“World War I Ends” A. Early Battles Across the World 1.Serbia: Austria-Hungary invade 2.Africa:...
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“World War I Ends”
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A. Early Battles Across the World1. Serbia: Austria-Hungary invade2. Africa: Britain & France fight Germany in south & west3. Asia: New Zealand, Australia, & Japan invade ; seize German and
Chinese territory in Asia4. Battle of Tannenberg (Aug. 23-30, 1914): German defeats Russia
in East Prussia
The Early Years
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A. Schlieffen Plan: German plan to attack France by invading Belgium.B. Outcome: By end of August, German offensive had overrun Belgium and swept into France (50 miles from Paris)
The Western Front
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1. Sept 5-12, 19142. Reasons for Battle:
- Allied counterattack to stop the month long German offensive towards Paris
Outcome: • Allied victory & Germans retreat (60 miles)
• The German plan for quick victory ruined• Sets stage for Trench warfare• Casualties:
- Germans: 220,000- Allies: 263,000
1st Battle of the Marne
German Attack
French attack
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1. Oct 19 – Nov. 22, 19142. Reasons for battle: - Britain: safeguard English Channel ports - France: prevent Germany from outflanking Allies - German: last major obstacle in “Race to the Sea”
Outcome: • Victory for the Allies• Casualties:
- Germans: 134, 315- Allies: 161, 957
• End of the German “Race to the Sea” • Began stalemate on Western Front
Battle of Ypres
British troops
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WWI becomes a “War of Attrition”1. Following the first two months, WWI on Western Front became
a stalemate (non-mobile war) 2. Trench Warfare begins and WWI became a fight to outlast and survive by keep adding troops and weapons
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1. Feb 21-Dec 18, 19162. Reasons for battle:
- German offensive to deliver fatal blow French city of Verdun and important railway to Paris
Battle of Verdun
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6QS4rIdehg&feature=channel
Outcome: • Resulted in a stalemate• Longest & most costly battles of WWI• Casualties:
- Germans: 434,000- Allies: 542,000
French Troops
Fort Douaumont
Battle Map
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Battle of the Somme1. July 1-18, 19162. Reasons for Battle:
- British & French attack to break the German line & deliver decisive blow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc8bjBZR-B0
Outcome: • Resulted = stalemate & disaster for both sides (Allies capture 7 miles)
• Bloodiest battles of WWI• Largest battles of WWI • Casualties:
- Germans: 465,,000- Allies: 623,907
No Mans Land
British troops and tank
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II.)
A. Russia faces problems1. Shortages (food, weapons, ammunition, clothes)2. Allies couldn't ship supplies due to blockades by Central Powers3. Suffered major casualties (2 million KIA, MIA, or wounded in 1915 alone)
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A. Battle of Gallipoli (April-Jan, 1916): British & French attempt to capture Istanbul; Ottoman Empire defeat the allies (greatest Turk victory of war)
B. Allies defeat Turks by 1917; seize Baghdad, Jerusalem, & Damascus with help of T.E. Lawrence (a.k.a. Lawrence of Arabia)
C. Brazil sends troops/ships; Asian & African colonies supply troops
III.) Across the World
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IV.) The U.S. Joins the War!A. Unrestricted submarine warfare
by Germans begins in 19171. Lusitania sunk by German
U-Boat on May 7, 1915 (1,098 killed including 128 Americans)
Outcome: U.S. outraged!
B. Zimmerman Note (Feb. 1917):Germans urge Mexico to declare war on U.S. with German help
Outcome: April 2, 1917 U.S. joins war on Allied side
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"It must be a peace without victory...Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser, a victor's terms imposed upon the vanquished. It would be accepted in humiliation, under duress, at an intolerable sacrifice, and would leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory upon which terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand. Only a peace between equals can last." — Woodrow Wilson, 22 January 1917
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V.) Defeat of the Central PowersA. March 1918= Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russian treaty with Germans
to exit WWI due to Russian Revolution
B. July 1918 = Allies defeat Germans at Chateau-Thierry
C. Sept. 1918 = Allies defeat Central Powers at 2nd Battle of the Marne Outcome: Bulgaria surrenders
D. Oct. 1918 = Ottoman Empire surrenders and Austria-Hungary splits
E. Nov. 1918 = civil unrest and military uprising force Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate the throne
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11 a.m., November 11, 191811 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
“The War to End All Wars” is OVER!!!!!!!!!
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9,000,000 Dead9,000,000 Dead9,000,000 Dead9,000,000 Dead
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The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
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World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
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Total Cost of World War I
$300 Billion
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VI.) The Paris Peace ConferenceA. Jan. 1919 Allies meet in Versailles, France to arrange peace
treaty for WWI (The Paris Peace Conference)1. The Big Four:
- Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)- David Lloyd George (Britain)- Georges Clemenceau (France)- Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
2. Not Invited:- Russia
3. No Role:- countries from Central Powers
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VII.) The Ideas and Problems
A. Problems:1. New political situations (Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, Ottoman Empire)2. Colonies want independence (Nationalism)3. Allied Powers make territory demands
B. Ideas:1. reparations (payment for damages caused by war)2. League of Nations (world organization to maintain peace)3. “Wilson’s Fair Peace” vs. “Make Germany Pay”