World War I: CREATING THE PEACE World War I: CREATING THE PEACE.
WORLD WAR I
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Transcript of WORLD WAR I
Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary (“extension” )(“extension” ) Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
• A lot of Latin countries were in debt to European countries & could not pay
• 1902 – German/British arbitration of Venezuelan dispute• 1903 – Dominican Republic defaults on Euro debts / U.S.
collects• 1911 – Nicaragua defaults on debt / U.S. collects
Dec. 1904 – Rather than let European nations intervene – a blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine - Roosevelt declared that the US would intervene, whenever necessary, instead• Becomes known as the Roosevelt Corollary• Means US would send gunboats to a Latin coutnry that was
deliquent in its debts• US sailors would manage ports and ensure customs taxes were
being collected properly Monroe Doctrine requires U.S. to become the
international policeman of Latin America
““SPEAK SOFTLY AND CARRY A SPEAK SOFTLY AND CARRY A BIG STICK”BIG STICK”
Teddy Roosevelt’s philosophy on foreign policy
“Speak softly” = negotiations
“Carry a Big Stick” = use whatever force is necessary if negotiations fail
Prime example is …
During the Spanish American War in 1898, the U.S. desired a quicker way of moving ships between the east and west coast of North America. The voyage around South America
could take months.
15,000 MILES
PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 190lHay-Pauncefote Treaty 190l• Previously, the US & GB had a agreement to both build a canal in Previously, the US & GB had a agreement to both build a canal in
Central AmericaCentral America• Now, they could begin the canal w/out British involvementNow, they could begin the canal w/out British involvement
U.S. offered to buy it from U.S. offered to buy it from Colombia Colombia for $10 million, plus for $10 million, plus $250,000 yearly rent$250,000 yearly rent
Colombia refused the offer so……Colombia refused the offer so…… TR encourages Panamanian revoltTR encourages Panamanian revolt Sends naval cruiser & warships to provide support if Sends naval cruiser & warships to provide support if
necessarynecessary Panama claims independence.Panama claims independence. U.S. signs treaty for rights to build & operate canal just 2 U.S. signs treaty for rights to build & operate canal just 2
weeks later.weeks later. Construction starts 1904 – first ships through in 1914.Construction starts 1904 – first ships through in 1914.
OPEN DOOR POLICY WITH CHINAOPEN DOOR POLICY WITH CHINA Japan & China at war over Korea in 1894Japan & China at war over Korea in 1894 Japan wins & gets territory in ChinaJapan wins & gets territory in China European nations worried about Japan’s new European nations worried about Japan’s new
power & “divided” China up into power & “divided” China up into spheres of spheres of influenceinfluence controlled by the major European controlled by the major European nationsnations
Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence = = area where a foreign area where a foreign nation controlled economic development & tradenation controlled economic development & trade
Sec. Of State John Hay supports “Open Door Sec. Of State John Hay supports “Open Door Policy”Policy”
““Open Door Policy” Open Door Policy” sought free trade with China sought free trade with China by all countriesby all countries
Europe and Japan didn’t think much of this policy Europe and Japan didn’t think much of this policy – had no real effect early on.– had no real effect early on.
RUSSO-JAPANESE WARRUSSO-JAPANESE WAR Russia wants Korea (Japan has it) Japan wants resources from
Manchuria – Russia controls this area Sneak attack by Japan on Russian
Fleet, 1905 (like Pearl Harbor) Japan is winning but by 1905 both
sides are ready to make peace• Japan is running out of resources•Russia has revolutionary problems
PEACEPEACE TR asked to act as mediatorTR asked to act as mediator Convinces Russia to leave ManchuriaConvinces Russia to leave Manchuria Convinces Japan to accept small Convinces Japan to accept small
amount of land instead of $ it felt amount of land instead of $ it felt Russia owedRussia owed
TR gets TR gets Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize Effect of the war:Effect of the war:
•Balance of power in Asia has Balance of power in Asia has shifted from Russia to Japanshifted from Russia to Japan
• Japan is now seen as the biggest Japan is now seen as the biggest Eastern threatEastern threat
GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT, 1907GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT, 1907
SPEAK SOFTLY:SPEAK SOFTLY: is the deal is the deal negotiated:negotiated:•CALIFORNIA: CALIFORNIA: will stop segregating will stop segregating
Japanese schoolchildrenJapanese schoolchildren• JAPAN: JAPAN: will halt emigration to U.S.will halt emigration to U.S.
CARRY A BIG STICK: TR sends new navy – “Great White
Fleet” on world tour as show of American force –U.S. does NOT fear Japan’s growing military power
Public had a Public had a low opinion of low opinion of TaftTaft
Much more Much more conservative conservative than than RooseveltRoosevelt
Felt he was Felt he was destroying destroying Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”“Square Deal”
DOLLAR DIPLOMACYDOLLAR DIPLOMACY Use foreign policy to protect Use foreign policy to protect
American investments abroadAmerican investments abroad Use American money to uphold Use American money to uphold
foreign policy (investment in foreign policy (investment in areas of concern to U.S. – areas of concern to U.S. – Caribbean & China)Caribbean & China)
Revolutions in CaribbeanRevolutions in Caribbean
U.S. interventionU.S. intervention• Nicaragua, Marines 1911Nicaragua, Marines 1911• Cuba, Honduras, HaitiCuba, Honduras, Haiti
Wilson & Moral DiplomacyWilson & Moral Diplomacy
Wilson called for a Wilson called for a New FreedomNew Freedom in gov’t & in gov’t & promised a moral approach to foreign affairspromised a moral approach to foreign affairs
Opposed imperialism and the big-stick and dollar-Opposed imperialism and the big-stick and dollar-diplomacy policies of his Republican predecessorsdiplomacy policies of his Republican predecessors
In his first term as president, Wilson had limited In his first term as president, Wilson had limited success applying a high moral standard to foreign success applying a high moral standard to foreign relationsrelations
Hoped to demonstrate that the US respected Hoped to demonstrate that the US respected other nation’s rights & would support the spread other nation’s rights & would support the spread of democracyof democracy
Righting Past WrongsRighting Past Wrongs
Hoping to Hoping to demonstrate that demonstrate that
his presidency was his presidency was opposed to self-opposed to self-
interested interested imperialism, imperialism,
Wilson took steps Wilson took steps to correct what he to correct what he viewed as wrongful viewed as wrongful policies of the pastpolicies of the past
RPW: The PhilippinesRPW: The Philippines
Wilson won passage of the Wilson won passage of the Jones Act Jones Act (1) granted full territorial (1) granted full territorial
statusstatus (2) guaranteed a bill of rights (2) guaranteed a bill of rights
& universal male suffrage& universal male suffrage (3) promised Philippine (3) promised Philippine
independence as soon as a independence as soon as a stable gov’t was in placestable gov’t was in place
RPW: Puerto RicoRPW: Puerto Rico
1917, an act in Congress granted US 1917, an act in Congress granted US citizenship to all inhabitants of PRcitizenship to all inhabitants of PR
Also, provided for limited self-Also, provided for limited self-governmentgovernment
RPW: The Panama CanalRPW: The Panama Canal
1914, persuaded Congress to repeal 1914, persuaded Congress to repeal an act that had granted US ships an an act that had granted US ships an exemption from paying the standard exemption from paying the standard canal tolls charged to other nationscanal tolls charged to other nations
Angered American nationalists like Angered American nationalists like Roosevelt, but please the BritishRoosevelt, but please the British
Military Intervention in Latin AmericanMilitary Intervention in Latin American
Wilson had a blind spot with respect to Wilson had a blind spot with respect to some of the countries in Central America some of the countries in Central America & the Caribbean& the Caribbean
Went far beyond TR & Taft in his use of Went far beyond TR & Taft in his use of US marines to straighten out financial & US marines to straighten out financial & political troublespolitical troubles• Kept marines in NicaraguaKept marines in Nicaragua• Ordered troops into Haiti (1915) & Dominican Ordered troops into Haiti (1915) & Dominican
Republic (1916)Republic (1916)• Argued was needed to maintain stability & Argued was needed to maintain stability &
protect the canalprotect the canal
Conflict in MexicoConflict in Mexico
Wilson’s moral approach was tested Wilson’s moral approach was tested by a revolution & civil war in Mexicoby a revolution & civil war in Mexico
1913, General Victoriano Huerta 1913, General Victoriano Huerta seized power byseized power byarranging toarranging toassassinate theassassinate thedemocraticallydemocraticallyelected presidentelected president
Tampico IncidentTampico Incident
Wilson asked for an arms embargo against the Mexican gov’t
Sent a fleet to blockade the port of Vera Cruz Sailors were arrested, then released Mexico refused to apologize War seemed imminent South America’s ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil,
Chile) offered to mediate FIRST dispute in the Americas to be settled
through joint mediation
Pancho VillaPancho Villa Huerta fell from power in late 1914Huerta fell from power in late 1914 Replaced by a more democratic regime led by Venustiano Replaced by a more democratic regime led by Venustiano
CarranzaCarranza Almost immediately, the new gov’t was challenged by a band of Almost immediately, the new gov’t was challenged by a band of
revolutionaries loyal to Pancho Villarevolutionaries loyal to Pancho Villa Hoping to destabilize his opponent’s go’vt, Villa led raids across Hoping to destabilize his opponent’s go’vt, Villa led raids across
the US/Mexican border & murdered people in both TX & NMthe US/Mexican border & murdered people in both TX & NM March 1916, Wilson ordered Pershing to pursue Villa into MexicoMarch 1916, Wilson ordered Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico
• Stayed in northern Mexico for months w/out capturing VillaStayed in northern Mexico for months w/out capturing Villa• Carranza grew tired of the American presence & protestedCarranza grew tired of the American presence & protested• January 1917, US withdrew troops due to the growing possibility of January 1917, US withdrew troops due to the growing possibility of
entering into WWIentering into WWI
CAUSES OF THE WAR –For Europe
IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM – individual
ethnic groups wanting their own nations
MILITARISM•Tensions high; an arms race &
war preparations began•Pre-war alliances for protection
by 1914
In 1871, Prussia had created the German In 1871, Prussia had created the German EmpireEmpire• Empire grew rapidlyEmpire grew rapidly• Transformed European politicsTransformed European politics• During creation, had attacked France for During creation, had attacked France for
more territorymore territory France & Germany would become immediate France & Germany would become immediate
enemiesenemies Germany signed alliances with Italy & Austria-Germany signed alliances with Italy & Austria-
HungaryHungary• Became known as the Became known as the Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
The Alliance SystemThe Alliance System
Russia feared the alliance with Austria-Hungary Russia feared the alliance with Austria-Hungary & Germany& Germany
France & Russia sign the Franco-Russian AllianceFrance & Russia sign the Franco-Russian Alliance Britain remain neutralBritain remain neutral Germany & Britain found themselves in the Germany & Britain found themselves in the
middle of a naval racemiddle of a naval race• Convinced Britain they needed a closer relationship Convinced Britain they needed a closer relationship
with Francewith France Although they never signed a formal agreement, Although they never signed a formal agreement,
there was a verbal understanding that Great there was a verbal understanding that Great Britain, France, & Russia were now alignedBritain, France, & Russia were now aligned• Nicknamed the Nicknamed the Triple EntenteTriple Entente
The Alliance SystemThe Alliance System
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance GermanyGermany Austria-HungryAustria-Hungry ItalyItaly
FranceFrance RussiaRussia BritainBritain
Alliance System Prior to WWIAlliance System Prior to WWI
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, age 19, part of the Black Hand in Sarajevo
Princip only wanted Bosnia to be part of Serbia and not the Austria-Hungary Empire
Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, and a tangled web of alliances = Everyone was ready for an excuse to go to war!
July 28, 1914 – Austria Hungry declares war on July 28, 1914 – Austria Hungry declares war on SerbiaSerbia• Russian troops begin to mobilize & even sent Russian troops begin to mobilize & even sent
them to the German borderthem to the German border August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on
RussiaRussia August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on
FranceFrance• Germany sends troops through neutral Germany sends troops through neutral
Belgium to reach French territoryBelgium to reach French territory Great Britain declares war on GermanyGreat Britain declares war on Germany
Declaration of WarDeclaration of War
Central PowersCentral Powers GermanyGermany Austria-HungryAustria-Hungry Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire BulgariaBulgaria
Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia ItalyItaly
Alliance System During WWIAlliance System During WWI
AlliesAllies
The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s first strike
strategy that called for a quick sweep through France knocking them out of the war so that they could concentrate on defeating Russia on the Eastern Front.
To do this had to invade neutral Belgium which brings Britain in the war
War tech bogs down fighting to stalemate, plan fails, Germany fights 2 front war
America’s Official America’s Official Position is:Position is:
NEUTRALITYNEUTRALITY Wilson a pacifistWilson a pacifist BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the
ALLIES:ALLIES: A common cultural background
with Great Britain Historical links with FranceHistorical links with France British surpass Germans with British surpass Germans with
propagandapropaganda
AMERICANECONOMICNEUTRALITY,WORLD WAR I
BRITISHBLOCKADEof trade with Central Powers
2.3 BILLIONTO ALLIES
German U-Boats (or German U-Boats (or Unterseeboot)Unterseeboot)• Created to get around British blockadeCreated to get around British blockade
1915, German announced they would sink w/out 1915, German announced they would sink w/out warning any ship found in British waterswarning any ship found in British waters• Violation of international treaty to protet civilian Violation of international treaty to protet civilian
vesselsvessels• Germans claimed that many merchant ships were Germans claimed that many merchant ships were
actually war boats in disguiseactually war boats in disguise Sinking of the Sinking of the LUSITANIALUSITANIA
• British passenger ship carrying American citizensBritish passenger ship carrying American citizens• Killed 1,200 people including 128 AmericansKilled 1,200 people including 128 Americans• American public saw this as terrorism, NOT warAmerican public saw this as terrorism, NOT war• Wilson’s response is a “slap on the hand”Wilson’s response is a “slap on the hand”
Sent diplomatic notes to German gov’tSent diplomatic notes to German gov’t
Military FactorsMilitary Factors
THE SUSSEX PLEDGE French passenger shipFrench passenger ship
• Sunk March 1916Sunk March 1916
•25 Americans dead25 Americans dead Wilson threatens to Wilson threatens to
break all diplomatic break all diplomatic relations with Germanyrelations with Germany
Germany agrees to Germany agrees to SUSSEX PLEDGESUSSEX PLEDGE
January 1917:January 1917:• Zimmerman TelegraphZimmerman Telegraph
Proposed that Mexico ally with Germany should US Proposed that Mexico ally with Germany should US go to wargo to war
Rewarded with lost territory in TX, NM, and AZRewarded with lost territory in TX, NM, and AZ
February 1, 1917:February 1, 1917:• Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUnrestricted Submarine Warfare
February 3 – March 21:February 3 – March 21:• Germany sinks 6 US merchant ships without Germany sinks 6 US merchant ships without
warningwarning April 6, 1917:April 6, 1917:
Causes of War: The United Causes of War: The United StatesStates
March 1917, riots breaking out in RussiaMarch 1917, riots breaking out in Russia Czar Nicholas II steps down from the throneCzar Nicholas II steps down from the throne Temporary gov’t stepped inTemporary gov’t stepped in
• Primarily moderatePrimarily moderate• Unable to handle the major problems, like food shortageUnable to handle the major problems, like food shortage
Bolsheviks – communist party groupBolsheviks – communist party group• Overthrew the temporary gov’tOverthrew the temporary gov’t• Puts Puts Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin in powerin power
Lenin pulls Russia out of war to concentrate on building Lenin pulls Russia out of war to concentrate on building communist statecommunist state• Germany now can focus on a one-front warGermany now can focus on a one-front war• Germany gained territory – Ukraine, Polish & Baltic territoriesGermany gained territory – Ukraine, Polish & Baltic territories
……and the Russians Leaveand the Russians Leave
SELLING THE WAR TO AMERICA:
CPI, Creel 4-Minute Men Patriotic songs – “Over There” Crusade: freedom & democracy PROPAGANDA!
MOBILIZATIONMOBILIZATION ““Mobilize” – preparing Mobilize” – preparing
troops and supplies troops and supplies and getting them to and getting them to warwar
Woefully inadequate Woefully inadequate troop numbertroop number• Approx. 2 million Approx. 2 million
volunteersvolunteers Selective Service Act Selective Service Act
is instituted:is instituted:• the Draft the Draft
(conscription)(conscription)• included ages 18-45included ages 18-45• Established local draft Established local draft
boards throughout US boards throughout US • Approx 2.8 million Approx 2.8 million
drafteddrafted
MOBILIZATIONMOBILIZATION War Industries Board to War Industries Board to
direct industrial mobilizationdirect industrial mobilization RR Administration; Fuel RR Administration; Fuel
Administration & daylight Administration & daylight savings timesavings time
Food Administration – Food Administration – HooverHoover• Wheatless WednesdaysWheatless Wednesdays• Victory GardensVictory Gardens
A major change in the A major change in the relationship between gov’t relationship between gov’t and business!and business!
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITIES & WOMEN
Wages up, but so is cost of living Women:
• new opportunities in both factories & farms, but short-lived
• Do get suffrage finally! Blacks: the “Great Migration”
• 500,000 move to North 1914 to 1919
• Leads to brutal race riots in N (Chicago – 1917, 9 whites, 40 blacks dead)
• BUT, do see economic improvement
• In military, serve in segregated units
MINORITIES IN THE MINORITIES IN THE MILITARYMILITARY
Blacks:Blacks: • In military, serve in segregated unitsIn military, serve in segregated units• NOT allowed in MarinesNOT allowed in Marines• Manual labor in Army, etc.Manual labor in Army, etc.• Approx. 400,000 servedApprox. 400,000 served
Women:Women:• First war that women couldFirst war that women could
serve in militaryserve in military• No combat dutyNo combat duty
Native AmericansNative Americans• Approx. 15,000 servedApprox. 15,000 served• Non-segregated unitsNon-segregated units• Scouts, messengers, & snipersScouts, messengers, & snipers