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WoundInjury to body resulting from force, violenceor trauma

Stress CardiomyopathyCardiac problems after sudden emotionalstress due to grief or fear stimulating

adrenal glands and nerves to producestress hormone including adrenaline thatcan sharply lower the heart’s pumpingability.

 The reduced pumping causes chest painand other symptoms similar to heartattack.

Causes of Physical Injuries1. hysical violence!. "eat or cold#. $lectrical Injury

%. Chemical injury&. 'adiation(. Change of atmospheric pressure). Infection

Extent of injuries1. *peed +bullet!. -ass +baseball bat#. $lasticity of tissue +scalp%. rea of contact +stabbing

Reactions of tissue to trauma1. 'ubor

!. Calor#. /olor%. Tumor&. 0oss of function

Types of wounds1. Mortal wound location heart, brain, brain stem, lungs, stomach,liver, intestine, spleen

!. Non-mortal wound locationetremities unless injuring big vessels

Based on instrument1. Blunt contusion, hematoma, lacerated wound!. Sharpincised, punctured, stab#. Tearing forcelacerated wound%. Chemical explosiongunshot wounds&. Heat or cold

frost bite, burn

Deree of !urns1. First degreesuper2cial!. Second degreepartial thickness

#. Third degreefull thickness

In"iction1. "it!. Thrust#. $plosion%. *liding abrasion

Depth1. enetrating!. erforating

Special types1. /efense wound!. atterned wound#. *elf3in4icted wound

#edical classi$cation of wounds1. Closed  a. Supercial

petechiae, contusion, hematomab. Deepmusculoskeletal sprain, dislocation,fracture, strain, subluation, internalhemorrhage, cerebral concussion

!. 5penabrasion, incised, stab, punctured,lacerated

Petechiae inhead si6ed 7lood from capillaries under

subcutaneous tissue, mucousmembrane8 may be caused bytrauma or asphyia

Contusion

Caused by blood vessels due totrauma, blunt force 9orce compresses vessel forcing

blood out of area to tissue beneathskin

/evelops after lapse of minutes tohours

0ocation may be di:erent from siteof application, si6e di:erent fromobject causing it due to gravity

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5bject used determines shape whiledegree of force determines si6e

%e of contusion1. mmediatered to purple!. !-"da#s

green#. $-%& da#syellow%. %!-%" da#sbegins to disappear

-ay be caused by disease too such ashemophilia

&ematoma 7lunt force where there is bone Cavity develops3blood 4ows to

cavity

"ead, chest, anterior part of legs Closed wound that is elevated If aspirated, there may be blood -ay lead to abscess, gangrene

Deep closed wound1. *prain ; muscle or ligament torn!. *train ; over3stretching of muscle orligament#. 9racture ; closed, open, comminuted%. Internal hemorrhage ; rupture of bloodvessels

Cere!ral concussion1. . 0oss of memory just before injury

'pen wounds1. '(rasion

'emoval of super2cial epitheliallayer ?gasgas@

a. *cratch and Ara6e ; sharp pointedobject sliding across skin

b. Imprint abrasion ; scratching of skinshows pattern or stamping

c. 9riction abrasion ; caused bypressure accompanied bymovement

!. )ost mortem a(rasions

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 There is presence of motive for self3destruction

o disturbance in death scene

E(idence of intent to )ill -ore than one stab wound *tab wounds located in di:erent

parts of the body or where vitalorgans located

/eep stab wounds *errated or 6ig6ag borders infers

alternative thrust and withdrawal ofwounding instrument to increaseinternal damages

Irregular stellate skin defects ;changing direction of weapon withportion of weapon at level of skinacting as lever

*unshot wound

Cause of InjuryDa. Flame scorching or burning of skin, hair, edgesmay be burned in contact 2re8 4ame doesnot go beyond distance of ( inches, pistolsor revolvers ; # inchesb. Smo+elight, almost black, does not penetrateskin, deposited on target, seen withdistance up to 1! inchesc. )owder  grainsmay penetrate skin and cause hemorrhagein deeper tissues, cannot be removed by

wiping, seen around wound entrance up to!% inchesd. )owder  (urnsblackening of gsw entrance, gunpowdertattooinge. '(rasion collar  pressure of bullet causes skin to bedepressed, bullet lacerates skin, depressedportion rubs with rough surface of bullet

*SW entrance wound "igher caliber ; usually bigger

wound entrance

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a. /isplacement of occupants withinvehicle with impact againststructuresb. $jectionc. /istribution of the passengercompartment, direct impact injuries

!. /riverE9ront seat passenger -ay hit parts of the car 9ront portion may be shortened *kull fractures, laceration head,

face, scalp, fracture of leg bones,hip bones, abrasions andlacerations

#. 'ear seat ; may be propelled to front *ide impact ; more severe injuries,

less crushable structuralcomponents

  0aceration of vital organs, pelvic

injuries 'ear impact ; whiplash, may involve

gas tank and gas leakage 'oll3over crash ; may be pinned,

crushed, thrown away on ground

%. edestrian Kehicle usually front bumper hits leg

of victim ; bumper fracture If below point of gravity, body

moves backwards to hit hood,windshield

If above point of gravity ; bodymoves away from vehicle, fall onground +children

*econdary impact ; pedestrian toground after 2rst impact

-ultiple abrasions and contusions 'un over injuries ; usually if

children, may fall on ground andvehicle passes over body

*kid tire marks, rupture of organs,fracture, may die right awayespecially if head hit

&. -otorcycle