IMPAQT

Integrative Multidisciplinary People-centred Architectural Qualification & Training

ERASMUS Project 586437-EPP-1-2017-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP

WP1.LiteratureSurveyandGapAnalysis

1.1.ArchitectureProgramsSurvey

April2018

Introduction InEgypt,fasturbanandarchitecturedevelopment,dominatedmostlybystandardizeddesignsandledbyrealestatedevelopers,hasseverelyunderminedtheroleofthearchitectinshapingourphysicalenvironment.Thishas led to a deterioration in the quality of that environment as contexts–both tangible and intangible– areoverlooked,creativityisstifledandcomplexissuesaresimplifiedintoone-size-fits-allprototypes.Inresponseto this, theaimof this three-yearproject is toarmnewgenerationsofarchitectswith the tools thatwouldallow them to dealwith the complexities of cities and contexts in an integrative,multidisciplinary, people-centeredandtechnologicallyagilemanner.

Themainoutputwillbea5-yearBScinArchitecturewithintheSchoolofEngineeringatNileUniversity.Relyingontheexpertiseofallpartneruniversities,bothinEgyptandinEurope,theaimistodevelopacurriculumthatwouldcontributetobridgingthegapbetweenthetheorieslearnedintheclassroomandthecomplexityofthepractice,bringingthefocusbackonpeopleandtheirneeds,asitshouldbe.

OneoftheveryfirststepsmeanttoguidethedevelopmentofthisarchitectureprogramisasurveyofexistingundergraduatearchitectureprogramsinEgyptandabroad,togetabetterunderstandingofthearchitecturalhigher education scene. This entails collecting data on curricula, teaching methodologies and tools, andexploring the interrelation and integration between different courses. This is in addition to surveying therequirementsforarchitecturegraduatesqualificationsinEgyptandabroad.

This report, along with the outcomes of the other tasks included in WP1, would help shape the newarchitectureprogramatNileUniversitybyidentifyingtheneededcoursesfortheprogram,andtheequipmentand tools to be integrated in the education process, analyzing the gap between theory and practice andredefiningtheroleofthearchitectinattainingsustainablelivablecities.

Survey Methodology In order to get a comprehensive overview of the architecture undergraduate education scene, the surveyincludes architecture programs from the United States, the EU as well as Egypt. The selection criteria forselectingtheschoolwere:

• Theschoolhadtobeahighlyrankedschoolinitsregion/country• Theavailabilityofthedatarequiredforthesurvey• Thevarietyofaccreditation(RIBA,UNESCO-UIA,NAAB)

TheselectedschoolsareTUDelftandEscolaTècnicaSuperiord'ArquitecturadeBarcelona(ETSAB)fromtheEU,CarnegieMellonand theMassachusetts InstituteofTechnology (MIT) from theUnitedStatesandCairoUniversityandtheArabAcademyforScience,TechnologyandMaritimeTransport(AASTMT).

FIGURE1.CHARTSHOWINGTHEINSTITUTIONSSURVEYED

Thedatacollectedincludes:

- basic informationsuchas thenameof theprogram, thedegree type, thedurationof theprogram,accreditation,andstudyload

- ThecurriculumForthepurposeofthissurvey,andtobeabletogetabetterunderstandingoftheapproachandfocusofeachprogramaswell as theweightof thedifferentdisciplineswithin the curriculum, courses ineach curriculumwerecategorizedasfollows:

1. BasicSciences:suchasMathematics,Physics,Chemistry…2. DesignandDrawingStudios:whichincludesalldrawinganddesign-relatedcourses.3. ConstructionandTechnology:concernedwiththetechnicalaspectofthefieldwithcoursessuchas

constructiondesign,materials,structure,climatedesign...4. Urban Planning, Urban Design and Landscape Design:which includes courses focusing on scales

largerthanthearchitectural(building)one.

5. Humanities and Social Sciences: including courses such as architectural history, art appreciation,theoryofartandarchitecture...

6. ProfessionalandPracticalSkills:includingcoursessuchasmanagement,lawandregulations...7. Representation,Visualization and Form: this includes courses concernedwith output presentation

suchasdigitalmedia,CAD,modeling,...8. Academic Skills: which concerned with architecture and the built environment as a scientific

disciplineandincludescoursesfocusingonacademicwriting,researchskills,argumentation…9. Electives:astheyareinsomeprogramsavailableontheUniversity-level,wherestudentsareallowed

tochoosefromcoursesacrossalltheprogramstheuniversityoffers,aseparatecategorywascreated.The collected data from the surveywas thenput into excel sheets to facilitate the data categorization andanalysisascanbeseeninthetablesincludedinthefollowingsectionofthereport.

The European Union There are more than four thousand higher education organizations in Europe, from leading researchinstitutions to small, teaching-focuseduniversities. The duration of an architecture program in Europeranges fromaminimumof three tosevenyearsdependingon the institution.Thesystem isessentiallybased on two cycles (3+2), undergraduate and graduate. The first cycle leads to a bachelor,while thesecond leads to amaster and/orPhD.The twoprograms surveyed in theEUare in twohighly-rankedinstitutionsandvaryinduration(3yearsand5years).

TUDelftTheBachelor'sdegreeprograminArchitecture,UrbanismandBuildingSciencesofferedattheFacultyofArchitectureandtheBuiltEnvironmentatTUDelftisthreeyearslong(6semesters)andtaughtinDutch.The curriculum is quite broad and aims to introduce the students to different professional fields andprovide themwithall thebasic skills and techniquesof architectural engineeringwork.Theprogram’sfocusismainlyondesign,technologyandsociety.Fiveoutofthesixsemestersarefixed,butduringthe5thsemesterstudentsarefreetochooseaminorordoaninternship.Theavailableminorsare:

- Archineering,- NeighbourhoodoftheFuture-GreenBlueCities,- HouseoftheFuture,- Heritage&Design,- UndertheSky-ExperiencingLandscapeArchitecture,- SpacesofDisplay;RetailandExhibitionDesign,- SpatialComputinginArchitecturalDesignandArchitecturePresentation-'VisionsReviewed'.

ETSABTheGArqEtsaBisthe5yearsDegreeinArchitectureStudiesthatgrantstheformationasaprofessional.ThebasisoftheteachingiscenteredaroundtheArchitecturalprojectwithknowledgeaboutthehistoryandtheoriesaboutarchitecture,urbanismandplanning,researchmethodsandgraphicrepresentation,aswell as the structural, construction and engineering design problems related with buildings. The

formationqualifies the students so theymay integrate in the architectural productive activity, developprojects that fulfill the aesthetic and current technical requirements and the applications of thecontemporary society and city. The courses of the GArqEtsaB combine workshopmethodologies withmasterclassandthestudent'sworkholdsthecentralaxisoftheDegreelearningprocess

Egypt CairoUniversityTheAETprogramfocusesonprovidingacomprehensiveandholisticapproachtolearning.ArchitetcuralEngineeringatCairoUniversityissituatedtoaddressthecriticalenvironmentandbuildingdesignissuesneededinthe21stcentury.

This Bachelor program of Architetcural Engineering and atechnology ( AET) is based on credit hourssystem (CHS) train students in a number of streams to examin the srt of architecture and science andtechnology within the building construction profession to be considered a multidisciplinary field thatintegeratesarchitecture,engineering,technologyandmanagementofpeopleandphysicalresources.Thefive-year architecture program leads to a professional Bachelor of Science degree in ArchitecturalEngineering.Atotalof180credithoursarerequired.

AASTMTTheemphasisof thisprogramisonpreparingstudentstobecomepracticingdesigners.Thusthemajorfocusofthecurriculumisthedesignstudioinwhichstudentsdealwithprojectsofincreasingcomplexity.As thesedesignsmust satisfybothaesthetics and technical requirements, studentshave tounderstandconstructionandengineeringproblemsassociatedwithbuildingdesign.Studioworkiscomplementedbycourses in history and theory of architecture, human sciences, building technology, environmentalcontrols, and structures, with computer as accessible tools to all students. The five-year architecture

programleadstoaprofessionalbachelorofsciencedegreeinArchitecturalEngineering&EnvironmentalDesignwithmajorinArchitectureDesign

Atotalof180credithoursarerequireddistributedasfollows:

• 160credithoursofcompulsorycourses.• 20credithoursofelectivecourses.

GraduationRequirements

A.CollegeRequirements

Atotalof26credithoursarearerequireddistributedasfollows:

• 22credithoursofcompulsorycourse.• 4credithoursofelectivecourses.

B.DepartmentRequirements

Atotalof154credithoursarerequiredbythedepartment,whicharedistributedasfollows:

• 138credithoursofcompulsorycourses.• Aminimumof16credithoursofdepartmentrestrictedelectives.

The United States TherearethreetypesofprofessionaldegreesinarchitectureintheUnitedStates:

• BachelorofArchitecture(B.Arch),typicallya5-yearprogram• MasterofArchitecture(M.Arch),typicallya2-yearprogram• DoctorofArchitecture(PHD)

Non-professionaldegreesinclude(requireaMasterofArchitectureforlicensure):

• BachelorofArtsinArchitecture(BA)• BachelorofScienceinArchitecture(BS)• BachelorofFineArtsinArchitecture(BFAArch)• BachelorofEnvironmentalDesign(B.EnvdorB.E.D.)

Anon-professionaldegreetypicallytakesfouryearstocompleteandmaybepartofthelatercompletionofprofessionaldegree (A "4+2"plancomprisesa4-yearBAorBS inArchitecture followedbya2-yearMaster of Architecture). The 5-year BArch and 6-year MArch are regarded as virtual equals in theregistrationandaccreditationprocesses.

Forthepurposeofthesurveyandinordertogetaclearerunderstandingofbothdegreetypes,oneoftheselected programs offers a 5-year BArch degree (CarnegieMellonUniversity),while the other offers a

Bachelor of Science, a non-professional degree which requires a Master of Architecture for Licensure(MIT).

CarnegieMellonUniversityThe school of Architecture at CMU offers a 5-year BArch degree program in architecture that aims atpreparinggraduates forpractice.Thefirstthreeconsistof foundationcoursesandstudios,whereasthelast two are more flexible with a mix of university-wide electives and an Advanced Synthesis OptionStudio (ASOS). During those last two years students could either specialize in a specific field such asrobotics, hybridizewith various combinations or take the traditional route of studios that increase incomplexityuntiltheygraduate.Theavailableminorsforarchitecturemajorsare:

- ArchitecturalDesignFabrication- ArchitecturalHistory- ArchitecturalRepresentationandVisualization- BuildingScience

FIGURE2.CURRICULUMCHARTFORTHEBACHELOROFARCHITECTUREATCMU.SOURCE:HTTPS://SOA.CMU.EDU/CURRICULUM

MITSituatedinMIT'srichandintenseeducationalenvironment,theprogramsemphasizetheinterconnectedrelationshipbetweenarchitecture,design,buildingtechnology,computation,andthehistory,theoryandcriticismofarchitecture,artanddesign.TheDepartment'sextensiveofferingsreflectthecommitmentto

thecultural,social,political,technologicalandecologicalissuesofthebuiltenvironment,andtheteachingof art and design not just as a means to an end, but as a form of knowledge and creative practice.Committed to a rigorous and interdisciplinary approach, both programs challenge our students to becreative,innovative,andresponsibleleadersinthefield.

The curriculum is structured to teach essential basics inmultipledisciplines andprovide flexibility forexploration. The range of studios, lectures, workshops and seminars provides an active learningenvironmentinwhichindividualcreativityandcriticalitycanbenurtured.Theprogramsarecontinuallyevolvingtoengagenewwaysofthinkingaboutarchitecture,artanddesign.

TheDepartmentoffersfourminors

- Architecture- Art,CultureandTechnology(HASS)- Design- HistoryofArchitecture,Art+Design(HASS)

Results

Thesixsurveyedarchitecturebachelorprogramswerequitediverse,whetherintermsofthedegreetypetheyoffered,theirduration,thecoursestheyincludedorthetopicstheycovered.

- Thedurationoftheprogramssurveyedwerebetween3and5years(6to10semesters)- Thetypeofdegreesofferedinthoseprogramsvaried,fromBachelorofScience,BArch,Bachelor

inarchitecturalstudies.- Thedesignanddrawingstudiocomponent inallsurveyedcurriculawas,astobeexpected, the

heaviestintermsofcredits.

Professional Practice Requirements While thegeneral aimof architectural educationprograms is topreparegraduates for themarket, in somecases, students have to satisfy further requirements, in addition to their degree, to be able to practice thearchitecturalprofessionorregisterasanarchitect.Thismayincludeexams,professionalpracticalexperience,internshipsoracombinationofthem.Thisiswhythenumberofyearsittakestobecomeanarchitectvariesfromoneplacetothenext.ThissectionaimstoprovideanoverviewofarchitecturalpracticerequirementsintheUS,EUandEgypt.

EU-UK-RIBAAccording the RIBA the courses should be fully prescribed and validated by the ARB and RIBA, giving thestudent the educational basis and professional experience they need to complete the first step towardbecoming a qualified Architect.The students can also continue the journey by applying for Master ofArchitectureandRIBApart3courses.

Thedegreecanopenupavarietyofcareeropportunitiestodifferentstudents.Thehighstandardofcreativeandanalyticalskills,andtrainingthegraduatewithwillequipthestudenttoworkinarangeofindustries.95%of the architecture graduates are in employmentor pursuing further studywithin sixmonthsof graduating.The students could also choose to pursue a career in other design-related roles such as film-making ormuseumcuration.

Inthefinalyearoftheprogram,studentsfocusonanintensiveinvestigationandanalysisofbuildingsystems,professionalpracticeanddesignaspartofaself-determineddegreeproject.

TobecomeanArchitect, studentsmust completea combinationof five years studyand twoyearspracticalwork experience before completing final exams. Students will become members of the RIBA, the RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,aftertheirinitialthree-yearundergraduatedegree,beforeenrollingonaBArch,DiplomaorMarchdegree.Anothertwoyearsofprofessionaltrainingfollowspriortoyourfinalexams.

EG-NARSTheNationalAcademicReferenceStandards(NARS)statementsprovidemeasuresfortheacademiccommunityto describe the nature and characteristics of academic programs in certain fields of specialty. They alsorepresentgeneralexpectationsabout thequalifications, theattributesandcapabilities that thegraduatesofthoseprogramsshouldbeabletodemonstrate.

THEATTRIBUTESOFANARCHITECTURALENGINEERInadditiontothegeneralattributesofengineer,thearchitectmustbeableto:a)Designrobustarchitecturalprojectswithcreativityandtechnicalmastery.b)Demonstrateinvestigativeskills,attentiontodetails,andvisualize/conceptualizeskills.c)Adoptaholisticproblemsolvingapproachforcomplex,ambiguous,andopen-endedchallengesandscenarios.d)Demonstrateknowledgeofculturaldiversity,differencesandtheimpactofabuildingoncommunitycharacterandidentity.e)Addressurbanissues,planning,andcommunityneedsthroughdesignwork.f)Recognizethenewroleofarchitecturalengineerastheleaderofdesignprojects—whohastheabilitytounderstand,assemble,andcoordinateallofthedisciplines—tocreateasustainableenvironment.Table1:Indicativecurriculacontentbysubjectarea

Subject Area % Tolerance

A Humanities and Social Sciences (Univ. Req.) 11 9-12 %

B Mathematics and Basic Sciences 21 20-26 %

C Basic Engineering Sciences (Faculty/Spec. Req.) 21 20-23 %

D Applied Engineering and Design 21 20-22 %

E Computer Applications and ICT* 10 9-11 %

F Projects* and Practice 9 8-10 %

Subtotal 93 92-94 %

G Discretionary (Institution character-identifying) subjects 7 6-8 %

Total 100 100%

* This part of the curriculum may be served in separate course(s) and/or included in several courses

and its hours should be indicated in the course specification

NARS FOR ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING ThefollowingacademicreferencestandardsrepresentthegeneralexpectationaboutthequalificationsattributesandcapabilitiesthatthegraduatesofArchitecturalEngineeringprogramsshouldbeabletodemonstrate.• KnowledgeandUnderstanding:Inadditiontotheknowledgeandunderstandingofengineers,thegraduatesofarchitecturalengineeringprogramshoulddemonstrateknowledgeandunderstandingof:a)Principlesofarchitecturaldesign,andthepreparationandpresentationsofdesignprojectsinavarietyofcontexts,scales,typesanddegreeofcomplexity.b)Principlesofbuildingtechnologies,structure&constructionmethods,technicalinstallations,propertiesofmaterials,andthewaytheymayinfluencedesigndecisions.c)Fundamentalsofbuildingacquisition,operationalcosts,andofpreparingconstructiondocumentsandspecificationsofmaterials,components,andsystemsappropriatetothebuilding.d)Theoriesandlegislationsofurbanandregionalplanning.e)Theprocessesofspatialchangeinthebuiltandnaturalenvironments;patternsandproblemsofcities;andpositive&negativeimpactsofurbanization.f)Thesignificanceofurbanspacesandtheinteractionbetweenhumanbehavior,builtenvironmentandnaturalenvironment.g)Theoriesandhistoriesofarchitecture,planning,urbandesign,andotherrelateddisciplines.h)Physicalmodeling,multi-dimensionalvisualization,multimediaapplications,andcomputer-aideddesign.i)Theroleofthearchitectureprofessionrelativetotheconstructionindustryandtheoverlappinginterestsoforganizationsrepresentingthebuiltenvironment.j)Variousdimensionsofhousingproblemandtherangeofapproaches,policies,andpracticesthatcouldbecarriedouttosolvethisproblem.k)Principlesofsustainabledesign,climaticconsiderations,andenergyconsumptionandefficiencyinbuildingsandtheirimpactsontheEnvironment.• IntellectualSkillsInadditiontotheintellectualskillsofengineers,thegraduatesofarchitecturalengineeringprogramshouldbeableto:a)Integratedifferentformsofknowledge,ideasfromotherdisciplines,andmanageinformationretrievaltocreatenewsolutions.b)Thinkthree-dimensionallyandengageimagesofplaces&timeswithinnovationandcreativityintheexplorationofdesign.c)Predictpossibleconsequences,by-productsandassessexpectedperformanceofdesignalternatives.d)Reconcileconflictingobjectivesandmanagethebroadconstituencyofintereststoreachoptimumsolutions.e)Integraterelationshipofstructure,buildingmaterials,andconstructionelementsintodesignprocess.

f)Integratecommunitydesignparametersintodesignprojects.g)Appraisethespatial,aesthetic,technicalandsocialqualitiesofadesignwithinthescopeandscaleofawiderenvironmenth)Discuss,searchandformulateinformedopinionsappropriatetospecificcontextandcircumstancesaffectingarchitectureprofession&practice.i)Analyzetherangeofpatternsandtraditionsthathaveshapedandsustainedculturesandthewaythattheycaninformdesignprocess.• Practical&ProfessionalSkillsIn addition to the practical and professional skills of engineers, the graduates of architectural engineeringprogramshouldbeableto:a)Produceandpresentarchitectural,urbandesign,andplanningprojectsusinganappropriaterangeofmediaanddesign-basedsoftware.b)Produceprofessionalworkshopandtechnicaldrawingsusingtraditionaldrawingandcomputer-aideddrawings'techniques.c)Useappropriateconstructiontechniquesandmaterialstospecifyandimplementdifferentdesigns;d)Participateprofessionallyinmanagingconstructionprocesses.e)Demonstrateprofessionalcompetenceindevelopinginnovativeandappropriatesolutionsofarchitecturalandurbanproblems.f)Displayimaginationandcreativity.g)Respectallalternativesolutions;changesinoriginalplanoftheproject,differencesinstyle,culture,experienceandtreatotherswithrespect.h)Provideleadershipandeducationtotheclientparticularlywithreferencetosustainabledesignprinciples.i)Respondeffectivelytothebroadconstituencyofinterestswithconsiderationofsocialandethicalconcerns.j)Contributepositivelytotheaesthetic,architectureandurbanidentity,andculturallifeofthecommunity.