World Trade Park

8/2/2019 World Trade Park

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INTRODUCTION:

WTP is an extraordinary, innovative project that would enable India to deal wit

he world on even grounds. It would also allow International Buyers and Investors to re

Rajasthan and come in close contact with each other. WTP would provide International

Business facilities under one roof, thus, making it a focal point of world trade in South A

nd making Jaipur, the International Trade Capital of the Country.

WTP would be open to all, irrespective of the industry they belong to.

Gems and Jewellery Handicrafts and Textiles

Banking and Insurance sectors Men/Women apparel Kids zone Bridal wear BPO sectors Consultancy, etc

The World Trade Park, announced by R.F. Properties, will

e built in the heart of the city.The foundation stone for the World Trade Park, ausiness- cum-shopping centre was laid in 2005.

It will have offices, a convention centre,

etail outlets, exhibition halls, a five-star hotel, a multiplex, trade lobbies, an art

allery and a "computer-controlled" parking for 1,100 vehicles, park will be builtn a 20,000 sq yard sitewhich would be built on over 700,000 square feet ofrea.


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This building would have lots of attractive facilities:

Buyer's embassy of1.50 lacs sqft of exhibition hall. 1500 persons Auditorium and Convention Center. Electronic Trading Facilities of Stocks and Export Enquiries. Corporate office, rather serviced offices. Five Star Luxury Facility Hotel. Retail Showrooms of International and National Brands. Food Court with cuisines from 15 countries. Physical Fitness and Health Club. Club Lounge & 2 Screen multiplex. Trade Lobbies & Art Gallery and Museum. 1100 Computerized Car Parking System Associate WTP trade offices in London, Paris, New York, Italy

and Germany, shortly.

Computer Controlled Building Management System (BMS). Building Support System (BSS). World Trade Park will be an eco-friendly building with water

conservation techniques, energy conservation techniques and

automatic sensors for power saving, centrally air-conditioned,

Wireless LAN and IT friendly environment.


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Architectural Brilliance:

It will have 32 escalators and 28 high speed lifts. Separate freight and service elevators. 1000 ft long metal arm structure with brushed stainless steel

conceived as roots of trade tower.

Underwater Restaurant. Club Cars for pickup. Travellators. A floating executive lounge and business center. Two large lobbies of10,000 sqft. 400 sqft of occupants would enjoy facilities of more than 4000 sqft

of business facility.

Quotes from famous souls:

Anoop Bartaria, chairman of the WTP

World Trade Park is destined to be the icon of the Indian Real Estate.

Apart from being the most Advanced Building it will be the platform for

the people to grow leaps and bound in their businesses. I and my team

will leave no stones unturned to fulfill the aspirations and set standards

for the world to follow.

Shahrukh Khan, Cine star

World trade park would be an ideal destination for international events

and I wish to come here again and again.


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EXPANSION JOINTS:

When a building experiences earthquake vibrations its foundation will move back

and forth with the ground. These vibrations can be quite intense, creating stresses a

deformation throughout the structure making the upper edges of the building swing

from a few mm to many inches dependent on their height size and mass. This is

uniformly applicable for buildings of all heights, whether single storeyed or multi-

storeyed in high-risk earthquake zones.

A building needs to be slightly flexible and also have

components, which can withstand or counter the stresses caused in various parts of

the building due to horizontal movements caused by earthquakes.

Thus the structure in which such marked changes in dimensions takes place abrup

shall be provided with expansion on joints at the section where such changes occur

Expansion joints shall be so provided that necessary Movement occurs with a

minimum resistance at the joints.

DETAILS REQUIRED FOR EXPANSION JOINTS:

The details as to the length of structure where expansion joints have to be provide

can be determined after taking into consideration various factors, such as

temperature, exposure to weather, the time and the season of the laying of concrete

etc. Normally structures exceeding 45m in length are designed with one or morexpansion joints, however in view of large number of factors involved in deciding

the locations, spacing and nature of expansion joints, the provision of expansion

joints in reinforced cement concrete structures should be left to the discretion of


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designer. Bureau Of Indian Standards clearly gives in its code IS 4326 that a

Separation Section is to be provided between buildings. Separation Section is defin

as `A gap of specified width between adjacent buildings or parts of the same

building, either left uncovered or covered suitably to permit movement in orde

to avoid hammering due to earthquake `. Further it states that ` For buildingsheight greater than 40 meters, it will be desirable to carry out model or dynam

analysis of the structures in order to compute the drift at each storey, and the

gap width between the adjoining structures shall not be less than the sum of

their dynamic deflections at any level.`

Thus it is advised to provide adequate gap between twobuildings greater than the sum of the expected bending of both the

buildings at their top, so that they have enough space to vibrate.

In the case of high-rise multi storeyed residential and

commercial complexes expansion joints are provided when the length of

the building exceeds a length specified by code.

This expansion joint is provided for relieving

stresses caused due to expansion or contraction of construction materialowing to temperature changes. At this point the buildings are totally

separated and a gap of 1 to 2" is provided which is filled with a flexible

material. However this is causing a major problem i.e. the deflection of

these independent buildings during earthquake is much more in high rise

buildings than the expansion joint and since at this point these buildings

are separate and of varying size they would swing and hammer with

each other and weaken the buildings. Structural components around the

expansion joint would be severely damaged and there shall be a chainreaction of forces in the total structure for which the structure has not

been designed.


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Landscaping:

DEFINATION :

Landscaping is both science and art, and requires good observation and

design skills. A good landscaper understands the elements of nature andconstruction, and blends them accordingly.

A sustainable landscape is designed to be both attractive and in balance

with the local climate and environment and it should require minimal

resource inputs.

Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor and public spaces toachieve environmental, socio-behavioral, and/or aesthetic outcomes. It

involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, andgeological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of

interventions .

Landscape engineering or landscaping is the application ofmathematics and science to shape land and waterscapes. It can also be

described as green engineering, but the design professionals best known

for landscape engineering are landscape architects.

Landscape engineering builds on the engineering strengths of declaring

goals, determining initial conditions, iteratively designing, predicting

performance based on knowledge of the design, monitoring

performance, and adjusting designs to meet the declared goals. It builds

on the strengths and history of reclamation practice

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an

area of land, including:

1.gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal ofcreating a beautiful environment within the landscape.

2.natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation,or bodies of water;
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3.human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or othermaterial objects created and/or installed by humans

LANDSCAP CONTRACTORS:

Landscape Contractors use various tools and machinery to construct agarden, including large equipment.Landscape Contracting is: a

profession that involves the art and technology oflandscapeandgarden

project planning,construction. Landscape contractors work in

collaboration withclients,landscape designers,landscape architects,

Garden designers,architects, generalcontractors,artisans, specialty

constructiontrades,plant nurserygrowers, and municipalbuilding

inspectors, and trade supply stores and manufacturer.

Contractor at world trade park : raghuveer singh

FACTORS AFFECTING:

Factors in designing include objective qualities; such as the climate and

microclimates; topography and orientation, site drainage and

groundwater recharge; municipal and resource building codes, soils and

irrigation, human and vehicular access and circulation, recreational

amenities (ie: sports and water), furnishings and lighting,native plant

habitat botany when present, property safety and security,construction

detailing, and other measurable considerations

LANDSCAPING AT WORLD TRADE PARK:World trade park is a good example of landscaping . Landscaping is

being done at in the rear and back side of world trade park .This

landscaping includes construction of guard room for parking ticket

facility in basement, fountain ,outside parking, gardening etc.
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Chamber at rear side

Ticket checking counter for basement parking


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CONSTRUCTION OF LANDSCAPING :Construction of landscaping includes following steps :

EXCAVATION OF SAND :Excavation of sand is being according to given layout by architect of

landscaping structure.If the sand is more compacted or not easy in

excavation it should be made wet by using water for atleast 3 to 4

hours .The excavation of sand should be more wide than the given

layout for soling and plain cement concrete .

SOLING :

Soling is generally used for providing a firm base to plain cementconcrete . It is essential component of foundation .Soling is made by

using stones in which small stones are inserted to provide key joints. In

soling generally we use stones of height 9 inches .

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE :

Concrete is acompositeconstruction material composed ofcement

(commonlyPortland cement) and other cementitious materials such as

fly ashandslag cement,aggregate(generally a coarse aggregate made ofgravels or crushed rocks such aslimestone, orgranite, plus a fine

aggregate such assand),water, andchemicaladmixtures.

Plain cement concrete is laid down on soling which is used to tie all

stones used in soling and for providing a plain surface .Plain cement

concrete is made by cement , sand and concrete ( 1 part cement ,3 part

sand ,6coarse aggregate ).Plain cement concrete generally have strength

of M10 or M15

BRICK WORK :

Brickwork ismasonryproduced by abricklayer, usingbricksandmortar

to build up brick structures such aswalls.

Solidbrickworkis made of two or more layers of bricks with the units

running horizontally (called stretcherbricks) bound together with bricks
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runningtransverseto the wall (called "header" bricks). Each row of

bricks is known as a course. The pattern of headers and stretchers

employed gives rise to different bonds such as the common bond (with

every sixth course composed of headers), the English bond, and the

Flemish bond (with alternating stretcher and header bricks present on

every course).

Brick masonary is made on plain cement concrete according to givendesign ,shape and layout . It may be half brick or full brick wall

accroding to requirement of object being made by brick masonary .

In brick masonary as a binder we use mortar .Mortar is a mixture of

sandandPortland cement, mixed with water to a workable consistency.

It is applied with a bricklayer's trowel, and sets solid in a few hours.

There are many different mixes and admixtures used to make mortars

with different performance . Mortar is made by cement and sand in the

ratio 1 part cemet , 6 part sand which is used in thickness of 2 cm .
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PLASTER:

Plaster is a building material similar tomortarorcement. Like those

materials, plaster starts as a dry powder that is mixed with water to form

a paste which liberates heat and then hardens. Unlikemortarandcement,

plaster remains quite soft after setting, and can be easily manipulated

with metal tools or evensandpaper. These characteristics make plaster

suitable for a finishing, rather than a load-bearing material.

On the brick masonary wall plaster is made of mortor ( 1 part cement , 4

part sand )for half brick wall and of mortor (1 part cement ,6 part sand )

for 1 brick wall .

WATER PROOFING:

Water proofing is made for those landscaping objects in which water is

used like fountain etc.Water poofing is made by spray of crystallization product called

protekta base with low pressure pump followed by water curing for 2 to

3 times at interval of 2 hrs

CURING :

Curing should be done after massonary construction and after plaster for

atleast 7 days this increase the strength of structure.

TOOLS USED :
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MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LANDSCAPING :

WATER :

Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement

paste by the process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate

together, fills voids within it, and allows it to flow more freely.

Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more

durable concrete; more water will give an freer-flowing concrete with a

higherslump. Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems

when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.

SAND:

Generally sand used for construction work is sand obtained by sea

or river shores . it shoud be dry and free from stones and any type of

impurities .

In plaster work sand should be used after seiving.

AGGREGATE:Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete

mixture.Sand, natural gravel andcrushed stoneare mainly used for this

purpose. Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition and

excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacements of

natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates,
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including air-cooledblast furnaceslag andbottom ashare also

permitted.

Decorative stones such asquartzite, small river

stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete

for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish, popular among landscape

designers.

STONES:

Good quality stones from the nearby query should be used . They should

be strong and hard .

BRICKS:

Modular brick :

Face Dimension 228x115 mm Thickness 75 mm Mortar Joint 3/8"

Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of thebrick exposed on the outer face of a wall.

Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed. Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side

exposed.

Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed. Rowlock: a brick laid on the long, narrow side with the small or

"header" side exposed.

Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad sideexposed .
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BRICK TYPES :

There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and

wire cut. Pressed bricks usually have a deep frog in one bedding surface

and a shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4 holes

through them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick.

Some perforated bricks have many smaller holes.

CEMENT :

Portland cementis the most common type of cement in

general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete,mortar, andplaster.

English masonry workerJoseph Aspdinpatented Portland cement in

1824; it was named because of its similarity in colour toPortland

limestone, quarried from the EnglishIsle of Portlandand used

extensively inLondonarchitecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of

calcium,siliconandaluminium. Portland cement and similar materialsare made by heatinglimestone(a source of calcium) with clay, and

grinding this product (calledclinker) with a source ofsulfate(most

commonlygypsum).
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SLAB CASTING:

LOCATION AT WTP:

A1 rear side

MATERIAL:

All materials of construction like cement, aggregate, sand, water etc

and reinforcement of proper sizes.

REINFORCEMENT:

Strength deformed bars of grade Fe:415 conforming to IS code.

Sizes used here are16mm dia bars at the top of beam and 25mm dia bars

at the bottom of the beams. 8mm dia bars are used as stirrups(rings at a

distance of 125mm)

GRADE OF CONCRETE:

Grade of concrete used shall be M25 conforming to IS456.

Since the load account over this slab is negligible, therefore, we use

M25 (1:1:2) and no preliminary test is required for this.

WATER-CEMENT RATIO:

Proper water-cement ratio shall be allowed to obtain better slump

& workability.


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Actual ratio shall be decided with approval of the Engineer-in-charge.

Only measured quantity of water shall be used in the mix.

MIXING OF CONCRETEThe machine used for mixing concrete is known as mechanical concrete

mixer. For this slab construction we use drum mixer which consist of a

revolving drum with blades inside it. All the materials of the desired

proportioned mix are fed ino the hopper of the drum and then drum is

being rotated at a particular speed until we get uniform mix.

PROCEDURE:

Firstly, proper shuttering (temporary supporting structure) is

required for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets matured. We use

steel shuttering in slab work and decking consists of plywood or timber

planks. Beam formwork is fabricated on ground level first and thenhoisted and placed in position with the slab form above in order to make

the top leveled.

After shuttering, steel reinforcement is provided at the bottom to resist

the tensile forces as per designed by engineer. This slab is provided

continuous over the beams monolithically. A few bottom steel bars are

bent up to the top at the supports. Longitudinal bars are provided along

the length of the slab to take up temperature stresses at a distance of 10

mm.


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Transversal bars are provided above this at a distance of 8 mm. After

this, these bars are tied up at each joint by thin wires & hence it is two

way slab since reinforcement is provided in both the directions.

The concreting of slabs and beams is done

simultaneously after fixing the designed reinforcement in position anderecting the formwork. Before pouring concrete, the shuttering and

reinforcement should be thoroughly checked for desirable qualities and

shutters are well-watered. The slab is concreted in one operation for the

full depth and to achieve uniform thickness.

Compaction of concrete should be

started immediately after placing it in position and its purpose is to

eliminate the air bubbles and to achieve high density. This will ensure

higher strength. In this slab construction we had done hand compaction

carried out with rods. This will required high water cement ratio.

Finally, curing of concrete and removal of form work

should be carried out carefully.The top surface is kept rough to create proper bond with any type of

floor finish desired.


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VACUUM DEWATERING CONCRETE

SYSTEMThe primary purpose of vacuum process of dewatering is to lower the

original water-cement ratio in the concreteand thus, facilitate quicker

setting and high early strength.

Lowered water-cement ratio automatically leads to a noticeable

improvement in almost each of the concrete properties.

Vacuum dewatering process removes surplus water always present in the

concrete. This is done using the Vacuum Equipment comprising of

Suction Mat Top Cover, Filter pads and Vacuum Pump. The process

starts immediately after surface vibration.

Specifications for VDC:

1.Material:All materials of construction like cement, aggregate, sand,

water etc.

2.GRADE OF CONCRETE:Minimum grade of concrete used shall be M15 conforming to IS-

456. Only Design Mix Concrete shall be used. For other details

like proportioning, batching, mixing, placing, curing etc.

3.WATER-CEMENT RATIO:Water-cement ratio upto 0.65 shall be allowed to obtain better

slump & workability.

Actual ratio shall be decided with approval of the Engineer-in

charge. Only measured quantity of water shall be used in the mix.


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4.CONCRETE LAYING:Concrete laying pattern shall be decided in consultation with the

Engineer-in-Charge and with his approval. The maximum width of

a slab strip shall not generally exceed 4 meters and minimum

number of construction joints shall be used. Alternate slab stripsshall be sequentially laid. Any damage to the already finished top

surface shall be avoided. At construction joints no overflow of

mortal or slurry on the already hardened surface shall be allowed

while concreting the intermediate slab strip. Such construction

joints shall be marked with a thread in a straight line while the

concrete is still green. Continuity of reinforcement shall be

maintained while laying concrete in slab strips. Edges at expansion

joints shall be protected and proper arrangement of shear-transfer

shall be provided standard

5.DOUBLE BEAM SCREED BOARD VIBRATOR:Screed vibrator is used for the leveling as well compaction ofconcrete it consists of high quality steel bar (4.2 meter) with

spacing of 250 MM in between. Special water protective vibrator

motor is mounted in the center which produces 1830 N centrifugal

force which is most ideal for compaction of green concrete. They


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are also available in different sizes from 2 meter to 5.5 meter.

6.VACUUM PUMP:This is the core of the system. A continuous discharge vacuum

pump is complete self contained unit. The unit is mounted on a

transportation trolley, 24 sq. meter freshly laid concrete can be De-

watered in one single operation with one set mat. The pump is

powered by 7.5 H.P. 3 Phase electric motor.

7.FILTER, SUCTION AND TOP MAT:Suction mat is placed directly on the green concrete after vi bro

screed operation is over. A Special high class nylon filter is fixed

on plastic mats which acts a filter during the vacuum operation


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filter mats in different sizes are provided with the system, Top mat

is provided the junction box and is De-watering placed on top of

filter mat for the purpose of sealing special synthetic cloth is used

in the top mat it comes in standard sizes of 4x6 meter.

8.POWER FLOATER:It is surface grinding equipment powered by 3 H.P. Electric motor

through gear box with floating RPM of 130. It grinds the surface to

make it wear resistance.

9.POWER TROWEL:


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It is surface finishing equipments powered by 3H.P. electric motor

through gear box troweling RPM of 135. It polishes the surface

after floating operation and 3 to 4 passes are required for giving

fine finish to the floor.

10. CURING:However, all care shall be taken to avoid any stain any permanent

stain on the surface. Any stain or permanent marking on the top

surface shall be removed by approved means.

11. APPROACH WORKING PLATFORM & FORM WORK:The Contractor shall arrange all arrange all approaches,

scaffolding, working platforms etc. for carrying out the entire

operation safely and in a work-man-like manner. The working area

shall be nearly maintained and all the facilities required by the

Engineer-in-Charge for proper supervision of the work shall be

provided.

12.

TESTING OF FINISHED FLOOR:Contractor shall arrange for core cutting and testing of finished

concrete over and above other field tests. Cores shall be taken after

28 days of concreting and tested as per relevant IS Codes. Core test

results shall be compared with the normal cube test results taken

from the same concrete. The average compressive strength of cores

shall be minimum 40% higher than that of normal cube (15cm x

15cm x 15xm) test results. Minimum three cores for each day's

work in the initial stages and as decided later by the Engineer-in-

Charge shall be taken. The floor shall be properly rectified after


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cutting the cores with concrete of same mix using the same cement

as earlier used and finished smoothly to match with the existing

surface. The cut surface of the floor-concrete shall be coated with

proper epoxy-based bonding compound before laying concrete to

avoid shrinkage cracks or, alternatively, a non-shrink compoundshall be added with concrete. Contact us for buying the vacuum

dewatering set.

Precautions while laying VDC:

FORM WORKConstruction of floor begins with careful preparation. Before

casting MS Channel are generally used us form works. They act as

a stopper, also as support for pulling the screed board vibrator.

SCREED VIBRATION (SWISS VACUUM DE-WATERINGPROCESS START)

Needle vibration never gives a nearly level surface, but when this

type of vibration is combined with screed vibration the concrete

surface becomes level and smooth screed vibration insures over all

compaction of concrete.

VACUUM PROCESSThe surplus water is extracted out of the concrete by the vacuum

pump. Vacuum De-watering lowers the water ratio in the concrete

by 15-25% which meres as the compressive strength and wear

resistance of the concrete. Vacuum process takes only 5 minute per

inch thickness of the concrete slab. The Concrete is driven and


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compacted so tightly that a man can walk on the fresh concrete

directly after it is vacuum treated.

FLOATINGThe floating operation takes place immediately after the vacuum

De-watering & after mixing and grinding of cement takes place.The Cement particles are split apart and mixed with the sand

particles which gives a very strong and wear resistance surface.

TROWELINGIn order to further improve the wear resistance and fine finish, the

concrete surface is power troweled.

STORAGE

Storage of materials itself has important role. Various points should be

kept in mind:

Materials should be stored with utmost care.

Glass should be stored in casings. Cements should be stored in building or a godown in which the

walls, roof and floor are not completely weatherproof.

Reinforcement are arranged in a manner without rusting.


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SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING:

DEFINITION

The term SHUTTERING or FORMWORK includes all forms,

moulds, sheeting, shuttering planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards,

leizers, V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties, prights, walling steel rods,

bolts, wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during

the process of sheeting.

FORM WORK

Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is

placed, so that it will have the desired shape or outline when hardened.Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the forms are removed.

Forms are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel,

etc.

Generally camber is provided in the formwork for horizontal members

to counteract the effect of deflection caused due to the weight of

reinforcement and concrete placed over that. A proper lubrication of

shuttering plates is also done before the placement of reinforcement.


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CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMS

All rubbish, particularly chippings, shavings and saw dust, was removed

from the interior of the forms (steel) before the concrete is placed. The

form work in contact with the concrete was cleaned and thoroughly

wetted or treated with an approved composition to prevent adhesionbetween form work and concrete. Care was taken that such approved

composition is kept out of contact with the reinforcement.

DESIGN

The form-work should be designed and constructed such that the

concrete can be properly placed and thoroughly compacted to obtain the

required shape, position, and levels subject.

ERECTION OF FORMWORK

The following applies to all formwork:

a) Care should be taken that all formwork is set to plumb and true to line

and level.

b) If formwork is held together by bolts or wires, these should be sofixed that no iron is exposed on surface against which concrete is to be

laid.

c) Formwork is so arranged as to permit removal of forms without

jarring the concrete.

Wedges, clamps, and bolts should be used where practicable instead of

nails.

d) The oil film sandwiched between concrete and formwork surface not

only helps in easy removal of shuttering but also prevents loss of


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moisture from the concrete through absorption and evaporation. The use

of oil, which darkens the surface of the concrete, is not allowed.

Oiling is done before reinforcement is placed and care taken that no oil

comes in contact with the reinforcement while it is placed in position.

The formwork is kept thoroughly wet during concreting and the wholetime that it is left in place.

VERTICALITY OF THE STUCTURE

All the outer columns of the frame were checked for plumb by plumb-

bob as the work proceeds to upper floors. Internal columns were

checked by taking

measurements from outer row of columns for their exact position. Jack

were used to lift the supporting rods called props.

Props:

Props come in a range of sizes, and they all have a course adjustment by

placing a steel pin in one of a series of holes. The fine adjustment is via

a threaded end and collar. The threads a square cut and design for loadbearing and easy cleaning.

At the bottom here is a photo of a rather rusty Acrow prop's adjustment

collar. The swivel bar is used to lift the prop when there is no load and

usually when the lifting gets harder or when stripping the formwork then

the collar usually gets belted loose with a hammer.


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STRIPPING TIME OR REMOVAL OF FORMWORK

Forms were not struck until the concrete has attained a strength at least

twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of

removal of form work.

Form work was removed in such a manner as would not cause any shock

or vibration that would damage the concrete. Before removal of props,

concrete surface was exposed to ascertain that the concrete has

sufficiently hardened. Where the shape of element is such that form

work has re-entrant angles, the form work was removed as soon as

possible after the concrete has set, to avoid shrinkage cracking occurring

due to the restraint imposed. As a guideline, with temperature above 20

degree following time limits should be followed:

Structural Component Age

Footings:1 day

Sides of beams, columns, lintels, wall: 2 days

Underside of beams spanning less than 6m: 14 days


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Underside of beams spanning over 6m: 21 days

Underside of slabs spanning less than 4m: 7 days

Underside of slabs spanning more than 4m: 14 days

Flat slab bottom:21 days

BRICKWORK

Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used

to build partition walls. In our site, all the external walls were of

concrete and most of the internal walls were made of bricks. English

bond was used and a ration of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6

were used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches.

The reinforcement shall be 2 nos. M.S. round bars or as indicated. The

diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement was used at

second course and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars

were properly anchored at their ends where the portions and or where

these walls join with other walls. The in laid steel reinforcement wascompletely embedded in mortar.


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Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment,

verticality and horizontality of construction.

Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to

provide good bond.

A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day. Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days

PLASTERING:

Plaster protects structure from temperature variations; external attacks of

sulphates, chlorides, etc. Plaster also provides smooth & aesthetic

surface on RCC & Brickwork surface. The proportion of mortar used at

site for ceiling coat is 1:4 and wall coat is 1:3. A plaster of 10 mm is

done at ceiling and a plaster of 12.5mm is done at wall. Various

precautions to be taken while the work of plastering is going on are:-

Preferably use cements which releases low heat of hydration.

Use optimum water at the time of mixing.

Do not use dry cement on the plaster surface.

At the junction of Brickwork & RCC, chicken mesh or fiber mesh may

be

Wet the surface before plastering and cure the surface for at least 10 to

12

FLOORING:

The purpose of a floor is to provide a horizontal sanitary surface to

support strength and stability, resistance to dampness, good appearance,

and freedom


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World Trade Park

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