World War IIWorld War II

The U.S. RoleThe U.S. Role

The End of the WarThe End of the War

OutcomesOutcomes

Major Events andMajor Events andU.S. Role in WWIIU.S. Role in WWII

►German Invasion of PolandGerman Invasion of PolandBLITZKRIEG—”Lightning War”BLITZKRIEG—”Lightning War”September 1, 1939—this event marks the September 1, 1939—this event marks the beginning of WWII.beginning of WWII.

►Fall of FRANCEFall of FRANCEFrance surrendered on June 22, 1940—this France surrendered on June 22, 1940—this

victory left Germany in control of western victory left Germany in control of western and central Europeand central Europe

FranceFrance►Fall of FRANCE (France Fall of FRANCE (France

surrendered on June 22, surrendered on June 22, 1940)1940)

►Germany vs. France (& UK)Germany vs. France (& UK)►May 10, 1940 – June 22, May 10, 1940 – June 22,

19401940►AXIS VictoryAXIS Victory► Importance: Germans Importance: Germans

capture Paris, Britain capture Paris, Britain stands alone, left Germany stands alone, left Germany in control of western and in control of western and central Europecentral Europe

►Vichy Gov’t—Nazi Vichy Gov’t—Nazi collaboratorscollaborators

Battle of BRITAINBattle of BRITAINAugust 1940-June 1941August 1940-June 1941 With the goal of invading Great Britain, Hitler With the goal of invading Great Britain, Hitler

bombed the country focusing first on the bombed the country focusing first on the southern coast and then on cities such as southern coast and then on cities such as London. London. This German offensive proved to This German offensive proved to be a failure. be a failure.

The British Prime The British Prime Minister during the Minister during the

Battle of Britain Battle of Britain was Winston was Winston

ChurchillChurchill..

U.S. U.S. ►Lend-Lease Act (1941)Lend-Lease Act (1941)

America can sell, lend, or lease weapons and America can sell, lend, or lease weapons and suppliessupplies

For countries “vital to the defense of the For countries “vital to the defense of the United States”United States”

German invasion of the SOVIET German invasion of the SOVIET UNIONUNION

► Hitler and Stalin had signed a Hitler and Stalin had signed a Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in August 1939. Pact in August 1939.

► Hitler surprised Stalin in June Hitler surprised Stalin in June 1941 when he violated this 1941 when he violated this pact and invaded the U.S.S.R. pact and invaded the U.S.S.R.

► Hitler wanted access to the Hitler wanted access to the raw materials of the Soviet raw materials of the Soviet Union, and he wanted to Union, and he wanted to crush communism in Europe. crush communism in Europe.

► Ultimately, this offensive was Ultimately, this offensive was a disastrous defeat for Hitler.a disastrous defeat for Hitler.

Japanese attack on PEARL Japanese attack on PEARL HARBORHARBOR

► The U.S. tried to stop Japanese aggression in The U.S. tried to stop Japanese aggression in the Pacific after Japan seized French the Pacific after Japan seized French Indochina in 1940. Indochina in 1940.

► The U.S. angered the Japanese and hurt The U.S. angered the Japanese and hurt their plans to seize more lands in Asia and their plans to seize more lands in Asia and the Pacific by banning trade of war the Pacific by banning trade of war materials, such as iron, steel, or oil. materials, such as iron, steel, or oil.

►Militarists grew in power in Japan during this Militarists grew in power in Japan during this crisis and ordered a surprise attack on the crisis and ordered a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Pearl Harbor AttackPearl Harbor AttackDecember 7, 1941December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941

Cont’dCont’d

►The attack took place on December 7, The attack took place on December 7, 1941, a “date which will live in infamy” 1941, a “date which will live in infamy” as U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt put it. put it.

►The U.S. declared war on Japan and a The U.S. declared war on Japan and a few days later Japan’s allies, Germany few days later Japan’s allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the U.S. and Italy, declared war on the U.S. The U.S. was officially at war.The U.S. was officially at war.

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

►Philippines, 1942Philippines, 1942► Japanese soldiers forced 78,000 Japanese soldiers forced 78,000

prisoners of war to march more than prisoners of war to march more than 55 miles55 miles

►Killed more than 600 Americans and Killed more than 600 Americans and over 10,000 Filipinosover 10,000 Filipinos

D-DAY (Allied Invasion of D-DAY (Allied Invasion of Europe)Europe)

► June 6, 1944 at Normandy, FranceJune 6, 1944 at Normandy, France..

► This invasion This invasion opened up a second front in opened up a second front in Europe.Europe.

► The Allies were able to The Allies were able to liberate France by August liberate France by August 1944.1944.

►Germany was defeated. The war in Europe Germany was defeated. The war in Europe officially came to an end on officially came to an end on May 8, 1945—VE May 8, 1945—VE DayDay..

D-Day Landing at NormandyD-Day Landing at NormandyJune 6, 1944June 6, 1944

D-DayD-Day

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge►Winter 1944/1945Winter 1944/1945►Located in BelgiumLocated in Belgium►Last major German offensiveLast major German offensive►Allied VictoryAllied Victory

VE Day (Victory in Europe)VE Day (Victory in Europe)

►May 8, 1945May 8, 1945►Hitler died a few Hitler died a few

days earlierdays earlier►Unconditional Unconditional

surrender offered by surrender offered by the President of the President of GermanyGermany

►World War II IS World War II IS OVER IN EUROPE!OVER IN EUROPE!

Island HoppingIsland Hopping

►Allied strategy to defeat Japan:Allied strategy to defeat Japan:

Focused on defeating poorly Focused on defeating poorly defended islands first; chose islands that defended islands first; chose islands that would later aid in invading the Japanese would later aid in invading the Japanese mainlandmainland

Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa

►Feb. and April Feb. and April 19451945

►Allied victoriesAllied victories►Set up for Set up for

invasion of Japaninvasion of Japan

End of the WarEnd of the War►Japan continued to fight on with Japan continued to fight on with

fierce determination.fierce determination. More people (soldiers and civilians) died in the Battle of Okinawa than from the atomic bombs .

Casualties: Casualties: Almost 220,000 Almost 220,000 killedkilled--38,000 Americans --38,000 Americans wounded, 12,000 killed wounded, 12,000 killed or missing, or missing, --more than 107,000 --more than 107,000 Japanese and Okinawan Japanese and Okinawan soldiers killed, soldiers killed, --perhaps 100,000 --perhaps 100,000 Okinawan civilians killedOkinawan civilians killed

The End of the WarThe End of the War

►The Allies issued an The Allies issued an ultimatum demanding the ultimatum demanding the Japanese surrender or face Japanese surrender or face complete and utter complete and utter destruction. The U.S. had destruction. The U.S. had successfully developed successfully developed the world’s first the world’s first atomic atomic bomb (Robert bomb (Robert Oppenheimer’s Oppenheimer’s Manhattan Project).Manhattan Project).

Robert Oppenheimer

Atomic Bombs Dropped on Atomic Bombs Dropped on Hiroshima and NagasakiHiroshima and Nagasaki

►On On August 6, 1945August 6, 1945, an American plane, , an American plane, the the Enola Gay,Enola Gay, dropped an atomic dropped an atomic bomb on bomb on HiroshimaHiroshima. (80,000 killed.) On . (80,000 killed.) On August 9, 1945, another atomic bomb August 9, 1945, another atomic bomb was dropped on was dropped on NagasakiNagasaki. (40,000 . (40,000 killed) These bombs caused killed) These bombs caused unbelievable devastation and death.unbelievable devastation and death.

►The The Japanese surrendered on Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945, a day known as V-J September 2, 1945, a day known as V-J Day. WWII was over.Day. WWII was over.

Atomic Bombing of HiroshimaAtomic Bombing of HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945August 6, 1945

HiroshimaHiroshima

HiroshimaHiroshima

HiroshimaHiroshima

V-J DayV-J Day

►The Japanese The Japanese surrendered surrendered

on Sept. 2, on Sept. 2, 1945, 1945,

a day a day known as V-J known as V-J

DayDay

General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito

After the WarAfter the War►50 million people died in World War 50 million people died in World War

II.II.

► Europe was in ruins.Europe was in ruins.

►European powers lost their EMPIRES.European powers lost their EMPIRES.

►Countries such as India and Israel Countries such as India and Israel gained their independence in the gained their independence in the aftermath of WWII.aftermath of WWII.

WAR CRIMES TRIALSWAR CRIMES TRIALSThe Allies had agreed to The Allies had agreed to

hold trials for hold trials for crimes crimes against humanityagainst humanity that had that had been committed during been committed during WWII. WWII.

War Crimes trialsWar Crimes trials—of Nazi —of Nazi officers responsible for the officers responsible for the Holocaust, at Holocaust, at NurembergNuremberg (also spelled (also spelled NürnbergNürnberg), ), Germany in 1945.Germany in 1945.

Trials were also held in Italy Trials were also held in Italy and Japan.and Japan.

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference►Winston Churchill, Winston Churchill,

Franklin D. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt,

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin► January 1945January 1945►Met in Russia at Met in Russia at

Yalta to make plans Yalta to make plans for end of warfor end of war

►Agreed to divide Agreed to divide GermanyGermany

U.S., Britain, U.S., Britain, France took France took

control of control of West West

GermanyGermany

USSR USSR controlled controlled

East East GermanyGermany

After the WarAfter the War

Establishment of Establishment of SuperpowersSuperpowers

►A superpower is a nation that is very A superpower is a nation that is very strong (politically, economically, and strong (politically, economically, and militarily) and is able to use that militarily) and is able to use that power to influence other nations. power to influence other nations.

►The two superpowers were the U.S. The two superpowers were the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union).and the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union).

►Cold WarCold War (1945-91): (1945-91):

--No direct fighting between US, USSR--No direct fighting between US, USSR

--constant threat of nuclear war--constant threat of nuclear war

Superpowers: Superpowers: Democracy vs. CommunismDemocracy vs. Communism

United States responded to communism United States responded to communism in East Germany within East Germany with

►Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine: the U.S. will do all : the U.S. will do all it can to fight communism. it can to fight communism.

►Marshall PlanMarshall Plan: U.S. gave $12 billion : U.S. gave $12 billion to help Europe rebuild after World War to help Europe rebuild after World War II. They did not want communists to II. They did not want communists to get control.get control.

Division of Europe—IRON Division of Europe—IRON CURTAINCURTAIN

In 1946, In 1946, Winston Winston

Churchill said Churchill said it was like an it was like an “iron curtain” “iron curtain”

divided Europe divided Europe between free between free countries and countries and

communist communist countries.countries.

International OrganizationsInternational Organizations

►United NationsUnited Nations—formed after a —formed after a conference at Potsdam, Germany, 1945conference at Potsdam, Germany, 1945

►NATONATO (North Atlantic Treaty (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)—formed in 1949 to defend Organization)—formed in 1949 to defend Western EuropeWestern Europe

►Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact—formed in 1955 to defend —formed in 1955 to defend communist countries in Eastern Europecommunist countries in Eastern Europe

RECONSTRUCTION IN RECONSTRUCTION IN GERMANYGERMANY

►Democratic government was Democratic government was installed in West Germany and West installed in West Germany and West BERLIN.BERLIN.

►Emergence of WEST GERMANY as an Emergence of WEST GERMANY as an economic power in post-war Europeeconomic power in post-war Europe

►Konrad AdenauerKonrad Adenauer—West German —West German chancellor immediately after WWIIchancellor immediately after WWII

►Willy BrandtWilly Brandt—next chancellor after —next chancellor after AdenauerAdenauer

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

►Built by the Soviets by the Soviets►Nobody could travel Nobody could travel

between East and between East and West Berlin (1961).West Berlin (1961).

► Torn down in 1989.Torn down in 1989.► Soon after, East Soon after, East

and West Germany and West Germany joined.joined.

RECONSTRUCTION IN JAPANRECONSTRUCTION IN JAPAN

►After the war, After the war, Gen. MacArthurGen. MacArthur became the Supreme Commander of became the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP)Allied Powers (SCAP)

►He was more powerful than Japanese He was more powerful than Japanese emperor. emperor.

►Photo of MacArthur and Emperor Photo of MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito made Japanese people upset. Hirohito made Japanese people upset. They thought the emperor was a god.They thought the emperor was a god.

U.S. Occupation of JapanU.S. Occupation of Japan►U.S. Army stayed U.S. Army stayed

in Japan 1945-in Japan 1945-1952. 1952.

►Japan faced Japan faced famine after WWIIfamine after WWII—MacArthur’s —MacArthur’s first job was food.first job was food.

Democratic JapanDemocratic Japan

Japan got a new Japan got a new democratic democratic constitution. constitution. Also,Also,

►Public schoolsPublic schools►Women could Women could

vote.vote.►No secret policeNo secret police

Independent JapanIndependent Japan

► Japan became free Japan became free in April 1952in April 1952

►They agreed to They agreed to support the U.S. in support the U.S. in the Korean War.the Korean War.

►They became the 3They became the 3rdrd largest economy in largest economy in the world. (Sony, the world. (Sony, Toyota, Honda, etc.)Toyota, Honda, etc.)