WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact –International peace –Made war...
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Transcript of WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact –International peace –Made war...
WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace
• 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact– International peace– Made war “illegal”
• Japan i/t Pacific• Italy in Ethiopia• Civil War in Spain• 1936 Axis Powers formed
– Anti-Comintern Treaty
• 1938 Austria annexed
The Road to War
• 1938 Munich Conference• APPEASEMENT
– Sudetenland annexed by Germany
• UK’s Chamberlain “peace in our time”
– Czechoslovakia: German protectorate
– Seized Slovakia
• Which countries were represented?
The NAZI-SOVIET Pact (1939)• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact• E. Europe spheres of
influence– W. Poland to Germany
• Polish Corridor
• Polish access to Danzig
– Baltics & E. Poland to USSR
• Sept., 1, 1939: Nazi invasion of Poland– World War II begins
• BLITZKRIEG: “lightning war”
Hitler’s NEW ORDER
• Jun ’41: breaks the Nazi-USSR non-aggression pact
• Hitler calls for:– 1 European political &
economic system• FASCISM
– “Aryan race”– supply food & resources
• Slavs: racially inferior
Hitler’s FINAL SOLUTION
• Answer t/t “Jewish Question”• The HOLOCAUST• The annihilation of all European
Jews– zeal o/t minority of Germans– passivity o/t majority
• Concentration Camps– “protective custody”– Germany: Dachau & Buchenwald– Poland: Auschwitz & Treblinka
(extermination camps)• Slavs, Gypsies and
homosexuals were also victims• No less than 6 million Jews were
killed
Atlantic Charter
• August 1941: FDR & Churchill publicly announce their national policies– 8 Provisions:– pg. 725
• Meeting in Wash., DC Jan 42
– 26 nations attended– Total War– Not to sign separate peace
treaties– Abide by Atlantic Charter
Battle for the Seas• Atlantic Ocean
– Spring ’43: Allies control the Atlantic
• Convoys• Sonar detects subs
– Most German cities bombed
• Pacific Ocean– Battle of Coral Sea
• saves Australia
– Battle of Midway– Island Hopping– Aug. ’42: Guadalcanal
• First invasion of Japanese held territory
– Battle of Okinawa• 12,500 Americans KIA• 110,000 Japanese KIA
– Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Battle of Iwo Jima
Important Battles
• January 1943: German’s surrender at Stalingrad
• May 1943: German’s surrender in N. Africa
• “soft belly o/t Axis”– Italy (July ’43) Sicily– Mussolini resigns
• Badoglio new premier• Dissolved Fascist gov’t• Cease fire
Mussolini shot & hung by own people
Victory in Europe• OPERATION OVERLORD• 6 June ’44: D-DAY
– invasion of NORMANDY– largest amphibious assault in history
• “second front” for USSR– US v. USSR
• Who would get to Berlin first?• drive from the east• drive from the west
• Battle of the Bulge (Dec. ’44)– 50 ml wedge into Allied lines– 10 day battle– 600,000 Americans involved
• 80,000 American KIA• 100,000 Germans KIA
– Nazi’s recognized defeat• V-E Day (May 8, 1945)• V-J Day (Sept. 2, 1945)
– Aug 6, 1945: Hiroshima– Aug 9, 1945: Nagasaki
YALTA (Feb. ’45)
• The Big Three– FDR, Churchill and Stalin
meet– Germany will be divided– Liberated Europe will be able
to have elections– USSR would enter war
against Japan• receive Japanese territory
• POTSDAM (July ’45)– Truman now US pres– Clement Attlee now PM of
UK• Ultimatum to Japan
Costs of WWII
• 22 million soldiers KIA• 34 million soldiers WIA• USSR: 7-11 million dead• Germany: 3.5 mil KIA soldiers
• Japan: 2 million KIA total
• Europe: 16 mil civilians KIA• Millionsssssss of Refugees• Bombing and killing of
civilians simply became a war strategy
Post-World War II
• Nuremberg Trials (1945-49)– De-Nazification
• Nazi party illegal
– Nazi leaders being held accountable for horrors o/t war
• Crimes Against Humanity• 22 charges
– 12 death sentences– 7 life imprisonments– 3 acquittals
• Allied Control Council– Allied occupation of Germany– demilitarize Germany– reparations– future borders
• East German refugees flood West Germany
– East & West Germany
Origins of the COLD WAR
• The Berlin Blockade led to the Berlin Airlift– Germany is divided– Beginning of the COLD WAR
• Truman Doctrine ‘47– spread of communism is a threat
to democracy– US policy to stop
• Containment policy
• Marshall Plan ’48-’52– Euro. Recovery Program– $13 billion for rebuilding
• COMINFORM– Comm. Information Bureau– opposed Truman & Marshall
plans– threat to communism
COLD WAR Divisions