World War II World War II ConferencesConferences

Mr. PhippsMr. Phipps

American HistoryAmerican History

London Economic ConferenceLondon Economic ConferenceJune 12, 1933June 12, 1933

66 Nations66 Nations Goal: to organize a Goal: to organize a

coordinated attack on coordinated attack on the global depressionthe global depression

Essential to revive world Essential to revive world tradetrade

Roosevelt withdrew from Roosevelt withdrew from conferenceconference

Withdrawal caused the Withdrawal caused the whole conference to whole conference to collapsecollapse

Emphasized isolationism Emphasized isolationism and American and American “protectionism”“protectionism”

Munich ConferenceMunich ConferenceSeptember 29, 1938September 29, 1938

Germany, France, Britain, ItalyGermany, France, Britain, Italy Hoped to maintain peace Hoped to maintain peace

by appeasing by appeasing Germany/HitlerGermany/Hitler

Betrayed Czechoslovakia Betrayed Czechoslovakia to Hitler--allowed Hitler to to Hitler--allowed Hitler to take Czech in exchange take Czech in exchange for leaving the for leaving the SudetenlandSudetenland

Hitler promised that the Hitler promised that the Sudetenland was “the last Sudetenland was “the last territorial claim I have to territorial claim I have to make in Europe”make in Europe”

Hitler broke his promise in Hitler broke his promise in March of 1939 and took March of 1939 and took the rest of Czechoslovakiathe rest of Czechoslovakia

Molotov-Ribbentrop TreatyMolotov-Ribbentrop TreatyAugust 23,1939August 23,1939

Germany, RussiaGermany, Russia Formalized alliance Formalized alliance

between U.S.S.R. and between U.S.S.R. and GermanyGermany

Considered the “Soviet-Considered the “Soviet-German Nonaggression German Nonaggression Pact”Pact”

Defined secret protocols Defined secret protocols and spheres of influence and spheres of influence in Eastern Europein Eastern Europe

Agreed to jointly take Agreed to jointly take over Polandover Poland

Would later be violated by Would later be violated by HitlerHitler

Havana ConferenceHavana ConferenceJuly 21, 1940July 21, 1940

20 Western Hemisphere Countries, U.S.20 Western Hemisphere Countries, U.S. Purpose: To uphold Purpose: To uphold

the Monroe Doctrine in the Monroe Doctrine in the face of global the face of global aggressionaggression

Share information for Share information for mutual defensemutual defense

If aggressive action If aggressive action was taken by any non-was taken by any non-American nation is American nation is made, all American made, all American nations would confer nations would confer to decide on measures to decide on measures to taketo take

Atlantic CharterAtlantic CharterAugust 14, 1941August 14, 1941

Britain, U.S. (later included Russia)Britain, U.S. (later included Russia) Formalized the alliance Formalized the alliance

between Great Britain between Great Britain and Americaand America

Established war-time Established war-time strategy--”Europe first”strategy--”Europe first”

Developed post-war Developed post-war plansplans• No territorial changesNo territorial changes• Self-DeterminationSelf-Determination• Establishment of the Establishment of the

United NationsUnited Nations Facilitate free tradeFacilitate free trade DemilitarizeDemilitarize

CasablancaCasablancaJanuary 14, 1943January 14, 1943U.S. and BritainU.S. and Britain

Establish military Establish military strategystrategy• Step up war in PacificStep up war in Pacific• Invade SicilyInvade Sicily• Increase pressure on ItalyIncrease pressure on Italy

Agreed that belligerents Agreed that belligerents would be forced to would be forced to surrender surrender unconditionallyunconditionally

Brought the two exiled Brought the two exiled French resistance French resistance leaders, Henri Giraud leaders, Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle, and Charles de Gaulle, together together

Cairo ConferenceCairo ConferenceNovember 1943November 1943

U.S., Britain, ChinaU.S., Britain, China Determine postwar Determine postwar

settlement of Asiasettlement of Asia Restore all Chinese land Restore all Chinese land

from Japanfrom Japan Secure Korean Secure Korean

sovereigntysovereignty Permit return of Taiwan Permit return of Taiwan

and Manchuria to Chinaand Manchuria to China Stalin refused invitation Stalin refused invitation

because a meeting with because a meeting with Chiang Kai-Shek may Chiang Kai-Shek may have provoked a war have provoked a war between Japan and Russiabetween Japan and Russia

TehranTehranNovember 28, 1943November 28, 1943U.S., Britain, RussiaU.S., Britain, Russia

First time the Big Three met togetherFirst time the Big Three met together Discussed military strategyDiscussed military strategy

• Open Second Front--D Day invasionOpen Second Front--D Day invasion• Simultaneous Third Front--Russian counter-attack (pincer Simultaneous Third Front--Russian counter-attack (pincer

movement)movement)• Russian commitment to attack Japan after German Russian commitment to attack Japan after German

defeatdefeat• Inconclusive regarding postwar GermanyInconclusive regarding postwar Germany

Bretton Woods Economic ConferenceBretton Woods Economic ConferenceJuly 1, 1944July 1, 194444 Nations44 Nations

International International monetary fundmonetary fund

Fixed exchange Fixed exchange rate based on goldrate based on gold

International bank International bank for reconstruction for reconstruction and developmentand development

YaltaYaltaFebruary 4, 1945February 4, 1945

U.S., Britain, RussiaU.S., Britain, Russia Soviet ConcessionsSoviet Concessions

• Allow free elections in PolandAllow free elections in Poland• Commitment to support war Commitment to support war

in Asia within 3 months of in Asia within 3 months of German surrenderGerman surrender

Soviet CompensationSoviet Compensation• Russia allowed to determine Russia allowed to determine

Polish boundariesPolish boundaries• Receive territory in Receive territory in

Manchuria, Sakhalin Islands, Manchuria, Sakhalin Islands, Chinese portsChinese ports

Proposed formation of United Proposed formation of United NationsNations

Established war crimes trialsEstablished war crimes trials Proposed division of Germany Proposed division of Germany

into four cooperative zonesinto four cooperative zones

PotsdamPotsdamJuly 17, 1945July 17, 1945

U.S., Russia, BritainU.S., Russia, Britain First conference to include First conference to include

TrumanTruman Decided that Japan must Decided that Japan must

surrender unconditionally or risk surrender unconditionally or risk total destructiontotal destruction• Truman alludes to the atomic Truman alludes to the atomic

bombbomb Established cooperative council to Established cooperative council to

administer Germanyadminister Germany Promoted safe transfer and return Promoted safe transfer and return

of war refugeesof war refugees Soviet declaration that there will Soviet declaration that there will

be no free electionsbe no free elections• The West considers this an act of The West considers this an act of

betrayalbetrayal• Beginning of the Cold WarBeginning of the Cold War

NATONATOApril 4, 1949April 4, 194912 Countries12 Countries

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization• Considered the “Sword and Considered the “Sword and

Shield” of the United NationsShield” of the United Nations• Intended as the military Intended as the military

means by which to means by which to safeguard freedom, safeguard freedom, democracy, the rule of law, democracy, the rule of law, and individual human and individual human rights--under the control of rights--under the control of the American militarythe American military

United pro-Western United pro-Western countries to provide countries to provide regional stability against regional stability against the spread of Communismthe spread of Communism

The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual AssistanceThe Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance

Warsaw PactWarsaw PactMay 12, 1955May 12, 1955

8 communist nations8 communist nations Established as a Established as a

counterbalance for counterbalance for NATONATO

Unified Eastern Unified Eastern European countries European countries under Soviet under Soviet leadershipleadership

Ensured integration of Ensured integration of military, economic, military, economic, and cultural policiesand cultural policies

Furthered the Furthered the Communist idealsCommunist ideals