World War I: “The Great War” · ‘World‐Based Struggle’ After the ‘shot that was heard...
Transcript of World War I: “The Great War” · ‘World‐Based Struggle’ After the ‘shot that was heard...
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World War I: “The Great War”
What Makes WWIa “World War”?
‘The battles’
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‘World‐Based Struggle’After the ‘shot that was heard around the world’:
“. . . war became global as Ottomans fought against Britain, Japan attacked German positions in China, France and Britain involved their empires in the war and brought Africans, Indians, Australians and Canadians to Europe to fight and labour on the front lines. The united States entered the fray in 1917”
[Textbook has excellent Maps ‘visualizing’ that Globaliztion, beginning with Balkans (below): pp 854,5 ]
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WWI: Europe, Africa, Middle WWI: Europe, Africa, Middle EastEast
British, French, BelgianNeutral
German
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The Ottomans and WW1
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The Ottomans and WW1The Ottoman Empire:
‐ after long history as ally of Britain, France ‘Entente’ : joined war as part of ‘Triple Alliance ‐ with Germany
Why?
‐ ‘Entente’ (Allies) seen as source of debt, ‘colonial’dependence
‐ German late‐19th century investment looking ‘forward’, especially military (training, arms)
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The Ottomans and WW1German Kaiser requested Sultan as head of Islamic Caliphate, to declare ‘jihad’: Nov. 23 1914
‐ entreating Muslims in East Africa (including those in British controlled East Africa) and India to ‘fight for Germany’
‐ only few tribal shaykhs South Arabia, Yemen, Fertile Crescent responded
‐ some support from East African Muslims;several Indian pan‐Islamists
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The Ottomans and WW1British concern: Suez canal
‐ December 1914: declared Egypt formal protectorate
‐imposed martial law; region treated like large army base
‐ Egyptians believed outcome of war would guarantee independence
‐ but harsh treatment during war led to rise of early nationalist movement Wafd
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The Ottomans and WW1Pledges to Arabs:
‐ Britain encouraged Sherif of Mecca (Hijaz) to organize Arab revolt, undermine Ottoman attempts unity
1915‐16 “Husayn‐McMahon” correspondence:
‐ agreed: Sherif Husayn would rally Arabs in exchange for Arab independence
‐ boundaries (of French Syria) to be decided post‐war
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The Ottomans and WW11916 Arab revolt launched (as promised):
‐ given impetus
by Col. T E Lawrence
“Lawrence of Arabia”
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Arab Revolt 1916‐1918
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Allied Invasions Ottomans 1915
Shown here:
Ottoman attempts totake Egypt,Suez Canal
Unsuccessful AlliedInvasion Gallipoli(see below)
British Incited ‘ArabRevolts’ –“Lawrence of Arabia”
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Allies vs. Ottomans 1917
Allied Successin Hijaz (ArabRevolt)
AndIraq –taking of Baghdad, endof long campaignLaunched fromIndia
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British Conquest of Iraq WW1
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Africa and Africans in WW1
Africa in 1914
AN
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Africa and Africans in WW1Africa:
‐French, British and Germans recruited/forced Africans from their colonies to join the war effort
‐Most in Africa but French ‘Tirailleurs’ actually fought in front lines in Europe
‐More than 140,000 fought: 31,000 died
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Africa and Africans in WW1Africa:
‐ [Textbook 859] Notes:
“Many … joined up to get clothes (uniforms), food and money for enlisting. Others did so because recruiters promised them better lives when they returned home. Most were illiterate and had no idea of why they were going or what they would experience”
‐What is not said here is that: MANY if not most of these recruits were former slaves– food, clothes ‘better lives’were what they needed
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Africa and Africans in WWIAfrica and Africans in WWI
French Africans fought in EuropeAlgerian saphis [African soldiers] in Oise, France 1917
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Africa and Africans in WWI
Senegalese Troops in France
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Africa and Africans in WWIIssue in Africa: nature of ‘recruitment’
‐ which leaves open the question of how that recruitment took place: quote from combatant (859) makes clear that most recruits had no idea of why they were fighting
‐British, French: engaged local African intellectuals to support ‘cause’
‐ in Senegal (West Africa, home of Tirailleurs): major political debate
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Africa and Africans in WWIIssue in Africa: nature of ‘recruitment’
‐ everywhere: local chiefs forced to supply recruits or face fines
‐1915‐16: 50,000 ‘recruited’ this way
‐ French set up conscription everywhere in French West/Central Africa
‐ British did same in East Africa
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Africa and Africans in WWIElsewhere (Belgians, British in some areas): story was about local, African ‘forced labour’
[see ‘BBC Story of Africa: recruitment’, Add’l Rdgs]
Over 2 million Africans sacrificed for cause:
‐ 100,000 died in East Africa Campaign
‐ 65,000 from French West and North Africa died in Africa, Europe
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Africa and Africans in WWI
“Not since the American War of Independence, when 14,000 slaves and freemen fought as black loyalists alongside the British, had such a huge number of people of African descent been involved in fighting for Europeans.”
[BBC Story of Africa]
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Africa and Africans in WWIMost Africans who fought in World War I fought on African (not European) Soil:
‐ Togoland, Cameroon (West Africa)
‐ East Africa (German and Portuguese)
‐ Northern Rhodesia
‐ South West Africa
Battles also in:
‐ Egypt (North Africa): target being Suez Canal – ANZAC troops [see Australia, below]
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Africa and Africans in WWIAfrica and Africans in WWI
GermanColonies
inAfrica1914
TogolandCameroon
South West Africa
German East Africa
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Africa and Africans in WWIMost Africans not combatants:
‐ porters were widely recruited to carry heavy weapons, supplies:
‐ badly paid
‐ poor quality food/ entirely foreign them ‐‐making them ill
‐While travelling through new territories , often fell sick from different types of malaria, other local diseases, insect‐reptile bites
[see ‘World War I in Africa’, Add’l Rdgs]
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Africa and Africans in WW1
‘Kings Rifles’ (Kenyans)in East African Campaign
‘Gold Coast Regiment’(Gold Coast, West Africa)fought Germans inTogoland
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India and Indians in WW1
British Indiac. 1900
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India and Indians in WW1Outbreak of War:
‐ Germans actively cultivating anti‐British sentiments (call for ‘jihad’ part of campaign)
‐ Indian National Congress had become more vocal in critique of British: seeking more self‐government
‐ British concern: would India support war effort?
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India and Indians in WW1Support overwhelming:
‐ wealthy princes contributed huge sums of money
‐ Nepal (not part of India) sent 100,000 gurkhas
‐ even Indian National Congress lent support
Troops: Sikhs, Hindus
‐ at between 1.3 and 1.5 million largest volunteer army to date
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India and Indians in WW1First (of colonial troops) into Battle: [Textbook p.858]
‐ best prepared, trained
‐8th August 1914: first two Indian troops headed for Egypt to be held in reserve
‐ but were desperately needed on Western Front: went directly to France, arriving 26th September – just in time for winter!
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India and Indians in WW1King sent message of greeting:
"I know with what readiness my brave, loyal Indians soldiers are prepared to fulfil their sacred trust in the field of battle, shoulder to shoulder with comrades from all parts of Empire. I bid you go forward and add fresh lustreto the glorious achievements, noble traditions, courage, and chivalry of my Indian army, honour and fame are in your hands."
[see ‘India Remembers her Troops’, in Add’l Rdgs]
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India and Indians in WW1
Sikh Regiment: intended forEgypt – sent directly toWestern Front August 1914(Above)
Indian Soldiers arriving inFrance, headed to Front.Winter 1914 – lacking proper clothing (Below)
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India and Indians in WW1First Indian Soldier to win Victoria Cross, 1915 (left)
Indian Medical Corps inMesopotamia (below)
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India and Indians in WW1On the Western Front:
‐ so many casualties and deaths from illness, withdrawn from front lines
‐ continued to fight North Africa (Egypt), Middle East (Gallipoli) and East Africa
‐ 800,000 Indian troops fought in all theatres of war
‐ 47,746 classed as killed or missing; 65,000 wounded
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1Australia strongly supported British:
‐ population of less than 5million: 416,809 men enlisted
‐ over 60,000 killed: 156,000 wounded, gassed, taken prisoner
‐ women enlisted as cooks, drivers, interpreters, munitions workers, farm workers, nurses
‐ nurses served in Egypt, France, Greece, India, often close to the front
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1
Recruitment Centre, Melbourne 1914.Australians eagerly volunteered.
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1
First Detachment AustralianNurses Lemnos Island (Aegean Sea, north Greece)
Australian Nursesin Trench ProtectingFrench Hospital(1917)
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1First involvement: by sea
‐ Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force took possession German New Guinea, neighbouring islands of Bismarck Archipelago (October 1914)
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps):
‐most sent first to Egypt; trained near Cairo, then shipped to Gallipoli peninsula (Turkey)
‐ April 1915 established foothold on steep slopes above beach
‐ ANZAC attempts to breach Turkish lines: failed
‐ Turkish troops tried to push ANZAC from position: failed
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1
Australian Battalions in Egypt, 1914
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1
Battle of Gallipoli, 1915
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1Stalemate continued 1915:
‐ finally Britain agreed that Allied forces (including ANZAC) should be evacuated
Allied Casualties: 142,000
ANZAC:
‐ New Zealand 8,000
‐ Australia 28,000
Ottoman casualties: 250,00
[see ‘Gallipoli: the untold story, Add’l Rdgs]
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1Middle East: ‘Mobile War’, Mounted Brigades
‐ light horsemen, mounts survived extreme heat, harsh terrain, water shortages: casualties comparatively few 1,400
‐ 1916: Australian (and Allied) troops defended Suez Canal, re‐took Sinai peninsula
‐ 1917: captured Gaza, Jerusalem (Palestine); 1918 occupied Lebanon, Syria
October 1918: Ottomans sued for peace.
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1
New ZealandMountedBrigadeHeadquarters,Jaffa (Palestine)
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Australia and ANZAC in WW1
Australian Mounted Division, Palestine-Sinai Campaign 1916-17
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Japan and Germany in WW1‘World’ nature of War helped Japan expand in China at Germany’s expense:
‐ respecting 1911 treaty with Britain (promising ‘mutual assistance’ in case of multi‐faceted war): Japan attacked German colony in China
‐ Late August 1914: Battle of Tsingtao
‐ initially blockade followed by navel bombardment , extended siege
City surrendered early November
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Japan and Germany in WW1
German Colony of Tsingtao
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Japan and Germany in WW1During the campaign:
‐ 236 Japanese were killed, more than 1,200 wounded
‐ 199 Germans dead, 500 wounded; nearly 4,700 Germans became POWs
‐ Japan’s major military role in the war ended.
But more important was power it allowed Japan to claim in northern China in 1915.
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Japan and Germany in WW1Japanese navy also active in ‘Western Theatres:
‐ April 1917: Japanese warships escorted British, French ships transporting soldiers to and from Europe and the Middle East and Africa
‐ clashed with German and Austrian submarines dozens of times
‐ end of 1918: navy had escorted nearly 800 ships carrying more than 700,000 troops across the Mediterranean.
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America Enters WW1‐ 1917Role of Japan often posited as part of reason why US finally entered the war in 1917:
‐ “The Zimmerman Telegram”:
‐ telegram sent to Mexico by German Foreign Minister promising German assistance to Mexico to help it recover U.S. states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if it joined Germany in fighting the U.S.
‐ intercepted and decoded
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America Enters WW1‐ 1917
‐ Telegram suggested Mexico reach out to Japan, playing upon American fears, especially on the West Coast, of Japanese invasion
‐ Japan denied knowing anything about the telegram
“Play” successful (other issues also on table but….): result was
United States entry to the war in 1917
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America Enters WW1‐ 1917
“Zimmerman Telegram: coded and sample ‘de-coding’