World War I · –Submarine (U-boat)- Torpedo ... •April 6, 1917, Wilson asks Congress for a...
Transcript of World War I · –Submarine (U-boat)- Torpedo ... •April 6, 1917, Wilson asks Congress for a...
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World War I Essential Question:
What are some of the causes of
World War I?
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SSUSH15
The student will analyze the origins and impact
of U.S. involvement in World War I
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SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and
impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.
a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to
engagement in World War I, with reference to
unrestricted submarine warfare.
b. Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as
reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the
Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.
c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the
proposed League of Nations.
d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth
Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the
Nineteenth Amendment, establishing woman’s
suffrage.
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Causes of World War I- 1914
• Rivalry- the
European powers
were going for:
– World trade and
markets
– Raw materials
– Colonies
– Spheres of
influence
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Causes of World War I- 1914
•Militarism- The European
nations entered into an “arms
race”.
–Each built vast armies or navies or
both
–Nations became armed camps just
waiting for the opportunity to put
their armies into the field
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Causes of World War I- 1914
• Nationalism- devotion to national
interests, national unity, and
independence-zealous patriotism
– The large nations sought to extend their
territory, increase their power, and
influence the actions of the small
nations
– Racial and ethnic minorities wished to
obtain their independence
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Causes of World War I- 1914
• Alliances- – Europe was divided and entangled by
numerous mutual assistance treaties.
– (If Y is attacked by another nation, X will
come to her aid)
– These sides broke down as the Allied
Powers and the Central Powers
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Causes of World War I-
1914
• Rivalry
• Nationalism
• Militarism
• Alliances
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Start of World War I • June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis
Ferdinand (heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary) was visiting one
of the provinces captured by
Austria Hungary, Bosnia.
• Serbian nationalists who wanted
Bosnia to be part of Serbia shot
the Archduke and his wife while
they were traveling by car.
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Chain Reaction of Alliances
• Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia
• Russia vs. Austria-Hungary
• Germany vs. Russia
• France vs. Germany
• Germany vs. Belgium
• England vs. Germany
• Turkey vs. Russia
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Allied Powers
Entente
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
Central
Powers
• Germany
• Austria
Hungary
• Turkey
• Italy
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Military developed in WWI • Weapons
– Poison Gas
– Airplane-bombing
– Perfected the machine gun
– Heavy artillery
– Submarine (U-boat)- Torpedo
– Tank
– Motor transportation (trucks and cars)
– Rapid communications
– Use of barbed wire
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Military developed in WWI
• Tactics –Defensive warfare
–Trench warfare
–Development of field of fire
–Chemical warfare
–War of endurance
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Causes of U.S. involvement in
World War I
• U.S. took a position of Neutrality
• President Wilson urged people to
resist war propaganda coming
from both sides
• For three years, the U.S. did not get
involved, secretly they were
financing Great Britain in the war.
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Neutrality to War
•In 1914 war breaks out among European nations
•President Woodrow Wilson declares that the U.S. would remain neutral
– The U.S. will stay out of foreign wars
• What does this remind you of?
(who has said this?)?
“We must be impartial in
thought as well as in
action.”
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American Neutrality • President Wilson declared the U.S. to be neutral
– However - many average U.S. citizens began to choose sides
– Most supported the Allies (Britain and France)
• Wilson's cabinet, and many businesses supported going to war on
the side of the Allies
– Why would business owners support going to war?
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American Neutrality ? • Germany announced that it would begin using U-boats to
attack all vessels, including merchant ships, in British
waters
– Stopped the Allies from receiving supplies from
foreign countries
– This unrestricted submarine warfare drew protests
from the U.S.
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American Neutrality ? • 1915 - a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner
Lusitania
– Killed almost 1,200 passengers including 120 Americans
• 1916 - the French ship Sussex, was torpedoed by a German
U-boat causing several American injuries
• Germany and the U.S. signed the Sussex Pledge in which
Germany promised not to sink anymore merchant ships
without warning
– This kept the U.S. out of the war, and helped Wilson win reelection
in 1916
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Causes of U.S. involvement in
World War I
• Germany did not want to risk war with
the United States
• Germany agreed not to attack
passenger ships in the Atlantic
• In 1917, Germany resumed sinking
merchant and commercial ships in the
Atlantic, called Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare.
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Causes of U.S. involvement in
World War I
• The Zimmerman Telegram
– German foreign secretary, Zimmerman,
sent a message to Mexican Government.
– Asked Mexico to attack the U.S.
– Germany will give Mexico all lands
acquired by the U.S. from Mexico in the
Mexican War.
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“Make the world safe for
Democracy” • President Wilson had
won the presidential
election on the motto,
“He kept us out of the
War”
• April 6, 1917, Wilson
asks Congress for a
declaration of war, “To
make the world safe for
democracy”.
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• The Russian revolution in 1917,
removed Russia from the war
on the eastern front.
• The war was then shifted
entirely to the western front
• Germany was forced to
negotiate an armistice (truce)
on November 11,1917 (now
known as Veteran's Day)
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Domestic Impact of WWI • Great Migration- movement of
approximately seven million African Americans out of the Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970.
• Left the south to escape racism, to seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, to get better education for their children, and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better life
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The states in blue had the ten largest net gains
of African-Americans, while the states in red
had the ten largest net losses
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Great Migration • Northern factories needed workers
during the war for two main reasons:
– Many white workers joined the war effort or were drafted
– Nearly all immigration from Europe stopped
To replace these workers African Americans left the South and moved into many Northern cities
– Looking for factory jobs
– The movement became known as the Great Migration
– Between 300,000 and 500,000 African-Americans moved North
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Espionage Act
• Passed in 1917 the Espionage Act:
– Established penalties and prison time for aiding the enemy
– Penalized disloyalty, or interference with the war effort
• The Espionage Act was expanded in 1918 to make it
illegal for any public opposition to the war
• The Supreme Court also limited American’s freedom of
speech – 1st Amendment Right
– Schenck v. U.S.
– Upheld Espionage Act of 1917
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Schenck v. U.S. • Charles Schenck was against the war. He mailed
thousands of pamphlets to men who had been drafted into the armed forces. These pamphlets said that the government had no right to send American citizens to other countries to kill people.
• The government accused Schenck
of violating the Espionage Act.
It said that
Schenck's pamphlets were
intended to weaken the loyalty
of soldiers and to obstruct
military recruiting. Schenck
answered by saying that the
Espionage Act was
unconstitutional.
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Eugene Debs • Leader of the American Railway
Union (ARU)
• Socialist leader who ran for president
in 1912 (and several other times)
• What is a Socialist?
– A person who believes that the
government should own industries
(railroads, utilities)
– A nation’s wealth should be more evenly
distributed in order to alleviate suffering
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Domestic Impact of WWI
• Debs opposed America's
entrance into World War I and
denounced the Espionage Act
designed to silence all antiwar
sentiment. In 1918, he received a
10-year prison sentence for his
public opposition to the war.
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Consequences of World War I
Treaty of Versailles (1919)- agreement that finally
ended the war
Germany was forced to pay “war reparations”
(payments to the victorious parties for the damage
they incurred in the war.)
Wilson’s Fourteen Points- Woodrow Wilson’s
principles that would prevent another World War from
happening.
Congress would not allow the U.S. to join the League
of Nations, the U.S. settled back into a period of
isolationism.
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Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed
League of Nations
• The Allies won the war in 1918
& began settling for peace
• The “Big Four”
– Leaders from the U.S., Britain,
France, and Italy
– They lead meetings which will
decide the fate of Post-War Europe
Which country is missing from the meeting?
Why is this important?
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Wilson presented his plan for peace, called the Fourteen Points to Congress
-In the first 5 points he wanted all countries to have: free trade
freedom of the seas
disarmament
open diplomacy
adjustments of colonial claims
These five points were what Wilson felt caused World War I
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• The next 8 points dealt with self-
determination
• The final point called for the creation of the
League of Nations, an organization which
would help settle disagreements between
member countries.
• Many countries viewed the Fourteen Points
as being too lenient on Germany
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The Treaty of Versailles
• The Treaty was signed by Germany in 1919, and
punished Germany for “starting” the war
• Germany would have to:
-dismantle their army and navy
-pay war reparations of $33 billion (which
they did not have)
-Admit guilt for causing the war
-The Treaty left Germany in shambles
Most of Wilson’s Fourteen Points were dismissed by the other leaders,
with the exception of the Fourteen Point
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League of Nations • Wilson’s League of Nations was voted down
by the U.S. Congress in 1920.
• Many Congressmen worried that it made the
U.S. too involved in European affairs
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18th Amendment
The Amendment was extremely difficult to enforce
so that by 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed
repealing the 18th Amendment
Why do you think the 18 Amendment
was so difficult to enforce? What wasn’t
banned by the 18th Amendment?
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Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
Women’s Suffrage: The right to vote
Women’s suffrage movement groups originally
tied their cause to that of African-American
suffrage
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Nineteenth Amendment
-In 1890 the National
American Women’s
Association was formed.
Carrie Chapman Catt
became the leader in 1915
and threw support behind
Wilson’s 1916 presidential
campaign
-Individual states began
giving women the right to
vote, gaining support for a
Constitutional Amendment
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d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment,
establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth
Amendment, establishing woman suffrage.
• The 18th Amendment took effect in 1920 banning the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol
Supporters of prohibition
thought that it would
reduce unemployment,
domestic violence, and poverty.
Which groups of people do
you think supported prohibition?