World War I Chapter 13
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Transcript of World War I Chapter 13
World War IWorld War IChapter 13Chapter 13
SECTION 1
Marching Toward War
The Rise of Nationalism
Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below surface
Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations
Pride or deep devotion to one’s nation Competition for materials and markets Territorial Disputes
Alsace-Lorraine- Franco-Prussian War (1870)Nationalism in the Balkans leads many
groups to demand independence Austria-Hungary vs. Russia
Imperialism and Militarism
Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations
Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race
Militarism—policy of glorifying military power, preparing army Mobilization- ability to quickly mobilize and organize
troops in case of war
Tangled Alliances
Bismarck Forges Early PactsGermany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace
in Europe after 1871 “Satisfied Power”
Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War
Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances: Dual Alliance- b/w Germany and Austria-Hungary 1881 signs treaty with Russia forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in
1882
Tangled Alliances
Shifting Alliances Threaten PeaceKaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in
1888Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with
dismissal of Bismarck alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with
France effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain
Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907
Crisis in the Balkans
A Restless Region- “Powder Keg”Many groups in Balkans win independence
during early 1900s from the Ottoman Empire Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia
New nation of Serbia made up largely of SlavsAustria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia
and Herzegovina (1908)Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of
these Slavic landsRussia made up of a mostly Slavic population
The Spark: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Serbian rebel, Gavrilo Princip, kills Austro-Hungarian royal official and his wife Sophie on June 28th 1914 Member of the Black Hand- wanted to rid Austrian Rule
Austria declares war on Serbia July 28th; Russia comes to aid of Serbia and mobilizes its troops
Video of Causes
SECTION 2
Europe Plunges into War
Armies on the March
Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany Germany declares war on Russia (August 1st), quickly
attacks France on August 3rd
Great Britain declares war on Germany
The Teams Allied Powers
Belgium Serbia England (G.B.) Russia France Later Japan, Italy
and U.SBSERF
Central PowersBulgariaOttoman EmpireGermanyAustria-Hungary
BOGA
The Coaches
Czar Nicholas II, Russia, George Clemenceau, FR David Lloyd George, GB Woodrow Wilson, US
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Franz Joseph, A-H Wilhelm II, Germany
Playing Field
Playing Field
Western Front Mostly in northern
France, along German/French Border
Trench Warfare Stalemate – deadlock,
where neither side gains an advantage
War of Attrition – no quick victory; each side tries to wear the other side down
Eastern Front Mostly in Russia,
along the German/Russian border
More mobile Battle lines changed
often (fluid)
German Plans to Attack France
German Plans to Attack France
1st Play: Schieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen
•Plan to avoid a two front war•Attack France through neutral Belgium•Defeat French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize•Turn and fight Russia who didn’t have effective Railroads
Problems:•Heavily fortified areas in Belgium•Strong resistance from France•Russia mobilized quicker than anticipated•Britain attacked from the north
1st Game: 1st Battle of the Marne
German’s advance into France; September 5th Pushed back by French at Marne
600 Taxi cabs brought soldiers to the frontlines Stalemate and Trench Warfare beginEnds Schlieffen PlanGermany has to fight a two front war!
Trench Warfare
Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies fighting from trenches
Battles result in many deaths, small land gains “No man’s land”
Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary Rats Cramped up Flooded trenches Diseases Decaying flesh Trench Foot
Diagram of the Trenches
Trench System
French soldiers firing over their own dead
•In the trenches
Do you think we have enough
food and supplies to
outlast them?
These lines haven't moved
for a year!
Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast
them?
These lines
haven't moved for
a year!
No-Mans land
New Technology
Tanks: Not a favorite. Broke down a lot. Battle of Somme
Machine guns: Rapid fire. Killed more soldiers Difficult to make advances
Submarine: used torpedoes to take down ships Germans
Poison Gas: Killed or left permanent scars. Blindness or blisters
Airplanes: used for observation then later for fighting 850 to 10,000 by end of the war
Battle of Verdun• German attack on French• Longest battle of WWI (300 days)• Total casualties – 700,000• No clear winner
• Germany got 4 miles• Stalemate
Battle of Somme
British/French surprise attack against GermansBritish losses 1st day – over 20,000 menTotal Casualties – 1Million+No clear winner
Britain got 5 MilesStalemate
Battle of Somme
1st Game Eastern FrontBattle of Tannenberg
Russia vs. Germany August 23rd
Russian Advantages Largest army (15:1 ratio Russian to German)
Not well trained Lacked weapons
Russian Disadvantages Least industrialized Lack of Modern Technology
Outcome: Germans crushed the invading Russians 30,000 Russian soldiers killed
Russia Struggles
Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties Was not industrialized
Lacked food, guns, ammunition, clothing, boots, and blankets
Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force Prevents Germany from sending more troops to the
Western Front
SECTION 3
A Global Conflict
Battle of Gallipoli- February 1915
Britain’s (Winston Churchill) Game Plan : Open supply route to Russia Capture Dardanelle Straight gaining access to Black
Sea and the Ottoman capital, Constantinople Eliminate the Ottoman Empire from the war, Central
Power allyBulgaria and Ottoman Empire – promised
land by A-H to defend Dardanelle’s at all costEffort ends in costly Allied defeat
250,000 allied casualties
Battle of Gallipoli
America Enters WWI
•NOT OUR WAR•BUSINESSES COULD SELL TO BOTH SIDES
•More tied to allied powers•RECENT IMMIGRANTS FROM BOTH SIDES
America Neutral?
Reason for US Entry
Sinking of the LusitaniaZimmerman NoteUnrestricted Submarine Warfare
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German u-boats sink military, passenger, and merchant ships on sight to halt supply to Britain
Halts policy in 1915, after sinking of Lusitania angers U.S.
Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to starve Britain quickly
4 US ships sunk between Jan-Mar 1917
US declares war: April 2, 1917
Sinking of the Lusitania
German u-boat torpedoes British passenger ship off Irish coast Germans suspected it was carrying ammunition;
turned out to be true 1200 die, 128 Americans
Sinking
Zimmerman Note
Note from German Foreign Minister to German Ambassador to Mexico Convince Mexico to go to
war against US Mexico to gain territory
lost in Mex-Am War Prevent U.S. from joining
war in Europe
Join the fight April 2nd 1917
War at Home
Governments Wage Total WarWorld War I becomes total war—nations devote all
resources to war Governments take control of economy to produce war goods
Unemployment all but vanished Nations turn to rationing—limiting purchases of war-related goods
Propaganda—one-sided information to build morale, support for war
Women and the WarAt home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by
menMany women also experience the war by working as nurses
AmericaPrepares for War
Russia Withdraws
Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar Nicholas to step down from throne in 1917
Communists soon take control of Russia’s government under the supervision of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war
The Central Powers Collapse
With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front
Engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat• Second Battle of the Marne (7/18) - Last Major German Offensive
• 140,000 Fresh US Troops then 2 million more• 350 allied tanks
• Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates on November 9th, 1918
Allies win war; armistice—end of fighting—signed in November 1918 11:00am 11/11/18
Global War
Resources and soldiers from colonies War devastates European economies,
drains national treasuries; 338 Billion Many acres of land and homes,
villages, towns destroyedSurvivors suffer disillusionment
and despair; reflected in the arts
Fought in Asia and Africa - Allies gained German colonies British get help from Middle East
colonies of Ottoman Empire conquered the Ottoman’s – expected independence at war’s end
Peace Agreement
Lives Lost
Russia 1,700,000France 1,357,000Great Britain 908,000United States 130,174Germany 1,800,000Austria 1,200,000Diseases, hunger, and other war-related causes 20,000,000
Influenza of Spanish Flu
War takes heavy toll: 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million wounded
SECTION 4
A Flawed Peace
Key Leaders Come Together
Group of leaders known as the Big Four dominate peace talks: U.S. president Woodrow Wilson French ruler Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George of Great Britain Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Russia was not represented because of civil war
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Three Goals: Ensure lasting peace
Calls for free trade and end to secret alliances, military buildups Right to choose government
Promotes self-determination—right of people to govern own nation League of Nations:
International body of representatives from each country with the purpose of maintaining peace
League of Nations Formed
United States didn’t join many Americans oppose League
of Nations and involvement with Europe
Congress feared it would drag us into another war
Weakened the power of the League of Nations
No power to enforce its decisions
Paris Peace Conference
5 Separate Peace Treaties known as the Peace of Paris
Each Central Power Country signed a separate peace treaty
Central Powers not invitedBig 4 Allied Powers – Great
Britain, US, France, Italy Britain, France oppose Wilson’s
ideas; want to punish Germany
Allies, Germany sign accord, Treaty of Versailles, on June 28th 1919
Treaty of VersaillesGermany got a R.A.W. DealR.eparations – payments to victors
for war damages ($33B)A.llied Punishments
De-militarized Germany Took Germany’s colonies Gave Alsace Lorraine to France Took Saar Basin (coal supplies) Took Rhineland (buffer zone)
W.ar Guilt – Germany had to accept total blame for the war; article 231
Video of the treaty
R.A.W.
The Creation of New Nations
Versailles treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europe
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose lands Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into mandates
New countries created in southeastern Europe; Russia gives up land Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
The war to end all wars…
Map of Europe Redrawn
A Peace Built on Quicksand
Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides
German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war
America never signs Treaty of VersaillesSome former colonies express anger over not
winning independenceJapan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less
land than they want