WP2300 – Space Segment Concepts Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett and Simon Good...
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Transcript of WP2300 – Space Segment Concepts Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett and Simon Good...
WP2300 – Space SegmentWP2300 – Space Segment
Concepts Concepts
Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett and Simon Good
Space Research CentreUniversity of Leicester
AimsAims
• The objective of this work within the CAPACITY study is to – Identify the requirements for an integrated observing
system focussed on the target applications • The aims of this work within the CAPACITY study
are – To provide a vision of integrated observing systems for
the target applications – To identify ground-based, airborne and space-based
components to the system that would add value (information) to observables directly required/measured by existing/potential new systems,
– To consider the most pressing application questions and make recommendations as to potential elements of appropriate space-based observing systems.
Broad recommendationsBroad recommendations
• With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems – High temporal/spatial resolution space-based
measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ
– High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications
– High spatial/high precision monitoring of tropospheric climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations
How do we arrive at this?How do we arrive at this?
a) Air Quality (B)
b) Climate Applications (C)
c) Ozone and UV (A)
Emissions
Topography
Surface roughness
Wind direction
Wind speed
Temperature
Mixing height
Atmospheric stability
Atmospheric concentrations
Dispersion
Transformation
Deposition
TransportIndustry/ commerce
Energy production
Waste management
Domestic sources Agriculture
PM10 NOx SO2 Pb Benzene PAHsHeavy metalsCO
Population distribution
Health effects
Vulnerable habitats
Ecological impacts
Heritage sites
Heritage impacts
PM10 NO2 SO2 Pb Benzene PAHsHeavy metalsCO O3
Information needs
Source activities
(extent, location, production, energy consumption etc)
Emissions
(emissions rates by pollutant and source
activity)
Dispersion processes
(hourly wind speed/ direction,
temperature, stability, cloud cover, mixing
height, temperature; topography, land cover
etc)
Atmospheric concentrations
(hourly/ daily/ annual concentrations by
pollutant)
Exposures and impacts
(population, habitats, heritage sites)
Land cover
From GMES-BICEPS-AQ-Fiche
Information requirements
Air quality Management and Forecast
Existing satellite observationsO3, NO2, CO
Dedicated satelliteobservations
+ + +
Data assimilation
Applications
Reduction of uncertaintiesReduction of uncertainties
Ground based measurements
O3, NO2, CO
CAPACITY (ESA)
PROMOTE (ESA)GEMS (CE)
End user requirementsC
hem
ical
Tra
nsp
ort
mod
els
System Concept for AQSystem Concept for AQ
PROMOTE (ESA)
Current CapabilitiesCurrent Capabilities
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80
A
Y Axis
Title
X axis title-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
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80
LAT
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
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20
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LAT
LIMA
SAN FRANCISCO
LOS ANGELESNEW ORLEANS
MEXICO
DALLAS
BOSTON
HOUSTON
CINCINNATI
MIAMI
CHICAGO
ANTIGUASAN DOMINGO
ATLANTA
CARACAS
SANTIAGO
MONTREAL
PLATA PUERTOPUERTO RICO
QUAYAQUIL
TORONTO
QUITO
WASHINGTON
BOGOTA
NEW YORK
SAINT MARTINPOINTE A PITRE
CAYENNE
BUENOS AIRES
MONTEVIDEO
DAKAR
SAO PAULO RIO
RECIFE
BANJOUL
ABIDJAN
LONDON
COTONOU
BRUXELLES
PARIS
LAGOS
AMSTERDAM
FRANKFURT
VIENNA
LIBREVILLE
DOUALAYAOUNDE
LUANDABRAZZAVILLE
WINDHOEK
ATHENES
HERAKLION
JOHANNESBURG
ISTANBUL
ANTALYA
KIGALIENTEBBE
ANKARA
TEL AVIV
NAIROBI
ANTANANARIVO
TEHERAN
DUBAI
MUMBAI
MALE
DELHI
COLOMBO
MADRASBANGKOK
HANOI
SINGAPORE
JAKARTA
SAIGON
BEIJING
SHANGAI
SEOUL
OSAKANAGOYA
TOKYO
EMEP – ground based network
EARLINET - LIDAR network
MOSAIC - in-service aircraft
Satellite – Science and operational AQ
forecasts
AQ Simplified Requirements
• Instruments should be sensitive to the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL).
• Re-visit times of 2 hours are threshold requirements• Horizontal resolutions should ideally be better than
20 km with a target of 5 km.• Night-time measurements would be ideal, as well as
daytime measurements.• Both trace gases and aerosol information are
required[major trace gases are O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, H2O and nitrogen species]
AQ rapid-revisit time mission
AQ Mission AnalysisAQ Mission Analysis
• Metop provides a basic set of measurements through GOME-2 (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO) and IASI (CO). Aerosol information is likely to be available from GOME-2 and AVHRR but with caveats on uncertainty and spatial resolution achieved.
• Combination of O3 data from GOME-2 and IASI could provide greater height resolution in the PBL and free troposphere. Development work to support this product is highly recommended.
• Similar work could be performed for CO with advantage if a shortwave infra-red (SWIR) instrument could be flown to complement MetoP.
• Re-flight of an existing aerosol instrument could deliver required aerosol information at 550 nm. A new instrument achieving better uncertainty performance is highly desirable.
• Re-flight of an ice-free SCIAMACHY nadir near infra-red instrument could give better information on CO.
• The greatest requirement for the mission is frequent re-visit time (< 2 hours) as well as high spatial resolution (<20 km). This is not met by existing orbital elements such as MetOp and is necessary to meet existing basic operational modes.
AQ consolidated requirements
(with ability to meet them mapped on)
Order of importance
AQ Mission ConceptAQ Mission Concept• Frequent re-visit time and high spatial resolution (<20 km)• Options could be GEO or LEO or a combination of both.• If LEO, then an enhancement of the Metop/NPOESS systems would be
necessary both for complement of species and for coverage/spatial resolutions.
• Species: O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, aerosol AOD (550 nm), multi-spectral AOD for aerosol size.
• Instruments are likely to be UV-visible (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, aerosol) and mid infra-red (MIR) or SWIR for CO. The MIR can also supply complementary information for O3 and possibly nitrogen species.
• There is a requirement for an enhanced aerosol instrument/system delivering uncertainties of < 0.05 in aerosol optical depth at 10 km spatial resolution and enhancing our ability to discriminate aerosol type.
• Limb instruments would enable better correction for upper parts of NO2, O3, CO columns.
GOME-2Column
O3, NO2, SO2, H2COColumn AOD
B1 (Consolidated): Air Quality Protocol Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution
Ultimate Specification
Minimum Specification
IASICO
Col/Profile
NEWCombined CO
Profiles(Data)
CombinedUV/VIS & IRO3 Profiles
B2 H2O Profiles(Data)
B1 SPECIESImproved Revisit Times
Improved HorizontalResolution
< 2 hrs < 20 km
Meets SignificantCapacity Capability
NEWAEROSOL
Type<10% mis-assign
SCIA NADIR NIR CO
MODIS,MISR, POLDERColumn AOD (550 nm)
B1 Species: O3, CO, NO2, SO2, H2CO
[For B2, B3 add H2O; Nitrogen species are N2O5, HNO3, PAN, organic nitrates]
Aerosol OD (550 nm)
Multi-spectral AOD and type should be < 2 hours re-visit time but accept high spatial resolution (5 km) would be a trade-off.
Note: PBL sensitivity is mandatory for all measurements
Night-time data are important
NEWAEROSOL
Multi-spectralColumn AOD
AOD < 0.05, 10 km
PRIORITY
IASI B2 H2O
Col/Profile
NEWNitrogen
B3 Species
RecommendationRecommendation
• Both GEO and LEO options should be studied.• Priority 1 is to achieve the re-visit time with
high spatial resolution as the 2nd priority.• A key decision concerns our ability to measure
CO. Flight of both a MIR and SWIR instrument would provide the greatest performance but would add to mission complexity.
• Multi-spectral aerosol information with improved uncertainty (equivalent to <0.05 nm at 550 nm) would be ideal. Aerosol type measurements are also useful.
Climate
• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission
• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution
Reduction of uncertaintiesReduction of uncertainties
ProtocolMonitoring
CO2, CH4, CFC
Ground-based monitoring
End users requirementsApplications
+ + + +
Future Missionse.g. OCO, GOSAT
Application Unproven
EVERGREEN (EC)
GEMS (CE)Dat
a A
ssim
ilai
ton
Space-borne profilee.g. H2O profiles
Current DataAIRS, SCIA
System Concept for Climate Protocol Monitoring
CO2 columns (cloud flagged)
CO2 columns with column errors < 3%
‘A priori’ surface albedo ‘A priori’ surface pressure
C1/C2 consolidated requirements
(with ability to meet them mapped on)
Protocol Monitoring
• The mission seeks to measure greenhouse gases, CO and aerosols.
• The mission is intended to be global and have PBL sensitivity for CH4, CO2, CO, NO2.
• The chief targets are CO2, CH4, CO, O3, NO2, aerosols
• Stratospheric aerosol measurements could be important during volcanic loading periods (e.g. Pinatubo) to ensure good tropospheric aerosol data.
IASI
CH4, CO, CO2, O3GOME-2O3, NO2
Column AOD (550 nm)Absorbing aerosol OD
C1: Climate Protocol Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution
Ultimate Specification
Minimum Specification
SCIANADIR NIR
CH4, CO, CO2,
NEWNADIR UV/VIS
O3, NO2Improved SpatialResolution10 km
Improved re-visit times12 hours
NEWAEROSOL OD
0.05 uncertainty 550 nm
Absorbing Aerosol OD0.01 uncertainty
Improved re-visit times6-12 hours
Meets SignificantCapacity Capability
CombinedUV/VIS/NIR & IRO3, CO Profiles
(Data)
NEWNADIR NIRCH4, CO
CH4 error (2%)Improved Spatial Resolution 10 km
SAGE equivalentStrat. Aerosol
TOMS, MODIS,MISR, POLDER
Equivalent Column AOD (550 nm)
NEWCO2
CO2 error (PBL)
CH4, CO2, CO and NO2 measurements should be PBL sensitive.
Note CO2:
CO2 (highlighted in red) information does not meet capacity requirements but could be sufficient for some user services
PRIORITY
Near real-time/ AssessmentNear real-time• The mission seeks to derive climate information in near real-
time• This mission concept is driven by NRT system assimilation and
the improvement in representation of climate from assimilation of observations for rapidly varying
• The targets are H2O (very important), O3, aerosols/cirrus, stratospheric tracer information.
• Stratospheric aerosol is required as well as tropospheric aerosols
Assessment• The mission seeks to provide a fundamental capability for
scientific assessment of the climate system.• The mission targets can be sub-divided into radiative forcing,
oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone.• There are many target species and domains but the UTLS is
particularly important.• Vertical resolution and no. of species is more important than re-
visit times.
C2: Climate Near Real Time Data Satellite Component Evolution
Ultimate Specification
Minimum Specification
IASIO3, H2O, CO2,
CH4, N2OGOME-2
AOD 550 nm Absorbing Aerosol OD
CURRENTLIMB
C2 Species
NEWC2 Species
Improved revisit times. H2O (1-6 nhrs); O3 (6 hours) Improved Horizontal Spatial Resolution: 50 km
NEWLIMB
IR or MicrowaveC2 Species
Improved vertical resn: 2 km horizontal resolution; 50 km
Meets SignificantCapacity Capability
C2 Species:
H2O, O3, CH4, N2O (SF6 and CO2 as alternative tracers)
Aerosol OD
Cirrus OD
Stratospheric Tracers
NEWCH4, N2O
Tropospheric columnsCH4 error 2%
Improved spatial resn. 10 km
SAGEStrat. Aerosol
TOMS, MODIS,MISR, POLDER
Column AOD (550 nm)
NEWCO2
CO2 error (PBL)
PRIORITY
NEWAEROSOL OD
0.05 uncertainty 550 nmAbsorbing Aerosol OD
0.01 uncertainty
Cirrus OD 100%
Improved re-visit times1-6 hours
Climate Assessment – consolidated requirements
C3: Climate Scientific Assessment Satellite Component Evolution
Ultimate Specification
Minimum Specification
MetopIASI Nadir IR FTS
O3, H2O, CO, C2H6, CH4, N2ONadir UV-VIS
O3, H2O, NO2, CH2O, Aerosol, Solar irradiance
Meets SignificantCapacity CapabilityCURRENT
Limb IR FTSIR species
Oxidising Capacity
Radiative Forcing
Ozone
NEW SCIA NIRCH4, CO
CH4 error < 2%Horiz resn < 10 km
NewOccultation or
MicrowaveHCl
NEWTrop Aerosol
0.05 nm 10 km
Meets SignificantCapacity Capability
CURRENTLimb Microwave (in addition to Limb IR)
O3, H2O (clouds)Cirrus OD, ClO (MS), SO2 (enh.)
Meets SignificantCapacity Capability
Integrated Approach
CombinationO3 profiles
(data)
SAGE equivalentStrat. Aerosol
IR species:
O3, H2O, CO, HNO3, H2O2, CH3COCH3, PAN, C2H6, CFCs, HCFC, PSCs, CH4, N2O, SF6, N2O5, ClO (LS), ClONO2, SO2 (enh.)
PRIORITY
PRIORITY
Climate SummaryClimate Summary
• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission
• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution in terms of instrument suite
Climate SummaryClimate Summary
• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of missionGHG monitoring mission
Could be met by additional SWIR channel
• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution in terms of instrument suiteLimb viewing-climate gas mission scenario
(Later overlap with Ozone and UV)
Ozone and UV
• Many of the requirements can be met by existing systems
• But …
Reduction of uncertaintiesReduction of uncertainties
Dedicated satellites: O3 profiles, strat (H)CFCs,
H2O, CH4, aerosolsT, PSCs, HNO3, Active Cl/Br
Ozone Trend Assessment,
Polar O3 monitoring, U/V forecast
Total. O3, Trop. (H)CFCs
Ground-based measurements
Existing satellitesTotal O3, OClO
End users requirementsApplications
+ + +
Balloon programme: Cly, NOy
[Recommendation]
Surface albedo, tropospheric aerosol,
tropospheric O3
European assessment – SCOUT (CE)
System concept for O3/UV
Ozone/UV Satellite (Consolidation)
For ozone/UV missions, a system can be consolidated which a) Delivers O3 columns and UV for Protocolb) Delivers O3 profiles for NRTc) Delivers trace species and aerosols for
assessment.
Consolidated system therefore would ideally deliver assessment capabilities at a minimum to provide all 3 services.
Ozone/UV Climate NRT/Assessment - Summary of requirements
• Limb instrument(s) that measures a range of trace species and complements the Nadir measurements made on Metop/NPOESS.
• Implementation options include a limb-MIR of at least 2 km resolution, potentially in combination with a limb microwave instrument in order to meet the optimal number of requirements.
• A limb UV/VIS system to measure NO2 and potentially BrO would be invaluable.
• Solar occultation instruments require consideration including re-flight of SAGE III.
• Ground-based systems provide a total ozone verification system, validation and source gas monitoring, but cannot provide the range of height resolved information required.
A3 (Consolidation): Ozone Layer Scientific Assessment Satellite Component Evolution
SCIA LimbBrO, NO2
A1 GOME-2Column O3UV Aerosol
Solar IrradianceIASI UT H2O
Ultimate Specification
Minimum Specification
OSIRISNO2
A2 HIRDLSO3
A2 SCIA LimbO3
A2 MLSO3
A2 MIPASO3 Meets Significant
Capacity Capability
A3 Species:
ClO (LS), HNO3, H2O, tracers
MIR: + PSCs, (H)CFCs, ClONO2
Microwave: + HCl, ClO (MS), SO2 (enh)
SAGE equivalentStrat. Aerosol
CURRENTIR
A3 SPECIES
CURRENTMICROWAVEA2 SPECIES
NEWIR or MICROWAVE
or UV LimbO3
Ver. Res. 2 km, 50 kmInc. UT
NEW UV VISLimb BrO,NO2Ver. Res. 2 km
NEWIR
A3 SPECIESVer. Res. 2km
NEWMICROWAVEA3 SPECIESVer. Res. 2km
New AerosolRev. Time6-24 hours
Broad recommendationsBroad recommendations
• With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems – High temporal/spatial resolution space-based
measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ
– High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications
– High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations
Specific SummariesSpecific Summaries
Stratospheric Ozone/Surface UVStratospheric Ozone/Surface UV
• Protocol monitoring requirements can be met by the planned MetOp and ground-based systems.
• The other stratospheric NRT and assessment themes require limb sounding capabilities. – For NRT, only ozone profiles are mandatory but measurements
of other species are highly desirable: ClO, polar stratospheric clouds, stratospheric aerosol, HNO3, H2O, tracers, and HCl.
– For assessment, all the NRT measurements are required with, in addition, HCFCs, ClONO2, and SO2 (enhanced).
• A limb MIR system is therefore suggested but a limb MM also has significant complementary capabilities, particularly in cloudy regions of the atmosphere. A limb UV-VIS instrument can monitor the important compounds of NO2 and BrO.
Air QualityAir Quality
• All AQ requirements are essentially similar with a – prime requirement for high spatial (<20 km) and
temporal (<2 hours) resolution – measurements of O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, and
H2O – with sensitivity to the PBL.
• Instruments types are likely to be nadir UV-VIS-NIR with either Short-Wave Infra-Red (SWIR) or Mid Infra-Red (MIR) capability for CO.
• For aerosol measurements at multiple wavelengths would enhance the system ideally in conjunction with night time measurements.
ClimateClimate
• Protocol monitoring system was notably different to those for NRT and assessment.
• Kyoto protocol monitoring demands high precision measurements of CH4 and CO (and CO2) – This builds on the SWIR measurements
demonstrated by SCIAMACHY. – Improved NO2 measurements (spatial resolution
of 10 km) would also be ideal.• It is suggested that climate protocol monitoring
systems could be combined with AQ systems in the evolution of a GMES system.
Climate (cont’d)Climate (cont’d)
NRT & Assessment
• The priorities are limb sounder measurements for high vertical resolution (<2 km).
• For NRT, measurements of H2O, O3, CH4, and N2O suggest either limb MM or limb MIR
• For assessment, limb MIR is more likely to be a priority to measure the large range of necessary species to monitor changes in radiative forcing, oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone with sensitivity also to the upper troposphere.
Broad recommendationsBroad recommendations
• With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems – High temporal/spatial resolution space-based
measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ
– High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications
– High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations