World War II at Home
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Transcript of World War II at Home
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World War II at Home
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The Shift to Wartime Production
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Overview
Selling weapons to the Allies and buying weapons for ourselves will bring our economy out of the Depression. Ultimately, success depends upon our ability to produce
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Mobilizing the Economy for War
• Government Action– Office of Price Administration (OPA)
• Kept prices from going up
• Oversaw Rationing
– War Production Board• Oversaw conversion of peacetime industries to
wartime industry.
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• Industrial Conversion– Shirt Factories--mosquito netting.– Typewriter plants--machine guns– Auto factories--bombers (cars were rationed)– Ford built the Willow run Plant--produced 340 planes /
month on a mile long assembly line.– Henry J. Kaiser
• Revolutionized ship building by building sections of the ship in different parts of the shipyard.
• Liberty Ships in 1941 took 150 days to build. Kaiser built them in 4.
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• Coca Cola– Promised “We will see that every man in uniform gets a bottle of
Coca Cola for 5¢– Sold over 5 million
• The “Great Arsenal of Democracy”– By mid 1945 the US had made:
• 300k planes
• 80K landing craft
• 100K Tanks and Armored Cars
• 5,600 Merchant ships
• 6 million rifles, carbines and machine guns.
• 41 billion rounds of ammunition
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Douglas Aircraft B-18
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Willow Run Plant (2.5 M sq ft.)
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Tank Production
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Liberty Ship
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Henry J. Kaiser
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SS Robert E. PearyCompleted in 4 days
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Financing the War 1939-1945
• 1939 Spending was $9.4 billion; 1945 $95.2 billion
• GNP more than doubled
• 41% of the war has financed by higher taxes
• The remainder was borrowed from banks, private investors and the public.
• Deficit spending boosted the economy, but the accumulated debt caused problems later on.
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Daily Life on the Home Front
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Pop Culture
• Books and Movies– The paperback book market skyrocketed– 60% of Americans went to the movies every week.
• Baseball– 4K of the 5,700 players were in the war.– Women’ professional ball
• Organized by Phillip Wrigley• All American Girls Softball League / Baseball
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• Popular Music– “Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition– “White Christmas” Bing Crosby
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Shortages and Controls
• Unavailable Goods– Metal for zippers made guns– Rubber for girdles made tires– Nylon was used for parachutes not stockings
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• Rationed Goods– Sugar was scarce b/c of the fall of the
Philippines– Rationing of food and clothes was based on a
point system issued in ration books. Once points were used, could not buy more
– Gas was rationed
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Enlisting Public Support
• Office of War Mobilization– Purpose--get the public to support the war in
every way– Examples
• Victory Gardens– by 1943 produced 1/3 of fresh vegetables in the US
• Air Raid blackouts on the coasts
• VA--volunteers raised sunken ships in the James River for parts and scrap.
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• Metal Drives
• Rubber drives
• Saved kitchen grease to collect glycerin to make powder for bullets
• Slogans– “Play your Part”
– “Conserve and Collect”
– “Use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without”
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Women and the War“Rosie the Riveter”
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Changes for Women
• The government actively recruited women for the workforce.
• Married women entered the work force and for the 1st time outnumbered single women.
• At one point women made up 35% of the workforce.
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Benefits for Women
• More money to pay off debts incurred during the depression.
• Had challenging and interesting work opportunities.
• Percentage of African American women working went from 6.8% to 18 %.
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Problems
• Hostile reactions from other workers.
• Less pay than men for the same job.
• Worried about leaving children at home.
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After the War
• Industry and government encouraged women to leave their public jobs.
• Were encouraged to focus on homemaking.
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The Struggle for Justice at Home
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Discrimination against African Americans
• Economic Discrimination– 1941-- 1/5 were unemployed– Limited housing available– Limited opportunities to advance in the
workplace– The Jim Crow System remained strong in the
South.
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• Military– Whites and African Americans were strictly
segregated.
• African Americans pushed the “Double V” campaign
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A. Phillip Randolph
• Pushed for Black rights in the labor movement
• Helped the “Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters” railway union gain successes.
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Mexicans
• Bracero Program– Agreement b/w the US and Mexico– >200K workers allowed to enter the US and
work on farms
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Japanese Americans
• 1941--127K in the US, mostly on the west coast.
• 2/3 were Nisei
• Relocation– Feb. 19, 1942 FDR issued Executive Order 9066– The War Relocation Authority removed all
persons of Japanese ancestry inland to internment camps.
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– Most could not secure their property before leaving for the camps
– Many lost businesses, farms, homes and other property.
– Court Challenges• 4 cases went to the US Supreme Court and in each
the Constitutionality of internment camps were upheld.
• 1988 Congress awarded each surviving Japanese American who’d been interned $10K tax free
• The government also officially apologized.
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