World War 2 1939-1945. Essential Questions Trace Japans rise to power and its justifications for...
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Transcript of World War 2 1939-1945. Essential Questions Trace Japans rise to power and its justifications for...
World War 21939-1945
Essential Questions Trace Japan’s rise to power and its
justifications for igniting war with the U.S.
Identify the “lessons learned” by the Germans after W. W. 1
Identify 3 turning-point battles & their significance.
Discuss the significance of the Yalta Conference & its possible impact on the post-war world.
B 17
How to maximize the limited military allowed by Versailles?
How to prevent another British blockade?
How to make the Schieffen Plan work this time?
Benito MussoliniIl Duce > the leader Founder of fascism Used thugs [“Black-
shirts”] to rise to power
Outlawed other political parties Created dictatorship
Controls Ethiopia> despite fierce fighting
Adolph Hitler Der Fuhrer> the leader
Opposed Treaty of Versailles Joined the National Socialist
German Workers party or Nazi party
Autobiography “Mein Kampf “ (My struggle) while in prison. Outlined his future plans
for Germany
Hitler Blamed Jews for Germany’s
economic problems [scapegoats] Military expansion
Rhineland – Austria – Sudetenland – Poland – Denmark – Norway – Belgium
All of Eastern Europe Racism: Pure Aryan race>
remove undesirables.
German Expansion
Appeasement
Munich Conference: 1938 Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia
Hitler threatened:PolandFranceBritain Russian German Non-Aggression Pact
German Expansion
European Aggression
ItalyMussolini > fascism
Conquered Ethiopia
Intervened in Spanish Civil War
Germany Hitler > Nazi-
fascism Anti: Treaty –
communist – Jewish – liberal
Withdrew from League
Remilitarized Annexed:
Austria Sudetenland
Axis PowersAn Axis between Rome
and BerlinTriple Pact [when joined by Japan]
Alliance between Germany and Italy
ROME / BERLINROME / BERLINAXISAXIS
Let the Show Begin > Poland Preemptive strike
Unprovoked attack Poland falls in one month
Nazi-Soviet Pact Soviets move
into Eastern Poland pre-established
border Battle of the Atlantic
[submarine warfare]
Blitzkrieg German tactic: “lightening war”. Rapid mobility of
troops and equipment Use of tanks, artillery,
Stuka dive bombers Savage attacks by the
Germans against Poland, Belgium, and France.
Germany At War BLITZKREIG
Lightening War Mobile warfare Massive fast movement of tanks Supported by mobile artillery Terror bombing of cities
Stuka Dive bomber
Junkers Ju.87 Dive Bomber "Stuka"
Germany vs. Western Allies Germany conquers:
Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands
Poland September 1939
France: fell June 1940
Balkans & N. Africa by 1941 Battle of El Alamein
Fall of France
Vichy
Allies
Great Britain> alone since France fell
Joined later by the U.S. and Soviet Union
Continued Fear
FDR’s plan -provide help without becoming actively involved.
Lend-Lease Act authorized the President to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security.
Atlantic CharterAuthored by Roosevelt and Winston Churchill> Post-war plan
Formed the basis for the United Nations
Operation Barbarossa [Eastern Front] German invasion of U.S.S.R. [1941]
Stalin employed ‘scorched earth’ policy Stalin tactic = ‘human wave’ Stalin’s greatest allies = Generals Jan. & Feb.U.S. Lend-Lease
Feeds Soviets [spam] [gives] Studebaker trucks
Turning Point > Soviet victory at Stalingrad
Frederick Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa
Fortress Europe
Occupation Exploitation
Japanese & Germans
Pillaged wealth Employed slave
labor in war industries
Collaboration For personal gain Anti-communists Waffen SS
Resistance Most occupied
lands France –
Denmark – Russian – Poland
Employed: sabotage
Caused: Brutal reprisals
Battle of Britain air attacks Blitz Killed 40,000 civilians Germans lose Thus unable to mount invasion British have radar & ‘break’
Enigma
Battle of Britain Hitler sought to force Britain to surrender.
Massive air assault on Britain civilian targets
Saved by radar heroics of the
R.A.F ENIGMA
Spitfire
Battle of the Atlantic Attempt to keep German
submarines from Britain Convoy System
American warships served as escorts. Germans countered with attacks
on merchant ships. German tactics> wolf packs.
YearShips lost by U-boat
Ships lost all enemy
causes
No. of Crew*
Lost by u-boat
No. of Crew*
Lost all causes
1939 50 95 260 495
1940 225 511 3,375 5,622
1941 288 568 5,632 7,838
1942 452 590 8,413 9,736
1943 203 266 3,826 4,606
1944 67 102 1,163 1,512
1945 30 45 229 323
Total 1,315 2,177 22,898 30,132
Battle of the Atlantic
U.S. Maritime Service Veterans: http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html
Murmansk Convoy Run
Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad
TURNING POINT IN EUROPE Soviet forces used “natural
resources” (cold weather) to counter attack the Germany army.
Soviet forces began to regain the territory lost to the Germans.
Red Army Counter-Offensive
North Africa Operation Torch> Allied invasion of
North Africa Battle of El Alamein> TURNING POINT
> prevented Nazi gaining control of Suez Canal
Al Alamein
Italy Operation Sea Lion Allied troops threatened Italy,
and its new government surrendered
Germans continued fighting against the allies
P 51 Mustang
Allied Victory on Western Front
Carpet Bombing round the clock
bombing of German cities
Dresden > 135,000 K
RAF by night USAF by day
Invasion Normandy D-Day June 6, 1944 VE DAY Unconditiona
l surrender May 8,
1945
D-Day Operation Overlord> June 6, 1944>
largest landing by sea in history. D-Day> code name for the day the
invasion began.
Battle of the Bulge Nazi counterattack in Belgium
and Luxembourg Dec. 1944. Pushed back American forces Largest battle
in W. Europe
RAF Retaliation
Civilian Targets “Collateral Damage?”
Axis Bombing: Blitz on Britain
40 k casualties
V1 & V2 > 1st ICBM
V2 > silent terror
Britain Dresden
135K> casualties U.S.
Firebomb Tokyo 100 K casualties 1 M homeless
Atomic Bombs 200 K killed
". . . the power of the atomic bomb is beyond belief . . ."
Nagasaki Prefecture Report
B 17
Carpet Bombing
Originally used by Germans in Battle of Britain
Royal Air Force (RAF) & U.S. Army Air Corps against Germany in which large numbers of bombs were scattered over a wide area.
German cities suffered heavy damages
Carpet Bombing Dresden 135K
Britain 40 K killed
Dresden
Wannsee Protocol
Holocaust: GenocideNazis systematically took away
the individual rights of Jews.Nazi “Final Solution” to the
Jewish Problem: Wannsee Conference.
Concentration camps and death camps
Holocaust
Wannsee Conference [January 20, 1942]
“Final Solution” At first Nazis
encouraged Jewish emigration SS Einsatzguppen [death squads]
Deported European Jews to camps [East] Auschwitz > 1 M killed
Heinrich Himmler
Adolph Eichmann
Heidrich
Final Solution
Camps
Jewish Resistance
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 60 K fought final liquidation of ghetto Raised ‘Star of David’ flag over ghetto Could not win 5.7 M exterminated in Holocaust
V-E DayVictory in Europe May 8,
1945German Surrendered> Hitler
commits suicide
V-E Day Victory in Europe Day Germany surrendered
May 8, 1945 War continued with Japan
Japanese Expansion Japanese Militarists Invasion: China Manchuria /
Manchuko Asia for Japan Withdrew from
League of Nations Triple Pact
Occupation of China
Terror bombing Rape of
Nanjing CCP/Guomindang Guerrilla war
Comfort Women
“Comfort Women” 300K Forced by
Japanese to work in brothels
80% from Korea Serviced 20-30 men
daily Massacred by soldiers Survivors
suffer deep shame
Manchukou
Japanese Aggression [Reasons?] Lack of raw materials for their
industries Saw the growth and expansion of other
nations. Japan seized Manchuria (Northern
China) Dominated most of eastern China Sought to gain all of Asia & Australia
American Response FDR began a naval build up > moved
American Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor
Remain neutral towards Asia Stay out of world affairs Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed Britain and
France to purchase weapons and transport of weapons.
Pearl Harbor Japan wanted French
colonies in Indochina US knew Japan was
making plans. Japanese air attack
on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
December 7 “ a day that will live in infamy”
Zero [Mitsubishi]
Pacific Action
Propaganda
GI’s and the Armed Forces
Government Issue> term American soldiers gave themselves. G.I.
Mexican Americans, Native Americans, African Americans and Japanese Americans (segregated)
WASPs (Women Air Force Service Pilots) WAVEs (Women Accepted for Volunteer
Emergency Services. (naval aviation)
Women & WarFour Roles
U.S. & Britain .5M G.B 350 K U.S. Forbidden combat
Soviet & Chinese Both used in combat
roles War Industries
All utilized in industry
Axis Occupation
Japan:“Puppet” Govt.s
Manchuria – China – Burma – Philippines
Direct ControlIndochina – Malaya – Dutch East Indies – Hong Kong
Germany: West &
Northern Europe > maintained autonomy
Eastern Europe & Balkans > direct military cont.
Why?
China
Japanese Expansion
The War in the Pacific Bataan Death March> Filipino and
American prisoners of war- marched to a railroad. Interred in prison camps. Unknown to Americans until 3 years later.
Battle of the Coral Sea: first naval combat carried out by aircraft.
Coral Sea was a strategic loss for Japan > could not invade Australia
Battle Coral Sea
More Pacific Action
Island Hopping: U.S. strategy to regain all islands occupied by Japan
Battle of Midway: fought entirely in the air.
Midway [TURNING POINT]> U.S. carrier based planes sunk 4 Japanese aircraft carriers > deprives them of the naval power need to win the war.
Battle of Midway
Manhattan Project
Code name for the project that was developing the atomic bomb.
Bomb was field tested in New Mexico
Top Secret VP didn’t even know
Oppenheimer remarked that when seeing the first text explosion of the atomic bomb he was reminded of a passage from the Hindu sacred text the Bhagavad Gita: "I am become death, destroyer of worlds"
Be Careful What You Start Pearl Harbor Hiroshima/
Nagasaki
Hiroshima Statistics
Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population
0 -1.0 86% 10% 31,200
1.0 - 2.5 27% 37% 144,800
2.5 - 5.0 2% 25% 80,300
Total 27% 30% 256,300
Nagasaki
Nagasaki Statistics
Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population
0 - 1.0 88% 6% 30,900
1.0 - 2.5 34% 29% 144,800
2.5 - 5.0 11% 10% 115,200
Total 22% 12% 173,800
War in the Pacific [Overview] Onset:
U.S. oil embargo Pearl Harbor [12/7/41]
Japanese victories: enormous territory
U.S. recovery ‘island hopping’ Magic Turning Point: Midway
War in the Pacific Japanese desperation:
Kamikaze U.S. tactics:
saturation bombing Atomic bombs
Hiroshima & Nagasaki Soviets declare war
get N.Korea Japanese surrender 8/15/45 VJ Day
V-J Day
Victory in Japan DayJapanese surrendered after the two bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The War is officially over.
VJ DAY
Conferences
Teheran [1943] Europe first policy
Yalta [1945] Division of Germany &
Soviets in Pacific Potsdam [1945]
Division of Austria & Red Army occupation
Yalta Conference
Split Germany into 4 zones>Berlin in Soviet zone/split among the 4
[U.S. – G.B. – U.S.S.R.- France]
Churchill (G. Britain), Roosevelt (U.S), and Stalin (U.S.S.R.)>
Stalin did not honor all agreements. Poland is central to this issue
Free or communist?
Yalta
Potsdam
George Marshall Top American general
& Roosevelt’s Army Chief of Staff. Launched a massive effort to rebuild
post war Europe. Authored the Marshall Plan Received a Nobel Peace Prize
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/
The Biggest Smart Ever!!!
New York: German Information Center, 1973, pp. 46-47. General Collections.Used by permission of the German Information Center.All rights reserved. (13)
Enduring Questions Why did the U.S. and U.S.S.R. become
adversaries for world dominance? What impact did their rivalry have on
developing nations and other nations in the world?
Why do historians view W.W.2 as the impetus for the assent of the U.S. as the preeminent power in the world?
