World War I - Loudoun County Public SchoolsFrance took the form of Trench Warfare in which many...
Transcript of World War I - Loudoun County Public SchoolsFrance took the form of Trench Warfare in which many...
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World War I
The Great War
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• What were the long-term causes of World
War I?
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•Militarism
•Alliance System
• Imperialism
•Nationalism
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• What is militarism and what role did it
play in World War I?
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• Militarism is the massive build-up of military force. As
armies grew, so did the feeling that global war was
inevitable. Militarism caused World War I to be one of
the bloodiest wars in history.
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• What was the alliance system and how
did it lead to World War I?
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• The alliance system was groups of alliances
designed to keep peace in Europe; however, it turned
a conflict between two nations into a world war.
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• Which countries were members of the
Triple Alliance?
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• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were
members of the Triple Alliance.
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• Which countries were members of the
Triple Entente?
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• France, Britain, and Russia were members of
the Triple Entente.
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• Why was Germany fearful of an alliance
between Russia and France?
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• Germany was fearful of an alliance between Russia
and France, because a war with either country could
force Germany to fight a two-front war.
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• What is imperialism and how did it lead to
World War I?
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• Imperialism is when one country controls another.
Imperialism led to increased rivalry and competition
between European nations. Conflict over colonies
brought European countries to the brink of war.
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• What is nationalism and how did it lead to
World War I?
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• Nationalism is devotion to one’s country which
led to intense competition between nations.
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• What event set off a series of events that
eventually led to World War I? (What was
the spark that started World War I?)
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• The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist was the
spark that began World War I?
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• Why did Austria make unreasonable
demands of Serbia?
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• Austria felt free to make demands on Serbia that
would lead to war, because Germany gave Austria a
“blank check.” (Germany pledged unlimited support
to Austria.)
Austria-Hungary
Germany
1914
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was the leader of
Germany.
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• List the order in which countries declared
war on one another.
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– Archduke assassinated
– Germany gives Austria a “blank check”
– Austria makes demands on Serbia
– Serbia does not meet all demands
• Austria declares war on Serbia.
– Russia mobilizes its army.
• Germany declares war on Russia.
• Germany declares war on France.
– Germany marches through neutral Belgium
• Britain declares war on Germany.
– Germany practices unrestricted submarine warfare and US intercepts the Zimmerman Telegram
• US declares war on Germany.
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• What types of new technology was used
during World War I?
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• Airplanes, submarines, poison gas, machine
gun, and tanks were some new types of
technology used during World War I.
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• What two alliances formed which fought
in World War I and which countries
belonged to each?
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• Allied Powers: Great Britain, France,
Russia, Japan, Italy, United States
• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
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• What was the Schlieffen Plan?
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• The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s plan to
defeat France quickly and then defeat Russia.
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• Why didn’t the Schlieffen Plan work?
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• The Schlieffen Plan did not work, because Germany
was not able to defeat France quickly. The war in
France took the form of Trench Warfare in which
many lives are lost for very few gains.
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• Why did Russia withdraw from the war
early?
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Russia experienced a revolution (civil war) during
World War I which caused them to leave the war.
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What was the Russian
Revolution of 1917?
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The Russian Revolution was a series of revolutions in
Russia in 1917. This revolution resulted in the end of
the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the
Soviet Union. The Russian Revolution of 1917 is also
called the Bolshevik Revolution or the October
Revolution.
There were actually 2 revolutions in 1917. One took
place in February in which the Tsar abdicated his
throne and the Provisional Government took power.
The other was the October Revolution in which the
Provisional Government was overthrown by the
Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin.
The Bolsheviks withdrew from World War I by signing a
treaty with Germany, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in 1918.
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Lenin led the Bolsheviks during the Russian
Revolution/ Civil War which lasted from 1918-
1920. This poster shows Lenin towering
above the Russian people, in an act of
blessing them. Above him are Zepplin
aircrafts which he commanded during the
Civil War. This poster is very effective for two
reasons. One, the poster might have
encouraged people to grant their loyalty and
trust to Lenin, during a very chaotic period of
the Russian Revolution (the Civil War). Two,
this poster includes the Russian people.
Using common people, who needed guidance
during the Civil War, was the easiest way to
make them see that being loyal to Lenin could
make Russia powerful.
Blimps: Truth, Stalin, Lenin, Old Bolshevik
The hand gesture is a repeated
theme in Russia – it is pointing
toward the bright future of
realized communism.
We will Build a Group of Blimps
for Lenin
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This poster shows Lenin as the
leader of the Bolsheviks. Behind
him, in the background, is the Red’s
flag. Lenin is pictured as the guiding
light , whose sole purpose is to bring
success to Russia and its people.
His stance shows concern. This
poster is effective, because it shows
Lenin’s concern for his people, when
they needed to know that someone
cared for them and someone would
improve their lives.
Lenin lived, He is alive, and he will
live again.
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To arms, proletariat!
Mount up proletariat
A working revolution
should create
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What were the causes of the
Russian Revolution (Bolshevik
Revolution) of 1917?
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Causes of Russian Revolution
1917• In 1905, Russia suffered a humiliating
defeat to the Japanese in the Russo-
Japanese War.
• Tsar Nicholas II seemed incompetent.
• Peasants were upset over economic
problems and losses in World War I.
• Russia had the highest casualty rate in
World War I.
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• Russia suffered the most casualties, they were not
industrialized and their main military asset was the
number of soldiers they had. These losses
contributed to the rise of the revolution during the
war.
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Tsar, Pope, and Rich Man
on the shoulders of the working people
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What were the results of the
Russian Revolution?
(Bolshevik Revolution)
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Results of the Russian Revolution
• The Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War
led to the rise of communism in Russia.
• Vladimir Lenin led this revolution.
• Lenin’s successor would be Joseph
Stalin who would become a dictator
before and during World War II.
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July 17, 1918 The Tsar, his wife, children and servants
were executed.
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What is communism?
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• Communism is a
social structure in
which classes are
abolished and
property is commonly
controlled.
• Karl Marx believed that
communism would be the
final stage in society
which would be achieved
through a proletarian
(working class)
revolution.
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What is the difference between pure
communism and the communism
that actually developed?
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• Pure communism is a stateless and
oppression free society in which every member
of society is allowed to participate in the
decision making process (democracy). And
there would be no private ownership of property
or capital.
• This did NOT happen.
• The type of communist governments that did
form in countries was one in which
authoritarian leaders held power, and the
government (not the people) held all the means
of production.
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What are the different kinds of
communism?
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• There are many different versions of
communism that are all based on Marxism
(the philosophies of Karl Marx).
• Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism, Trotskyism
are the dominant forms of communism.
• There is also non-Marxist versions of
communism such as Christian
communism and Anarchist communism.
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• Marx and Engels wanted an end to
capitalism and the systems they thought
were exploiting workers.
• Communist Slogan: “Each gives according
to their abilities, and receive according to
their needs.”
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Why did the U.S. finally enter
World War I?
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• Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
and sent a telegram to Mexico (Zimmerman
Telegram) stating that if they helped Germany,
Germany would help Mexico reclaim land that they
lost to the US in the Mexican- American War.
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• The original U.S. foreign policy was one of isolationism. In
1915, a German U-boat sank a British liner, Lusitania, with
128 Americans aboard. President Woodrow Wilson
demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships and warned
that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine
warfare. Germany initially complied.
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• January 1917, the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, resumed
unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Britain’s secret Royal Navy cryptanalytic group broke the
German diplomatic code. They intercepted a proposal from
Berlin (the Zimmerman Telegram) to Mexico to join the war as
Germany’s ally
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• What caused Germany to finally
surrender?
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• Germany had been fighting for about 3 years and
suffered greatly.
• Soon after fresh American troops entered the war,
Germany surrendered.
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Germany signed an Armistice on November 11, 1918 which was
to go into effect at 11am Paris Time. (The 11th hour of the 11th day
of the 11th month.)
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• What treaty ended World War I?
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• The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I.
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• Who were the “big 4” leaders at the
Versailles Conference?
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• David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy),
Georges Clemenceau (France) and Woodrow Wilson
(US) were the “big 4” leaders at the Versailles Peace
Talks.(Left to right) The “Big Four”: David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy,
Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the
principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles.
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• How did Woodrow Wilson’s ideas for
peace differ from what Britain and France
wanted?
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• Wilson wanted to create a lasting peace, while
Britain and France (who suffered more during
the war) wanted to punish Germany.
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• What were some important goals in
Wilson’s 14 points?
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• Self-determination and a League of Nations
were two of Wilson’s goals in his plan for
peace.
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• The League of Nations was an international cooperative
organization that was established to prevent future wars.
• The United States was not a member of the League.
• The League was a failure, because it did not have the power
to enforce its decisions.
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• What caused the League of Nations to be
ineffective?
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• The US Congress rejected Wilson’s desire to join the
League. The US did not want to be drawn into
another conflict with Europe. This policy was known
as isolationism.
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• What were the main terms of the Treaty of
Versailles?
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The Treaty of Versailles
• Germany was blamed for the entire war.
• The League of Nations was formed, but
the US never joined.
• Germany’s military was limited.
• Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and
Russia all lost territory.
• The Treaty of Versailles planted the seeds
for another world war.
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• What were some new independent
nations created after World War I?
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• Austria-Hungary was broken up into
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and
Yugoslavia.
• The Ottoman Empire was reduced to
present-day Turkey.
• Russia lost Poland, Romania, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
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• Which countries were unhappy with the
terms of the Treaty of Versailles and why?
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• Germany resented being blamed for the entire warand having to pay reparations.
• Japan and Italy were upset with the small amount of land they gained.
• Russia resented not being a part of the peace talks and losing Poland, Romania, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
• The Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary resented their loss of land.
• Middle Eastern Mandates were upset that they were not granted independence while many Eastern European countries were.
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What were the middle eastern
mandates?
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Mandates were countries that were controlled by the
losing powers in World War I (Germany and the Ottoman
Empire). The allied powers transferred “ownership” of
these countries to themselves.
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• What were the human and economic costs
of World War I?
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• World War I left 8.5 million dead, 21 million
wounded.
• Many civilians were a part of the wounded
and dead.
• The $338 billion dollars cost of the war
drained European treasuries.
• Farmland, homes, villages, cities, and
towns were destroyed.
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PEACE AND FUTURE CANNON
FODDER is the title of a remarkably
prescient cartoon created in 1920,
two years after the end of World
War I, showing the leaders of the
victorious powers, Georges
Clemenceau (France), Lloyd
George (Great Britain), Woodrow
Wilson (U.S.A.), and Orlando (Italy),
leaving the Palace of Versailles,
their hats apparently doffed out of
respect for the future dead, while a
small child weeps.
On the ground beside the child lies
a copy of the Paris Peace Treaty,
which was forced on a defeated
Germany at Versailles, and whose
terms, many believed, were so
harsh, that it would sooner or later
lead to a rerun of the conflict it was
meant to end.
“1940 Class” above the child’s head
refers to those who would be eligible
for conscription in 1940.
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What were the global effects
of World War I?
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Global Impact of World War I
• Colonies participated in the war, and
demanded their independence after the
war.
• The Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-
Hungarian Empires came to an end.
• Many countries experienced social
disruption, because of the war’s
devastating effects.
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Participants in World War I
Green = Allied Powers and their colonies
Orange = Central Powers and their colonies
Gray = neutral countries