined satellite multicast capabilities and Edge caching on a 5G MEC

platform,

Developed and tested a transcaster (unicast to multicast encapsulator) and

a nanoCDN agent (de-encapsulator) in a satellite-backhauled system,

Developed a dedicated AF (Application Function) for multicasting the most

popular assets to the Edge, based on session report analytics,

Developed a content delivery framework for 4K live video streaming

application that utilizes satellite communication as backhaul in 5G network,

Designed video streaming framework (for both AVC and SVC), which

delivered enhanced QoE to the end-users by efficiently utilising satellite and

terrestrial integrated 5G networks,

Investigated and implemented content caching and placement optimisation

at satellite-backhauled Flights,

Integrated in CDN Application Function both user plane and control plane

functions (Service Router, Caching Management, Multicast Controller).

42


content & NFV distribution

Key Achievements

SaT5G - Satellite And Terrestrial network for 5G

To support ever-increasing video traffic over cellular networks

To address bandwidth-intensive and latency-sensitive immersive video

applications

Concept of a distributed CDN architecture

43


content & NFV distribution (BPK)

Two solutions studied for efficient video content delivery

Live channel multicast delivery over satellite to the mobile network edge

Edge local caching of popular VOD assets using satellite multicast

capabilities

Key benefits

Network bandwidth savings

Latency (start time, lag time) reduction

Video Quality (less rebuffering and less image quality degradation)

Caching & Multicast for Edge Delivery:


The live streaming is sent in multicast over the satellite backhaul and then converted to unicast at the edge

of the network. Light caching for recent segments.

When a UE request a session on a popular live stream, this UE is redirected to a decentralized UPF

connected to a local DN

This local DN receives the popular lives in multicast from the 5GC and converts them back in unicast for

the UE

Live channel multicast delivery

44



Caching & Multicast for Edge Delivery :


Content caching procedure is not linked to the UE streaming session requests. When a user asks for an asset then this

asset is played from the cache if available, otherwise it is streamed from the origin. Possible use cases are:

Caching of popular assets during off-peak hours, under MNO control

Dedicated link where asset to be cached are regularly pushed

Prefetching on the fly

Offline multicast and caching

45



Caching & Multicast for Edge Delivery :

Link used for prefetching


DASH clients initiates a new streaming session by downloading the MDP (Media Description Presentation)

DANE forwards the MDP to the DASH client and provides the DASH client with QoS information

The DASH client requests the first video segment and DANE forward the request to the server one of available network links

The DANE schedules the segments requests based on:

• Data size of the segment

• Target time

• Network capabilities and load

Link selection based on MPEG-DASH SAND information

46


content & NFV distribution (TNO)

DASH = Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTPDANE = DASH Assisted Network ElementSAND = Server And Network assisted DASH

Validation: MEC-enabled DASH Video Adaptation in Multi-Link Environments

SaT5G - Satellite And Terrestrial network for 5G 47


content & NFV distribution (UoS)

Hold-0 Hold-1

Hold-2 Hold-3 Hold-4 Hold-5

Hold-6

10Mbps 2s

Client-perceived Throughput (Mbps)

3.1 3.1 17.8 40.8 97.3 135.7 -

Total Backhaul Throughput (Mbps)

3.2 3.2 6.1 8.7 11.3 14.1 -

Initial Delay (s) 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 -Buffering Duration (s) 644.8 641.2 201.6 52.7 0 0 -Live Streaming Latency(s) 644.8 643.2 205.6 58.7 8 10 -Prefetched Segments (%) 0% 0% 4.7% 16.8% 53.7% 84.5% -

10Mbps 5s

Client-Perceived Throughput (Mbps)

5.9 6.1 106.3 178.3 - - -

Total Backhaul Throughput (Mbps)

6.2 6.2 11.4 17.0 - - -

Initial Delay (s) 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.8 - - -Buffering Duration (s) 197.4 187.2 0 0 - - -Live Streaming Latency(s) 197.4 192.2 10 15 - - -Prefetched Segments (%) 0% 0% 47.5% 88.1% - - -

WP4 developed pre-fetching algorithm and implementation on MEC

Validation: DASH Live Streaming over Satellite Backhaul 4k videos


System Overview of Satellite and

Terrestrial integrated 5G Network

Video-segment Scheduling

Network Function (VSNF)

48


content & NFV distribution (UoS)

Layered Video Delivery over Satellite and Terrestrial Integrated 5G

WP4.6 developed VSNF

Validation: MEC-enabled DASH Video Adaptation in Multi-Link Environments


We have experimentally evaluated the performance of the proposed VSNF on the 5GIC testbed. The detailed results are provided in WP5 Presentation.

Three distinct scenarios have been considered:

• S1: Only a terrestrial backhaul link is available

• S2: Multi-path with first-come-first-serve scheduling (No intelligence).

• S3: Multi-path with the proposed scheme.

Results:

• The proposed framework is able to deliver high quality stalling free video to all the clients.

• Effectively utilized both the available backhaul link by achieving a higher degree of offloading.

49

MEC-enabled DASH Video Adaptation in

Multi-Link Environments (UoS)


Next Generation IFEC System Enabled by 5G

50

Inflight Entertainment and Connectivity

(Zodiac)


We want to optimise the placement of content

• Catalogue in the central media server with the most popular content

• Less popular content on the ground

We target to bring the content as close as possible to the users

• The most requested content can be cached in distributed servers close

to the passengers (not only in the central media server)

• The aircraft becomes a MEC platform

We use the satellite backhaul to fill the media server catalogue

Heterogeneous access technologies for connectivity

• Satellite link

• Wi-Fi link on-board the aircraft (currently used)

• Unlicensed LTE (5G NR-U in future) link on-board the aircraft

A radio transmitting node on-board the aircraft is generally denoted Radio

Transmission Point (RTP) regardless of whether it is 4G/5G or Wi-Fi

System Model For Content Placement

51



We modelled the satellite link packet success probability

• We used an existing model of the BEP that takes into account atmospheric effects

We assumed that Wi-Fi and LTE can be both used on-board the aircraft in the 5 GHz unlicensed band

We modelled the packet success probability in the heterogeneous case of LTE and Wi-Fi communications considering interference

• Poisson Point Processes to model interference in Rayleigh fading

We modelled content popularity with a two state model and popularity γ

We took into account the fraction (ω) of satellite bandwidth available for transferring content

We resorted to a urn model approach to

• Model the average number (mg) of discrete contents moved from the ground storage to the central media server on-board

• Model the average number (ma) of contents that are moved close to the passengers

System Model For Content Placement (Cont'd)

52



ZII modelled the realistic case of moving media content (e.g. movie) from an unlimited catalogue on ground to the aircraft

• A movie is an indivisible media unit,

• A memory unit is an indivisible unit to store a movie,

ZII modelled at first

• The Bit Error Probability (BEP) and Packet Error Probability (PEP) for the satellite link considering the effect of different atmospheric effects based on existing literature,

• Model in closed form the PEP in a Multi-RAT aircraft cabin with Wi-Fi and LTE,

• Compute movies,

Modelling results summary

• Packet success probability against distance in aircraft cabin with various RATs and interference,

• Packet success probability in link from satellite to aircraft using lognormal distribution and taking into account atmospheric effects,

• Average number of movies in storage against movie popularity with various satellite bandwidths

• Number of movies cached near passengers against movie popularity with various satellite bandwidthsand dependent on previous result of average number in storage.

Results

53



Results

54



Transcaster (unicast to multicast) and nano-CDN agents developed

Dedicated AF for multicasting most popular assets to edge

Video segment network function (VNSF) developed and deployed on 5G MEC

server

Simulation / modelling of satellite multicast and edge caching on 5G MEC

server

DASH live streaming over live satellite to validate pre-fetching with 4k video

• Zero perceived buffer delays with pre-fetching 2-4 segments depending on

segment length for 10Mbit/s over satellite

Simulation / modelling results of aircraft connectivity and distribution

• Caching nodes need to be within a few metres of seats for good BEP

given heterogeneous RATs on board

• A fairly robust Eb/No is needed from the satellite (about 17dB) to keep

packet success rate at acceptable levels due to atmospheric disturbances

• With reasonable assumptions, between 10 – 18 movies can be kept on

caches close to the user

55

Key results from WP4.6

Outputto WP5

End of WP 4 presentation

[FINAL REVIEW]

2020, April, 29th

WP leader and WP4 partners thank you.


Dissemination through scientific publications

Backup slides /WP4

RelatedSWP

Document / publication name Editor, Contributors,Entities

Date

WP4.1 IEEE - 2019 15th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and ServicesBenefits and Challenges of Software Defined Satellite-5G Communication

i2CAT, SES, iDR, ADS January, 2019

IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting (Vol 65, Issue 2)QoE-Assured Live Streaming via Satellite Backhaul in 5G Networks

5GIC, iDR, SES, BPK,TAS, AVA

June, 2019

WP4.2 IEEE - 2019 15th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and ServicesBenefits and Challenges of Software Defined Satellite-5G Communication

i2CAT, SES, iDR, ADS January, 2019

•TALENT: Towards Integration of Satellite and Terrestrial Networks, EuCNC 2019•Introducing Terrestrial Satellite Resource Orchestration Layer, ICTON 2019•Benefits and Challenges of Software Defined Satellite-5G Communication, IEEE IFIP WONS2019•Architecture options for satellite integration into 5G networks, EuCNC 2018

i2CAT

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8795462/


Dissemination through scientific publications

WP 4 Achieved works

Related SWP Document / publication name Editor, Contributors

entities

Date

WP 4.4 Saarnisaari, J-M Houssin, T. Deleu, “5G New Radio Over Satellite Links:Synchronization Block Processing“, European Conference on Networks andCommunications (EuCNC), 2019.

Saarnisaari, C.M. de Lima, “5G NR over satellite links: Evaluation ofsynchronization and random access processes“, 1st Workshop on Integrationof Optical and Satellite Communication Systems into 5G Edge Networks in21th International Conference of Transparent Optical Network (ICTON)(Invited paper)

Saarnisaari, A.Layiemo, C.M. de Lima, “Random Access Process Analysisof 5G New Radio Based Satellite Links”, IEEE 5G World Forum 2019 workshopon Satellite and Non-Terrestrial Networks for 5G

Submitted:H. M. d. Lima and H. Saarnisaari, “Outage Probability of Regenerative

Satellite Systems over Generalized Fading Channels,” in IEEE InternationalCommunications Conference (ICC’20) Workshops, 2020 (December 2019).

Saarnisaari, C.M. de Lima, INTEGRATING THE 5G NR AND SATELLITESYSTEMS: MAIN FEATURES, NEEDED CHANGES, AND PERFORMANCERESULTS, IJSCN Special Issue on “Satellite Networks Integration with 5G”(March 2020)

Saarnisaari, C.M. de Lima, Invited paper to ICTON2020 (March 2020)

UOULU, TAS

Dear WP4.X partners, please complete.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8802055

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8840369


Dissemination through standards: Technical Reports / Notes / Specifications

Backup slides / WP4

Related SWP Document / Publication name Editor,ContributorsEntities

Date

WP4.2 • 5G-PPP Software Network Working Group, Cloud-Native and Verticals’ services5G-PPP projects analysis, 2019

• 5G-PPP Software Network Working Group, Vision on Software Networks and 5GSN WG, 2018

i2CAT

i2CAT

WP4.4 3GPP TR 38.811 and input, preliminary technical notes (TDOC).ETSI TR 103 611 (Draft).

TAS TR 38.811:-1st ed.: 2018, Aug-3rd ed.: 2019, OctTR 103 611:

- v0.0.3 2019, Oct.- V0.0.1 included in D3.4

WP4 Final presentation and achieved works...SaT5G - Satellite and Terrestrial network for 5G WP 4...

Documents

Transcript of WP4 Final presentation and achieved works...SaT5G - Satellite and Terrestrial network for 5G WP 4...