11

WouldnWouldn’’t it be nice ift it be nice if……

You had an in car navigation system!You had an in car navigation system!•• GPS locates where you areGPS locates where you are•• Lets you know the fastest routeLets you know the fastest route•• Always keeps you moving towards your Always keeps you moving towards your

destinationdestination•• Can tell you where the closest Can tell you where the closest

McDonalds or Starbucks is. (Points of McDonalds or Starbucks is. (Points of Interest)Interest)

22

WouldnWouldn’’t it be nice ift it be nice if……

Those are available todayThose are available todayEven some like TomTomGo and Even some like TomTomGo and Garmin can show you the latest Garmin can show you the latest weather or traffic reportsweather or traffic reportsTomTomGo connects to the internet TomTomGo connects to the internet via your Bluetooth and internet via your Bluetooth and internet enabled phone. (3G)enabled phone. (3G)Garmin works with XM satellite radioGarmin works with XM satellite radio

33

WouldnWouldn’’t it be nice ift it be nice if……

But what if you are stuck in traffic?But what if you are stuck in traffic?Will it be faster to get off the Will it be faster to get off the highway and go around?highway and go around?What if we were all connected to the What if we were all connected to the internet. Our car, phones, GPS internet. Our car, phones, GPS navigation systems connected to the navigation systems connected to the internet all the time?internet all the time?

44

WouldnWouldn’’t it be nice ift it be nice if……Our GPS system could tell some of Our GPS system could tell some of us to use the alternative routeus to use the alternative routeAnd advise others to remain on the And advise others to remain on the highway as it predicts and confirms highway as it predicts and confirms the alternative route is now backed the alternative route is now backed upupOr it can tell you to exit the highway Or it can tell you to exit the highway and grab a $4.95 and grab a $4.95 ““495 traffic special 495 traffic special lattelatte”” at Starbucks, because the data at Starbucks, because the data model predicts it will be 20 minutes model predicts it will be 20 minutes before either route is clear.before either route is clear.

5

FLASHFLASH--OFDMOFDMa competing technology a competing technology

to WiMAXto WiMAXCS332CS332

ByByEric HodgeEric Hodge

66

OutlineOutlineWhat is WiMax?What is WiMax?Wireless LandscapeWireless LandscapeStandardsStandardsFrequenciesFrequenciesOFDMOFDMFLASHFLASH--OFDMOFDMMarket playersMarket playersDirectionDirectionIssuesIssuesQuestionsQuestions

77

What is WiMax?What is WiMax?Worldwide Interoperability for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessMicrowave AccessWiMax I WiMax I –– IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16 –– 20042004•• FixedFixed

WiMax II 802.16e WiMax II 802.16e --20062006•• MobileMobile•• Products due out 2007Products due out 2007

Performance dependent on Performance dependent on implementation and radio implementation and radio conditionsconditions

88

Fixed applications (WiMax I)Fixed applications (WiMax I)

MetroMetro--AreaAreaCampusCampus--widewideCellular interconnectCellular interconnectWireless bridgesWireless bridgesThird world developing marketsThird world developing markets

99

WiMax II WiMax II -- MobileMobile

This is what everyone is waiting for!This is what everyone is waiting for!Mobile devices always connected at Mobile devices always connected at high speed! Laptop, PDA, phone, etc.high speed! Laptop, PDA, phone, etc.Cellular networks have been moving Cellular networks have been moving there.there.Voice has paid the bills, but data is Voice has paid the bills, but data is here to stay.here to stay.1G, 2G, 2.5G 3G1G, 2G, 2.5G 3G

1010

GenerationsGenerations

200200--500Kbps500Kbps

Digital, New Digital, New modmod

33

>1Mbps>1MbpsAllAll--IP basedIP based44

2020--40Kbps40KbpsDigital in Voice Digital in Voice slotsslots

2.52.5

9.69.6--14.4Kbps14.4Kbps

DigitalDigital22

2.4 2.4 ––22Kbps22Kbps

AnalogAnalog11

ThroughputThroughputCharacteristicsCharacteristicsGenerationGeneration

1111

LandscapeLandscape

1212

Sorting the TechnologiesSorting the Technologies

UWBUWB

CableCable//DSLDSL

WiMaxWiMax(802.16a)(802.16a)

DialDial--upup

WiWi--FiFi(802.11b/g/n)(802.11b/g/n)

BluetoothBluetooth

3G3G(WCDMA, cdma2000)(WCDMA, cdma2000)

2.5G2.5G(EDGE, GPRS)(EDGE, GPRS)

1G1G(GSM, cdmaOne)(GSM, cdmaOne)

SatelliteSatellite

Fixed Portable Mobile

Nar

row

band

Bro

adba

nd

Typi

cal u

ser d

ata

rate

ProprietaryProprietaryMBWAMBWA

TechnologiesTechnologies

WiMaxWiMax(802.16e)(802.16e)

802.20802.20

WiBroWiBro

HSDPAHSDPAEVEV--DO, EVDO, EV--DVDV

Mobility

ZigBeeZigBee(802.15.4)(802.15.4)

LMDS/MMDSLMDS/MMDS

1313

WiFiWiFi versus the restversus the rest

1414

Evolution of Mobile NetworksEvolution of Mobile Networks

Voice onlyVoice onlyData OnlyData OnlyCombined Data & VoiceCombined Data & Voice4G All IP4G All IP

1515

Evolution Cont.Evolution Cont.

1616

Trend towards mobilityTrend towards mobility

1717

TomorrowTomorrowHorizontal Network (multiHorizontal Network (multi--services)services)

TodayTodayVertical Networks (single service)Vertical Networks (single service)

Mob

ile

Fixe

d D

ata

Net

Fixe

d Te

leph

ony

WLA

N

Services

Transport, Switching & Access Networks

Content

AccessAccess Access

ContentServices

ServicesEnvironment

IP Multi-Servicesnetwork

Moving towards an ALLMoving towards an ALL-- IP based networkIP based network

1818

802.16e vs. 802.20802.16e vs. 802.20WiMAX vs. MobileWiMAX vs. Mobile--FiFi

Supports devices Supports devices moving at 155+ moving at 155+ mphmph

Support devices Support devices moving at vehicle moving at vehicle speeds 70 speeds 70 –– 90 90 mphmph

Standard being Standard being built from scratchbuilt from scratch

Based on previous Based on previous standard 802.16standard 802.16

below 3.5Ghz below 3.5Ghz licensed bandslicensed bands

22--6Ghz licensed 6Ghz licensed bandsbands

802.20802.20802.16e802.16e

1919

WiMAX WiMAX vsvs MobileMobile--FiFi

2020

Interesting NoteInteresting Note

802.16e MAC layer introduces new 802.16e MAC layer introduces new header information that is essential header information that is essential to support mobility (cell handoffs, to support mobility (cell handoffs, etc).etc).802.16e and 802.16 are not 802.16e and 802.16 are not inherently compatibleinherently compatibledualdual--mode chipsets would have to be mode chipsets would have to be implemented (similar to you cell implemented (similar to you cell phone)phone)

2121

FrequenciesFrequencies

Most likely 2.3GHz, 2.4GHz,Most likely 2.3GHz, 2.4GHz,2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, 5.8GHz and 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, 5.8GHz and potentially 700MHz potentially 700MHz To ensure worldwide interoperability, To ensure worldwide interoperability, WiMAX data cards or embedded WiMAX data cards or embedded chipset solutions would haveto chipset solutions would haveto support up to 5 frequency bandssupport up to 5 frequency bands

2222

UnlicensedUnlicensed

Un Un –– 2.4Ghz & 5.8Ghz2.4Ghz & 5.8Ghz•• DisadvantagesDisadvantages•• InterferenceInterference•• Competition (cordless phones, Competition (cordless phones,

bluetooth, etc.)bluetooth, etc.)•• Limited powerLimited power

2323

LicensedLicensed

700MHz, 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 700MHz, 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz3.5GHz2.5GHZ is the most likely2.5GHZ is the most likelySprintSprint--Nextel holds the largest chunk Nextel holds the largest chunk of the 2.5Ghz spectrum, with of the 2.5Ghz spectrum, with Cingular coming in 2Cingular coming in 2ndnd

Problem with regulation worldwideProblem with regulation worldwide

2424

Voice vs. DataVoice vs. Data

Cell technology has evolved from Cell technology has evolved from voicevoiceVoice communications are well Voice communications are well understoodunderstoodVoice is predictable with back and Voice is predictable with back and forth between to partiesforth between to partiesMethodologies applied to maximize Methodologies applied to maximize capacitycapacity

2525

Voice vs. DataVoice vs. Data

Data traffic unpredictableData traffic unpredictableTraffic is Traffic is ““burstybursty””, variability in:, variability in:•• When traffic arrivesWhen traffic arrives•• Rate at which is arrivesRate at which is arrives•• Number of bits in the messageNumber of bits in the message

Many users sharing the network (as Many users sharing the network (as opposed to a circuit dedicated to two opposed to a circuit dedicated to two parties talking)parties talking)

2626

Voice vs. DataVoice vs. Data

Packet switching used for dataPacket switching used for dataVoice can tolerate noise, howeverVoice can tolerate noise, howeverReliability is needed for dataReliability is needed for dataError correction must be more robustError correction must be more robustData has many applicationsData has many applicationsNeed to prioritize and throttleNeed to prioritize and throttleWider range of requirements for dataWider range of requirements for data

2727

Challenges toChallenges tomobile signal processingmobile signal processing

MultipathMultipathShadow fadingShadow fadingDoppler spreadDoppler spreadTime dispersionTime dispersionDelay spreadDelay spread

2828

Signal processing techniquesSignal processing techniques

CDMA CDMA –– code division multiple accesscode division multiple accessTDMA TDMA –– time division multiple accesstime division multiple accessOFDM OFDM -- orthogonal frequency orthogonal frequency division multiplexingdivision multiplexing

2929

OFDMOFDM

Combination of modulation and Combination of modulation and multiple access schemes that multiple access schemes that segments a communications channel segments a communications channel in such a way that many users can in such a way that many users can share itshare itWhereas TDMA segments according Whereas TDMA segments according to time, and CDMA segments to time, and CDMA segments according to spreading codes, OFDM according to spreading codes, OFDM segments according to frequencysegments according to frequency

3030

OFDMOFDM

3131

OFDMOFDM

Orthogonal frequencyOrthogonal frequency--division division multiplexing (OFDM) multiplexing (OFDM) OFDM modulation and demodulation are OFDM modulation and demodulation are typically implemented using typically implemented using digital filterdigital filterbanks generally using the banks generally using the Fast Fourier Fast Fourier TransformTransform (FFT).(FFT).Based on FrequencyBased on Frequency--division multiplexing division multiplexing (FDM) (FDM)

Coded orthogonal FDM (COFDM)Coded orthogonal FDM (COFDM)

3232

OFDM BenefitsOFDM Benefitsresistant against link resistant against link dispersiondispersionresistant against slowly changing resistant against slowly changing phase distortionphase distortionand and fadingfadingresistant against resistant against multipathmultipathresistant against frequency response nulls and resistant against frequency response nulls and constant frequency interference constant frequency interference

resistant against resistant against burst noiseburst noise

3333

OFDMOFDMa multiple access technique since an a multiple access technique since an individual tone or groups of tones individual tone or groups of tones can be assigned to different userscan be assigned to different usersEach user can be assigned a Each user can be assigned a predetermined number of tones predetermined number of tones when they have information to sendwhen they have information to sendassignments are controlled by the assignments are controlled by the media access control (MAC) layer, media access control (MAC) layer, which schedules the resource which schedules the resource assignmentsassignments

3434

FLASHFLASH--OFDMOFDM

FLASH FLASH –– fast low latency access with fast low latency access with seamless handoffseamless handoffFLASH builds on OFDM, CDMA, TDMAFLASH builds on OFDM, CDMA, TDMADesigned by a Bell Labs company called Designed by a Bell Labs company called Flarion 1998Flarion 1998FLASH FLASH -- address the unique demands address the unique demands mobile users by optimizing across all the mobile users by optimizing across all the layers of the protocol stack, including MAC layers of the protocol stack, including MAC and networking layersand networking layers

3535

FLASHFLASH--OFDMOFDMDesign objectives, including:Design objectives, including:•• Spectrally efficient, high capacity physical Spectrally efficient, high capacity physical

layerlayer•• PacketPacket--switched air interfaceswitched air interface•• ContentionContention--free, MAC layerfree, MAC layer•• Support for interactive data application Support for interactive data application

including voiceincluding voice•• Efficient operation using all existing Internet Efficient operation using all existing Internet

protocols (TCP/IP)protocols (TCP/IP)•• Full vehicular mobilityFull vehicular mobility•• Low costLow cost

3636

FLASHFLASH--OFDMOFDM

Uses fast hopping across all tones in Uses fast hopping across all tones in a pseudorandom predetermined a pseudorandom predetermined patternpatternReuses frequency giving it a Reuses frequency giving it a ““pipepipe””3x more efficient than CDMA3x more efficient than CDMAThis creates the largest pipe of all This creates the largest pipe of all the cellular technologies. the cellular technologies.

3737

PhysicalPhysical<<-->>VV

PhysicalPhysicalPhysicalPhysical<<-->>PhysicalPhysical

Base StationBase StationEnd UserEnd UserBase StationBase StationEnd UserEnd User

MAC/LinkMAC/Link^̂<<-->>

MAC/LinkMAC/LinkMAC/LinkMAC/Link<<-->>MAC/LinkMAC/Link

NetworkNetwork<<-->>NetworkNetworkNetworkNetwork<<-->>NetworkNetwork

TransportTransport<<-->>TransportTransportTransportTransport<<-->>TransportTransport

SessionSession<<-->>SessionSessionSessionSession<<-->>SessionSession

PresentationPresentation<<-->>PresentationPresentationPresentationPresentation<<-->>PresentationPresentation

ApplicationApplication<<-->>ApplicationApplicationApplicationApplication<<-->>ApplicationApplication

3838

Nextel Steps Up Data Race Unstrung (May 14 2004) – Nextel Communications Inc. has ramped up its Flash-OFDM trial with startup Flarion Technologies, announcing a set of tariff plans that will provide a real market test for the vendor’s “alternative wireless broadband” technology (see Nextel Extends Flarion Trial).

BT ready for WiMax driveZDNet UK (February 23, 2004) – WiMax is creating quite a stir in tech circles and BT is already using it to bring broadband to four rural locations. Could this be followed by a major rollout? Four radio-broadband trials being conducted by BT in rural parts of the UK could be the prelude to a full-scale deployment of WiMax in Britain.

Intel’s High Hopes for WiMAXWi-Fi networking news (Jan 2004) – During a speech at the Wireless Communications Association conference this week, Intel predicted that the next 10 years would be defined by broadband wireless: Intel has become a big supporter of WiMAX, hoping to see Wi-Fi and WiMAX bundled into computers.

Siemens plans to develop WiMAX network solution

RCR Wireless News (March 2004) – Siemens Information and Communication Mobile Group said it plans to develop a complete solution for WiMAX radio networks, which will be available in the second half of next year.

Personal Broadband’s iBurst Service Officially Open for Business at 1 Megabit

per SecondPR (16 March 2004) - Personal Broadband Australia (PBA) this evening announced that its eagerly anticipated iBurst™ commercial service has been officially launched..

PCCW launches TDD IPWireless broadband in the UK

Total Telecom (6 May 2004) – UK Broadband to offer services based on UMTS TDD technology from IPWireless in a limited area for a three-month commercial trial period. PCCW on Thursday launched a soft rollout of commercial broadband wireless services in the U.K.

Flarion announces Vodafone trialPMN (07 May 2004) - Flarion, which provides Flash-OFDM based wireless broadband technology, has announced that Vodafone is trialing its technology in Japan. The agreements adds to Flarion's existing portfolio of trials in South Korea, Western Europe and its commercial deployment with Nextel in North Carolina.

Market PlayersMarket Players

3939

Qualcomm Buys FlarionQualcomm Buys Flarion

August 11, 2005August 11, 2005$600 Million$600 MillionQualcomm holds the largest number Qualcomm holds the largest number of wireless patentsof wireless patentsThe big wireless carriers pay The big wireless carriers pay royalties to Qualcommroyalties to QualcommThis establishes Qualcomm as the This establishes Qualcomm as the preeminent player in developing preeminent player in developing FlashFlash--OFDM technologyOFDM technology

4040

Nextel pilotNextel pilot

2000 customers in NC2000 customers in NC150 cell sites operating at 2.5Ghz150 cell sites operating at 2.5GhzThroughput measured between Throughput measured between 750kbps and 2.2Mbps! 750kbps and 2.2Mbps! (Version(Version’’s EVs EV--DO service is currently DO service is currently at 400at 400--600kbps)600kbps)Glowing reviewsGlowing reviewsNextel and Sprint mergerNextel and Sprint mergerPublic safety crew pilot in DC comingPublic safety crew pilot in DC coming

4141

Userneeds?

Com

plex

ity

Functionality

WiMAX

IP onlyNo volume billingDirect connect to internetNo routing of incoming callsBest effort - No QoSNo circuit-switchingStatic usersNo handoverNo roaming

802.16-2004

Flarion

Internet

802.16e

Circuit + PacketFull mobilityIncoming call routingRoamingFlexible billingGSM fallbackRich services

3G Cellular networks

Where are we headed?Where are we headed?

4242

IssuesIssues

StandardsStandardsWorldwide spectrum licensesWorldwide spectrum licensesNew network roll out needed (this New network roll out needed (this cancan’’t be done through a software t be done through a software upgrade like 2.5G)upgrade like 2.5G)Devices need to be interoperableDevices need to be interoperable

4343

QuestionsQuestions

??