WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1988 Version: 1 … · 2016. 8. 4. · 1988 001A (18748)...

WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1988 Version: 1 November 2014 © Copyright Jos Heyman

1988 001A (18748) Name: Kosmos-1908 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 635 x 664 km, inclination: 82.5° Tselina D military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1970 113A.

1988 002A (18788) Name: Kosmos-1909 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1412 x 1414 km, inclination: 82.6° Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1988 002B (18789) Name: Kosmos-1910 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 002C (18790) Name: Kosmos-1911 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 002D (18791) Name: Kosmos-1912 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 002E (18792) Name: Kosmos-1913 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 002F (18793) Name: Kosmos-1914 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 18 January 1988 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2 Orbit: failed to orbit Gorizont communications satellite as described for 1978 118A. The satellite failed to orbit.

1988 003A (18795) Name: Progress-34 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 January 1988 Re-entry: 4 March 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 242 x 271 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. Progress-34 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 23 January 1988. It remained attached until 2 March 1988.

1988 004A (18809) Name: Kosmos-1915 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 January 1988 Re-entry: 9 February 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 195 x 375 km, inclination: 72.9° Zenit 8 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1984 058A.

1988 005A (18820) Name: Meteor 2-17 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 January 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 938 x 961 km, inclination: 82.6° Meteorological satellite as described for 1975 064A.

1988 006A (18822) Name: DMSP F-9 Country: USA Launch date: 3 February 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas E

Orbit: 820 x 829 km, inclination: 98.8° Military meteorological satellite as described for 1982 118A. Also known as USA-29.

1988 007A (18823) Name: Kosmos-1916 Country: USSR Launch date: 3 February 1988 Re-entry: 29 February 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 171 x 360 km, inclination: 64.9° Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A. The satellite was fragmented on 27 February 1988.

1988 008A (18847) Name: USA-30 Country: USA Launch date: 8 February 1988 Re-entry: 1 March 1988 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 3910

Orbit: 224 x 336 km, inclination: 28.6°

The USA-30 satellite carried two infrared imaging systems, an infrared spectrometer, an ultraviolet and visible wavelength instrument, a pulsed laser radar, a continuous beam coherent laser radar and a continuous wave radar to study the tracking of simulated enemy ballistic missiles and induce natural phenomena that would be observed by an operational SDI system. The package was identified as DM43. The 6000 kg satellite deployed fifteen sub-satellites of which four carried solid rocket motors which were fired to simulate missile plumes. These have been referred to as Space Plume Experiment (SPX). Most of the sub-satellites were released in the first nine hours of the flight, during which time also various sounding rockets were tracked. Although the satellite's on-board computers did not succeed in keeping up with the computations involved in maintaining accurate tracking data, the programme proved that it was feasible to discriminate between warheads and decoys. Most of the sub-satellites were not catalogued.

1988 009A (18857) Name: Komos-1917/1919 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 February 1988 Re-entry: 17 February 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM2

Orbit: 162 x 170 km, inclination: 64.8° Glonass navigational satellites as described for 1982 100A. Failure of the fourth stage of the launch vehicle prevented the satellites from achieving the desired orbit and separation of the three satellites did not take place. They re-entered after a couple of hours in orbit.

1988 010A (18860) Name: Kosmos-1920 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 February 1988 Re-entry: 9 March 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 179 x 240 km, inclination: 82.6° Resurs F Earth resources satellite as described for 1979 080A.

1988 011A (18875) Name: Kosmos-1921 Country: USSR Launch date: 19 February 1988 Re-entry: 4 March 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 012A (18877) Name: CS-3A Country: Japan Launch date: 19 February 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 1

Orbit: geostationary at 132°E

Communications satellite as described for 1977 118A. Also known as Sakura-3A.

1988 013A (18881) Name: Kosmos-1922 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 February 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 614 x 39300 km, inclination: 62.9° Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1988 014A (18922) Name: STTW-2 Country: China Launch date: 7 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3

Orbit: geostationary at 87°E Communications satellite as described for 1986 010A but fitted with 4 transponders and having a mass of 441 kg. Also known as Zhongxing-1.

1988 015A (18931) Name: Kosmos-1923 Country: USSR Launch date: 10 March 1988 Re-entry: 22 March 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 016A (18937) Name: Kosmos-1924 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 1460 x 1516 km, inclination: 74.0° Strela 1M military communications satellite as described for 1970 036A .

1988 016B (18938) Name: Kosmos-1925 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 016C (18939) Name: Kosmos-1926 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 016D (18940) Name: Kosmos-1927 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 016E (18941) Name: Kosmos-1928 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 016F (18942) Name: Kosmos-1929 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 016G (18943) Name: Kosmos-1930 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 016H (18944) Name: Kosmos-1931 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 017A (18946) Name: Molniya 1-71 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 461 x 38981 km, inclination: 63.0° Communications satellite as described for 1965 030A.

1988 018A (18951) Name: Spacenet-3R Country: USA Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3

Orbit: geostationary at 87°W

Communications satellite as described for 1984 049A.

1988 018B (18952) Name: Telecom 1-C Country: France Launch date: 11 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3


Communications satellite as described for 1984 081B. The satellite was later moved to 5°E.

1988 019A (18957) Name: Kosmos-1932 Country: USSR Launch date: 14 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 252 x 263 km, inclination: 65.0° US-A military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with radar equipment as described for 1967 127A. The satellite

was boosted into an orbit of 923 x 1011 km with an inclination of 65.1° on 19 May 1988.

1988 020A (18958) Name: Kosmos-1933 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 021A (18960) Name: IRS-1A Country: India Launch date: 17 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Vostok


Earth resources satellite fitted with two linear imaging self scanners (LISS), one with a resolution of 72 m, the other 36 m. The satellite had a mass of 975 kg. This was the first commercial launch of the USSR.

1988 022A (18980) Name: Molniya 1-72 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 March 1988 Re-entry: 4 July 2001 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 023A (18985) Name: Kosmos-1934 Country: USSR Launch date: 22 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 952 x 1009 km, inclination: 83.0° Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1988 024A (18992) Name: Progress-35 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 March 1988 Re-entry: 5 May 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 240 x 285 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. Progress-35 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 25 March 1988. After having been unloaded and used to boost the orbit of the space station, it undocked on 5 May 1988.

1988 025A (19011) Name: Kosmos-1935 Country: USSR Launch date: 24 March 1988 Re-entry: 8 April 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 167 x 321 km, inclination: 67.2° Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.

1988 026A (19013) Name: San Marco-5 Country: Italy Launch date: 25 March 1988 Re-entry: 6 December 1988 Launch site: San Marco Launch vehicle: Scout G-1


The 237 kg satellite was launched to study the lower atmosphere with instruments supplied by Italy, Germany and the USA. The payload consisted of: 1. the Neutral Atmosphere Density experiment to measure the drag forces on the satellite in orbit; 2. the Airglow Solar Spectrometer, which measured the equatorial airglow, solar extreme ultraviolet

radiation, solar radiation reflected from the surface of the Earth and the cloud cover and radiation from interplanetary and intergalactic sources;

3. the Wind and Temperature Spectrometer to measure neutral winds, neutral particle temperatures and the concentration of selected gases in the atmosphere;

4. the Three-Axis Electric Field experiment which measured the electric field surrounding the spacecraft in orbit; and

5. the Ion Velocity Instrument to measure the plasma concentration and ion winds surrounding the spacecraft in orbit.

An unexpected high level of solar activity reduced the satellite's operational life.

1988 027A (19015) Name: Kosmos-1936 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 March 1988 Re-entry: 18 May 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 229 x 289 km, inclination: 64.8° Yantar 4KS1 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1982 120A. The satellite was probably destroyed by ground control.

1988 028A (19017) Name: Gorizont-15 Country: USSR Launch date: 31 March 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM

Orbit: geostationary at 14°W Communications satellite as described for 1978 118A.

1988 029A (19038) Name: Kosmos-1937 Country: USSR Launch date: 5 April 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 030A (19041) Name: Kosmos-1938 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 April 1988 Re-entry: 25 April 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 031A (19043) Name: Foton-4 Country: USSR Launch date: 14 April 1988 Re-entry: 28 April 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


Derived from the Vostok spacecraft as described for 1961 mu 1, the Foton spacecraft was a recoverable materials processing satellite consisting of a jettisonable service module with a diameter of 2.50 m and a length of 3.20 m, an 1.80 m diameter module containing the power supply, telemetry and telecommand systems, thermal control and attitude control systems, and a spherical re-entry module with a diameter of 2.20 m. The re-entry module also contained the experiments which consisted either of the Zona-1 or Splav-1 furnaces for zero-gravity melting and crystallisation experiments, or the Kashtan-1 electrophoresis unit. The satellite's mass was 6200 kg. Kosmos-1645 (1985 029A), Kosmos-1744 (1986 036A) and Kosmos-1841 (1987 037A) are considered as the first three satellites in this series.

1988 032A (19045) Name: Kosmos-1939 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 April 1988 Re-entry: 29 October 2014 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Vostok

Orbit: 618 x 660 km, inclination: 98.0° Resurs O Earth resources satellite as described for 1983 075A.

1988 033A (19070) Name: NNSS-30230 Country: USA Launch date: 26 April 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1

Orbit: 1019 x 1307 km, inclination: 90.4° Military navigational satellite as described for 1964 063B.

1988 033B (19071) Name: NNSS-30320 Country: USA Launch date: 26 April 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1


1988 034A (19073) Name: Kosmos-1940 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 April 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 24°W US-KMO military early warning satellite as described for 1984 031A. It was first suggested that Kosmos-1940 was a new type Earth observation satellite for monitoring atmospheric pressure and ocean conditions.

The satellite was later moved to 12°E.

1988 035A (19079) Name: Kosmos-1941 Country: USSR Launch date: 27 April 1988 Re-entry: 11 May 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 036A (19090) Name: Ekran-17 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM

Orbit: geostationary at 99°E Communications satellite as described for 1976 107A.

1988 037A (19115) Name: Kosmos-1942 Country: USSR Launch date: 12 May 1988 Re-entry: 4 July 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 038A (19117) Name: Progress-36 Country: USSR Launch date: 13 May 1988 Re-entry: 5 June 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 223 x 334 km, inclination: 51.7° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. Progress-36 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 15 May 1988 and remained docked until 5 June 1988. It carried equipment to be used for the next EVA to be performed by the permanent crew of the space station, as well as instruments for the forthcoming Bulgarian mission on Soyuz TM-5 (1988 048A).

1988 039A (19119) Name: Kosmos-1943 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2

Orbit: 849 x 851 km, inclination: 71.0° Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A.

1988 040A (19121) Name: Intelsat 5-F13 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 17 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 2


Communications satellite as described for 1980 098A. The satellite was later moved to 177°W. In 1998 the ownership of the satellite was transferred to New Skies Satellites as NSS-513.

1988 041A (19123) Name: Kosmos-1944 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 May 1988 Re-entry: 23 June 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 214 x 260 km, inclination: 64.8° Kometa mapping satellite as described for 1981 015A.

1988 042A (19131) Name: Kosmos-1945 Country: USSR Launch date: 19 May 1988 Re-entry: 31 May 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 043A (19163) Name: Kosmos-1946 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: 19094 x 19138 km, inclination: 64.9° Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1988 043B (19164) Name: Kosmos-1947 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1988 043C (19165) Name: Kosmos-1948 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1988 044A (19189) Name: Molniya 3-22 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 May 1988 Re-entry: 15 March 2002 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 589 x 40734 km, inclination: 62.8° Communications satellites as described for 1974 092A.

1988 045A (19193) Name: Kosmos-1949 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 May 1988 Re-entry: 23 April 1990 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 404 x 418 km, inclination: 65.0° US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A.

1988 046A (19195) Name: Kosmos-1950 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 May 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


Geodetic satellite built by Prikladnoi Mekhaniki as article 11F666. The satellite, which was also known as Geo IK-1, had a mass of 900 kg. The Geo IK satellites carried five separate payload systems for geodetic analyses: 1. a 9.4 GHz radar to provide altitude determination above the sea surface with an accuracy of 3-5 m; 2. a two frequency (150 MHz and 400 MHz) doppler system; 3. a 5.7/3.4 GHz transponder to provide ranging data to within 3-5 m; 4. laser corner reflectors with a total area of 0.024 m2 for range determination with an accuracy of 1.5

m; 5. a light signaling system producing a series of nine high intensity flashes at a rate of 1/3 Hz used, in

conjunction with ground-based observatories, to determine the satellite's position against the star background to within 1.5 arc seconds.

In addition Kosmos-1950 carried the Elekoncommunications test transponder as an auxiliary payload. The name Geo IK-1 was again used for the fifth satellite in the series (1994 078A) which was the first not to be named in the Kosmos series.

1988 047A (19197) Name: Kosmos-1951 Country: USSR Launch date: 31 May 1988 Re-entry: 14 June 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 048A (19204) Name: Soyuz TM-5 Country: USSR Launch date: 7 June 1988 Re-entry: 7 September 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 281 x 340 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts A. Solovyov (Cmdr.), V. Savinykh (Fl. Eng) and A. Alexandrov (Bulgaria) (Cosm. Res.) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Rodnik and the back-up crew consisted of V. Lyakhov, A. Serebrov and K. Stoyanov whilst A. Zaitsev was also in training. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 9 June 1988. Alexandrov conducted various Bulgarian experiments including the photography of Bulgaria. The crew returned to Earth in the Soyuz TM-4 (1987 104A) on 17 June 1988 after having been in space for 9 days, 20 hours, 10 minutes. Soyuz TM-5 was moved to the front port on 18 June 1988 and undocked on 5 September 1988 to return Lyakhov and Mohmand, who had arrived by Soyuz TM-6 (1988 075A). During the re-entry they experienced problems with the guidance systems and the braking systems and the re-entry occurred a day later than planned. They landed on 7 September 1988 at a site 160 km south east of Dzhezkazgan.

1988 049A (19206) Name: Kosmos-1952 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 June 1988 Re-entry: 25 June 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 050A (19210) Name: Kosmos-1953 Country: USSR Launch date: 14 June 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 051A (19215) Name: Meteosat-3 Int. Agency: ESA Launch date: 15 June 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP

Orbit: geostationary at 0° Meteorological satellite as described for 1977 108A.

In early 1991 the satellite was moved to 50°W followed by a move to 75°W in February 1993 to support the United States' system of meteorological satellites.

1988 051B (19216) Name: Oscar-13 Country: German Fed. Rep. Launch date: 15 June 1988 Re-entry: 6 December 1996 Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Oscar-13, Germany's Phase 3 radio amateur satellite, demonstrated new equipment and was available as an educational aid for students to familiarise themselves with space techniques and communications. It carried three transponders operating in the 435/145 MHz band as well as a single transponder operating in the 435/2400 MHz band as well as the Regenrativer Umsetzer fuer Digitale Amateurfunk Kommunikation (Rudak-1) digital communications transponder which failed to operate. The 92 kg satellite, which was also known as AO-13, was initially in a 242 x 36081 km orbit with an inclination

of 10° but was eventually shifted to the operational orbit.

1988 051C (19217) Name: Panamsat-1 Country: USA Launch date: 15 June 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Communications satellite owned by Pan American Satellite and based on the GE Astro 3000 platform. The satellite, which had a mass of 1220 kg, carried 12 transponders operating in the C and 6 operating in the Ku band. The satellite was later sold to Orbcomm and renamed OrbX.

1988 052A (19223) Name: Nova-2 Country: USA Launch date: 16 June 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1

Orbit: 484 x 986 km, inclination: 90.1° Military navigational satellite as described for 1981 044A. Also known as NNSS-30490.

1988 053A (19256) Name: Kosmos-1954 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 June 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1988 054A (19258) Name: Kosmos-1955 Country: USSR Launch date: 22 June 1988 Re-entry: 20 August 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


--- Name: Bor-5 (flight 6) Country: USSR Launch date: 22 June 1988 Re-entry: 22 June 1988 Launch site: Kapustin Yar Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3MP Orbit: sub-orbital to 130 km Sub-orbital flight of a 1/8th scale model of the Buran shuttle craft as described for 1988 100A. The flight was similar to the one flown on 4 July 1983.

1988 055A (19263) Name: Kosmos-1956 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 June 1988 Re-entry: 7 July 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 056A (19274) Name: Okean-1 Country: USSR Launch date: 5 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 635 x 666 km, inclination: 82.5° Okean O1 oceanographic satellite as described for 1986 055A. Okean-1 is sometimes considered the first operational oceanographic spacecraft after an experimental series which probably commenced with Kosmos-1025 (1978 067A) but it is more likely that some of the subsequent satellites, commencing with Kosmos-1500 (1983 099A), were also of an operational nature.

1988 057A (19276) Name: Kosmos-1957 Country: USSR Launch date: 7 July 1988 Re-entry: 21 July 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 058A (19281) Name: Phobos-1 Country: USSR Launch date: 7 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/D-2

Orbit: 0.90 x 1.77 AU, inclination: 2.97°

The objective of the Phobos-1 spacecraft was to achieve an orbit around Mars from where extensive observations of the planet were to be made. In addition the spacecraft was to fly past the moon Phobos at a distance of 50 m and release two small landers identified as Dolgozhivushchaya Prosteyshiy Sputnik (DPS) and Prygayushchaya Prosteyshiy Sputnik (PPS). The instrumentation of the spacecraft was supplied by the USSR as well as a number of other countries and the European Space Agency. The instrumentation consisted of: 1. AEG-F, a spectrometer to study the angular distribution of low-energy ions and electrons; 2. APV-F, a magnetometer to study fluctuations in magnetic and electric fields; 3. ASPERA, an instrument to study the structure and composition of the Martian atmosphere; 4. AUGUST, a spectrometer to study the chemical composition of the Martian atmosphere; 5. DION, an ion generator to study the surface composition of Phobos; 6. FREGAT, an instrument to study the topography of Phobos; 7. FRGMM-1, a magnetometer to investigate the magnetic fields of Mars, Phobos and interplanetary

space; 8. GRUNT, a sounding radar to study depths at Phobos to 30 m, 100 m and 200 m; 9. GS-14, a gamma spectrometer to study the Mars and Phobos regolith; 10. IFIR, a photometer to study variations in the solar constant; 11. INPM, a spectrometer to study the neutron composition and water content of the surface of Phobos; 12. ISM, an infrared spectrometer and radiometer to investigate certain aspects of Mars and Phobos; 13. KRFM, an instrument with the same objectives as ISM; 14. LET, a spectrometer to study high-energy solar cosmic rays; 15. LILAS, a spectroscope to study the structure of gamma charges; 16. LIMA-D, a laser experiment to measure range and vaporise surface samples for analysis by a mass

spectrometer; 17. MAGMA, a magnetometer to study the magnetic fields of Mars, Phobos and interplanetary space; 18. RF-15, a spectrometer to study solar X-rays and ultraviolet radiation; 19. SLED, a spectrometer to study the propagation of solar cosmic rays;

20. SOVIKOMS, a spectrometer to study the composition, mass and energy of the solar wind; 21. SUFR, a spectrometer to study the propagation of solar cosmic rays; 22. TAUS, a spectrometer to study the distribution of particles in the solar wind; 23. TEREK, a telescopic coronograph to image and register solar X-rays; 24. TERMOSKAN, an experiment to undertake infrared spectrophotometry and radiometry of Mars and

Phobos; and 25. VGS, a spectroscope to study the gamma charges. The 6220 kg spacecraft was also to transmit colour and infrared images of the Martian surface. The small landers, with a mass of 30 kg, were fitted with television cameras and a number of other scientific instruments and were to be released onto the surface of Phobos. One of the landers (PPS) was to 'hop' for a distance along the surface. Contact with the Phobos-1 spacecraft was lost on 28 August 1988, whilst still in a trans-martian trajectory. Its fate is not known and it may have flown past Mars on app. 23 January 1989.

--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 9 July 1988 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: failed to orbit Yantar 4KS1 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1982 120A which failed to orbit.

1988 059A (19287) Name: Phobos-2 Country: USSR Launch date: 12 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/D-2

Orbit: 0.90 x 1.77 AU, inclination: 2.97° Identical to Phobos-1 (1988 058A), Phobos-2 was to orbit Mars after a fly-by of Deimos, but following the loss of Phobos-1 the fly-by target was changed to the moon Phobos.

Phobos-2, after achieving an orbit around Mars of 867 x 81,357 km with an inclination of 0.87° on 30 January 1989. This orbit was later modified to a quasi-synchroneous orbit with Phobos of 6145 x 6409 km with an

inclination of 1.26° but the spacecraft was lost on 29 March 1989 before the first encounter with the moon Phobos, scheduled for April 1989. The spacecraft did, however, return data on the composition of the Martian atmosphere and provided some images of Phobos. The fate of the spacecraft is not known.

--- Name: Rohini-5 Country: India Launch date: 12 July 1988 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Sriharikota Launch vehicle: ASLV Orbit: failed to orbit Rohini-5, also known as SRS-2, was a technology satellite to test the ASLV launch vehicle's capabilities. In addition it carried the German-Indian Monocular Electro-Optical Stereo Scanner system which was to provide 70 m resolution images of the Earth in stereo pairs. The launch vehicle failed.

1988 060A (19320) Name: Kosmos-1958 Country: USSR Launch date: 14 July 1988 Re-entry: 21 March 1989 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 371 x 413 km, inclination: 65.8° Vektor minor military satellite as described for 1974 044A.

1988 061A (19322) Name: Progress-37 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 July 1988 Re-entry: 12 August 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 236 x 319 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 20 July 1988. After having been used to boost the orbit of the space station, Progress-37 undocked on 12 August 1988.

1988 062A (19324) Name: Kosmos-1959 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 958 x 1006 km, inclination: 83.0° Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1988 063A (19330) Name: Insat 1-C Country: India Launch date: 21 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3

Orbit: geostationary at 93.5°E

Communications and meteorological satellite as described for 1982 031A. The satellite also carried two direct broadcasting transponders which operated in the 6/2.5 GHz band. Only half of the solar cells were operational thereby reducing the capacity to six transponders in the C band.

1988 063B (19331) Name: Eutelsat-5 Int. Agency: Eutelsat Launch date: 21 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3


Communications satellite as described for 1983 058A. The satellite was moved to 24°E in July 1994.

1988 064A (19336) Name: Meteor 3-2 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 July 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1186 x 1208 km, inclination: 82.5° Meteorological satellite as described for 1985 100A.

--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 27 July 1988 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: failed to orbit Resurs F Earth resources satellite as described for 1979 080A which failed to orbit.

1988 065A (19338) Name: Kosmos-1960 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 July 1988 Re-entry: 9 April 1990 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 473 x 513 km, inclination: 65.8° Taifun 2 minor military satellite as described for 1976 037A. The satellite released up to 28 Romb sub-satellites.

1988 066A (19344) Name: Kosmos-1961 Country: USSR Launch date: 1 August 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 14°W Potok data relay satellite as described for 1982 044A.

1988 067A (19368) Name: FSW 1-2 Country: China Launch date: 5 August 1988 Re-entry: 27 August 1988 Launch site: Jiuquan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C


Recoverable satellite as described for 1987 075A. It was also known as Jian Bing 1A-2. It incorporated a German payload to conduct protein crystal growth experiments. The experiment involved 104 containers of 5 cm long in each of which protein crystals were grown. The capsule was recovered on 13 August 1988.

1988 068A (19372) Name: Kosmos-1962 Country: USSR Launch date: 8 August 1988 Re-entry: 22 August 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 069A (19377) Name: Molniya 1-73 Country: USSR Launch date: 12 August 1988 Re-entry: 16 December 1999 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 070A (19384) Name: Kosmos-1963 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 August 1988 Re-entry: 2 October 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 071A (19397) Name: Gorizont-16 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 August 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1988 072A (19412) Name: Kosmos-1964 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 August 1988 Re-entry: 7 September 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 073A (19414) Name: Kosmos-1965 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 August 1988 Re-entry: 22 September 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 074A (19419) Name: NNSS-30250 Country: USA Launch date: 25 August 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1


1988 074B (19420) Name: NNSS-30310 Country: USA Launch date: 25 August 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1


1988 075A (19443) Name: Soyuz TM-6 Country: USSR Launch date: 29 August 1988 Re-entry: 21 December 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 233 x 255 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts V. Lyakhov (Cmdr.), V. Polyakov (Fl. Eng.) and A. Mohmand (Afghanistan) (Cosm. Res.) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Proton and the back-up crew consisted of A. Berezovoi, G. Arzamazov and M. Masum (Afghanistan). Polyakov became a member of the third permanent crew (EO-03) of the space station and later the fourth permanent crew (EO-04). The flight was originally scheduled for 1989 but political developments in Afghanistan made it desirable to move it forward. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 31 August 1988. The cosmonauts performed 24 experiments including Earth photography of Afghanistan using the Kate-140, MKS-M and Spektr-256 camera systems as well as hand held cameras. They also used the Svetablok facility and the Labirint experiment to investigate the vestibular and visual system. Some of the experiments were carried forward from the previous Bulgarian mission. Lyakhov and Mohmand returned to Earth on 7 September 1988 using the Soyuz TM-5 spacecraft (1988 048A). They landed after a flight of 8 days, 20 hours, 27 minutes. The Soyuz TM-6 was moved to the front port on 8 September 1988. Polyakov remained on board of Mir. As a medical doctor he monitored the health of the permanent crew, Titov and Manarov. In addition he had a sample of bone marrow removed before the flight which was to be compared with another sample of bone marrow to be removed after the flight. Soyuz TM-6 was eventually used by Manarov and V. Titov of Soyuz TM-4 (1987 104A) to return to Earth along with J. Chretien of Soyuz TM-7 (1988 104A). They landed 180 km south west of Dzhezkazgan. Polyakov, along with A. Volkov and S. Krikalyov of Soyuz TM-7, returned to Earth in the Soyuz TM-7 on 27 April 1989 after having spent 240 days, 22 hours, 35 minutes in space.

1988 076A (19445) Name: Kosmos-1966 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 August 1988 Re-entry: 10 November 2005 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 077A (19458) Name: Magnum-2 Country: USA Launch date: 2 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 34D

Orbit: 151 x 14103 km, inclination: 29.3° Military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1985 010B. The satellite failed to achieve geostationary orbit and was also known as USA-31 as well as the USSR designation RER-2A-2. Other reference sources have suggested that this was a Vortex satellite as described for 1979 086A.

1988 078A (19460) Name: NOSS-9 Country: USA Launch date: 5 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan II

Orbit: 1050 x 1170 km, inclination: 63.4° Military ocean surveillance satellite as described for 1976 038A and also known as USA-32 and Bernie-1. The absence of the usually accompanying sub-satellites may indicate that the flight was the first of a second generation of NOSS satellites. It has also been suggested that this satellite tested instruments and technologies for the proposed Space Based Wide Area Surveillance System (SB-WASS) programme. The programme was also known as Singleton.

1988 079A (19462) Name: Kosmos-1967 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 September 1988 Re-entry: 15 September 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 080A (19467) Name: Feng Yun-1 Country: China Launch date: 6 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Taiyuan Launch vehicle: CZ 4


Meteorological satellite fitted with two high resolution scanning radiometers operating in five spectral bands and with a resolution of 1 km. The 881 kg satellite ceased to function after 39 days due to attitude control problems.

1988 081A (19483) Name: G Star-3 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3


Communications satellite as described for 1985 035A. The satellite also carried an experimental Geostar mobile communications transponder operating in the L band. The apogee motor failed and caused the satellite

to spin. The intended geostationary orbit at 124°W was not achieved.

1988 081B (19484) Name: SBS-5 Country: USA Launch date: 8 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3

Orbit: geostationary at 122°W Communications satellite as described for 1980 091A but fitted with 14 transponders in the Ku band. The satellite was later sold to Panamsat.

1988 082A (19488) Name: Kosmos-1968 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 September 1988 Re-entry: 23 September 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 083A (19486) Name: Progress-38 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 September 1988 Re-entry: 23 November 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 234 x 332 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. During the launch the spacecraft tested the Buran ejector seat, carried in an experimental compartment which was drtopped during ascent. Progress-38 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 12 September 1988. The cargo included a French designed deployable space structure, tools to repair the TTM X-ray telescope and an amateur radio transceiver. Progress-38 undocked on 23 November 1988.

--- Name: Exos Country: Japan Launch date: 11 September 1988 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Kagoshima Launch vehicle: Mu 3S-2 Orbit: failed to orbit Scientific satellite which failed to orbit due to the failure of the launch vehicle.

1988 084A (19495) Name: Kosmos-1969 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 September 1988 Re-entry: 13 November 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 085A (19501) Name: Kosmos-1970 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1988 085B (19502) Name: Kosmos-1971 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton


1988 085C (19503) Name: Kosmos-1972 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton


1988 086A (19508) Name: CS-3B Country: Japan Launch date: 16 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 1


Communications satellite as described for 1977 118A. Also known as Sakura-3B.

1988 087A (19519) Name: Ofeq-1 Country: Israel Launch date: 19 September 1988 Re-entry: 14 January 1989 Launch site: Palmachim Launch vehicle: Shavit


Technology satellite which carried a transponder operating in the 1.55/5.2 hz band and an on-board computer. The satellite had a mass of 155 kg.

1988 088A (19521) Name: Kosmos-1973 Country: USSR Launch date: 22 September 1988 Re-entry: 10 October 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 089A (19531) Name: NOAA-11 Country: USA Launch date: 24 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas E


Meteorological satellite as described for 1979 057A. It included the Sarsat-4 transponder.

1988 090A (19541) Name: Molniya 3-33 Country: USSR Launch date: 29 September 1988 Re-entry: 4 February 2002 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 091A (19547) Name: STS-26 Country: USA Launch date: 29 September 1988 Re-entry: 3 October 1988 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


Crewed spaceflight with astronauts F. Hauck (Cmdr.), R. Covey (Pilot), D. Hilmers, J. Lounge and G. Nelson (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. Commencing with this flight it was decided to revert to a straight numbering system for the STS flights rather than the system introduced with STS-41A (1983 116A). The number 26 ignored any previously cancelled flights but did include the failed Challenger flight of 28 January 1986. The principal objective of the STS-26 flight was to test the Space Shuttle and to deploy the TDRS-3 (1988 091B) satellite. Other instruments carried were: 1. the Automatic Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF) as described for STS-51G (1985 048A); 2. the Physical Vapor Transportation of Organic Solids (PVTOS) experiment as described for STS-51I

(1985 076A); 3. the Orbiter Equipment Autonomous Supporting Instrumentation System (OASIS) as described for

STS-51C (1985 010A); 4. the Infrared Communications Flight Experiment (IRCFE) to demonstrate the feasibility of using diffuse

infrared light as a carrier for Shuttle crew communications; 5. the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-5 experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 6. the Iso-electric Focussing Experiment (IFE) as described for STS-41B (1984 011A); 7. the Handheld Microgravity Experiment (HME), a series of simple experiments to study the low-gravity

effects on selected physical processes; 8. the Aggregation of Red Blood Cells (ARC) as described for STS-51C (1985 010A); 9. Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE) to collect on television and film data for the correlation

between lightning and severe weather activity; 10. the Phase Partitioning Experiment (PPE) as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 11. the Earth Limb Radiance Experiment (ELRAD) to obtain Earth limb radiation data for various positions

of the Sun; 12. the Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-III-1, an improved handheld development of the Radiation

Monitoring Equipment as described for STS-6 (1983 026A); 13. several Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A),

including:

• DSO-204: Visual Observations from Space;

• DSO-457: Inflight Salivary Pharmacokinetics of Scopolamine and Dextroamphetamine;

• DSO-458: In-flight Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen in Saliva;

• DSO-459: Otolith Tilt-Translation Reinterpretation;

• DSO-460: Changes in Total Body Water During Spaceflight;

• DSO-466: Pre- and Postflight Cardiac Assessment; 14. two student experiments:

• SE82-4: an experiment to observe the effects of weightlessness on heated titanium metal filaments; and

• SE82-5: a study of the growth of crystals through the use of a semi-permeable membrane. TDRS-3 was deployed on 29 September 1988 and the orbiter landed at Edwards AFB after a flight of 4 days, 1 hour, 0 minutes.

1988 091B (19548) Name: TDRS-3 Country: USA Launch date: 29 September 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + IUS


Tracking and date relay satellite as described for 1983 026B. The satellite was later positioned at 62°W and

then again to 171°W.

1988 092A (19554) Name: Kosmos-1974 Country: USSR Launch date: 3 October 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 093A (19573) Name: Kosmos-1975 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 October 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1988 094A (19582) Name: Kosmos-1976 Country: USSR Launch date: 13 October 1988 Re-entry: 27 October 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 095A (19596) Name: Raduga-22 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 October 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1988 096A (19608) Name: Kosmos-1977 Country: USSR Launch date: 25 October 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 097A (19612) Name: Kosmos-1978 Country: USSR Launch date: 27 October 1988 Re-entry: 10 November 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 098A (19621) Name: TDF-1 Country: France Launch date: 28 October 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 2


The Tele Diffusion de France (TDF)-1 satellite was a direct broadcasting satellite built by Aerospatiale using the Spacebus 300 model. With a mass of 1030 kg, the satellite carried five transponders operating in the Ku band.

1988 099A (19625) Name: KH 11-8 Country: USA Launch date: 6 November 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan 34D

Orbit: 156 x 1012 km, inclination: 97.9° Military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1976 125A. Also known as USA-33. From visual observations it may be concluded that the satellite re-entered in May 1996.

--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 11 November 1988 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: failed to orbit Yantar 4KS1 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1982 120A which failed to orbit.

1988 100A (19637) Name: Buran-1 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 November 1988 Re-entry: 15 November 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Energia


Development of the Buran shuttle craft began officially on 17 February 1976 although various other studies had been made before that, including the Spiral spaceplane, as described for 1982 054A. A preliminary design developed by Energia was approved in December 1976 and the vehicle that eventually emerged was remarkably similar to the United States' Space Shuttle except for one major difference. Whereas the Space Shuttle carried the main propulsion engines as part of the orbiter craft, the four main propulsion engines of the Buran were incorporated in the Energia launch vehicle. The programme was also known as Mnogorazovaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema (MKS) and the article number was 11F35. At launch the system was aided by four strap-on boosters which were liquid fuelled and based on the Zenit 2 launch vehicle. The orbiter craft had a length of 36.37 m and a span of 23.92 m. The mass at launch of the orbiter alone, was 75,000 kg. The payload bay of the orbiter measured 18 x 4.7 m and incorporated a remote manipulator system. The orbiter had two orbit insertion engines. Early tests involved a 1/8th model designated as Bor-5 and which was used for sub-orbital flights on 4 July 1983, 6 June 1984, 17 April 1985, 25 December 1986, 27 August 1987 and 22 June 1988. Several test examples of the orbiter were built including one or more which were fitted with four jet engines on the rear of the fuselage and which were used in the approach and landing tests. The first jet engined flight took place on 10 November 1985 and was flown by I. Volk and R. Stankyavichyus, using a vehicle designated as 002-GLI. Other pilots also flew the craft in a programme of 24 flights that was completed by 15 April 1988. The test examples were also used in ferry tests with a Myasishchev VM-T Atlant (with VM-T standing for Vladimir

Myasishchev – Transport) aircraft that was specially modified for the task, as well as launch vehicle mating and launch pad tests.

The Buran-1 was to be the first of the fleet of orbiters with orbiting capability. After its first flight, which was automatic, it was not used again, probably indicating that it was never fitted for a crewed flight but rather represented a test example. It is believed that another three orbiters were to be built and that the name of the second orbiter was Ptickka. Several reference sources have suggested that originally a fleet of ten vehicles was planned. It seemed that at the time of the first flight of the Buran there was no perceived mission objective for the system. In the longer term, however, the Buran system would have served with the cancelled Mir-2 space station. The Buran programme was cancelled on 30 June 1993. The first flight of the orbiter Buran carried flight data gathering instruments. The orbiter landed on the runway at Baikonour after two orbits. The orbit was subsequently stored at Baikounr where it was destroyed in 2002 when the building in which it was kept collapsed as a result of poor maintenance.

1988 101A (19647) Name: Kosmos-1979 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 November 1988 Re-entry: 25 December 1989 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 404 x 418 km, inclination: 65.0° US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A.

1988 102A (19649) Name: Kosmos-1980 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 November 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2

Orbit: 849 x 854 km, inclination: 71.0° Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A. The satellite ejected several sub-satellites.

1988 103A (19651) Name: Kosmos-1981 Country: USSR Launch date: 24 November 1988 Re-entry: 8 December 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 104A (19660) Name: Soyuz TM-7 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 November 1988 Re-entry: 27 April 1989 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 252 x 291 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts A. Volkov (Cmdr.), S. Krikalyov (Fl. Eng.) and J.L. Chretien (France) (Cosm. Res.) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Donbass and Volkov and Krikalyov were the fourth permanent (EO-04) crew of the space station. The back-up crew consisted of A. Viktorenko, A. Serebrov and M. Tognini (France). Soyuz TM-7 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 28 November 1988. The crew conducted thirteen French experiments which were collectively known as Aragatz: 1. a cardiovascular adaptation experiment; 2. the study of the effects of long duration spaceflight on human T lymphocyte and monocyte activity; 3. the Minilab; 4. Physalie, a motor action experiment; 5. CIRCE, a real time quality factor and dose equivalent meter; 6. the study of bone tissue mineralization using the SCOOP miniscanner; 7. three separate experiments for the study of postural and locomotor systems and the state of sensorial

organs; 8. a study of radiation environment of the MIR space station; 9. a study of the cardio-vascular system; 10. a study of water and mineral metabolism and hormonal regulation; and 11. the Viminal vision action experiment. On 9 December 1988 Chretien and Volkov made and EVA of 5 hours, 57 minutes during which they erected a French designed carbon fibre structure with a mass of 239 kg, a length of 3.8 m, a width of 3.6 m and a thickness of 1 m. This structure was jettisoned at the end of the EVA. During the EVA they also placed the Enchantillons space exposure structure on the outside of the hull. On 21 December 1988 Chretien returned to Earth in the Soyuz TM-6 (1988 075A), along with V. Titov and M. Manarov of Soyuz TM-4 (1987 104A) and had a flight duration of 24 days, 18 hours, 7 minutes. Following this Soyuz TM-7 was moved to the front port on 21 December 1988. Volkov and Krikalyov became the next permanent crew on the space station and they returned eventually in Soyuz TM-7, along with V. Polyakov of Soyuz TM-6 (1988 075A). The spacecraft undocked on 27 April 1989 and landed 140 km north east of Dzhezkazgan. The two cosmonauts had been in space for 151 days, 11 hours, 8 minutes.

1988 105A (19662) Name: Kosmos-1982 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 November 1988 Re-entry: 14 December 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 106A (19670) Name: STS-27 Country: USA Launch date: 2 December 1988 Re-entry: 6 December 1988 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


Middeck area

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Gibson (Cmdr.), G. Gardner (Pilot), R. Mullane, J. Ross and W. Shephard (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Atlantis as described for 1981 034A. The mission was a military one to launch the Lacrosse-1 (1988 106B) satellite. The deployment, with the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), took place on the first day. Other, principally military experiments were: 1. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-2 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 2. the Interim Operational Contamination Monitor (IOCM)-2 as described for STS-51C (1985 010A); 3. the Auroral Photographic Experiment (APE) as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); 4. the Cloud Logic to Optimise Use of Defense Systems (CLOUDS) as described for STS-41D (1984

093A); 5. the Cosmic Ray Upset Experiment (CRUX) as described for STS-8 (1983 089A); 6. the Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-III-2 as described for STS-26 (1988 091A); 7. the Spaceborne Direct View Optical System (SPADVOS) or Terra Scout, also known as HSD-701, to

evaluate the ability of a trained observer in space to detect specific objects or terrain conditions; 8. the Visual Function Tester-II (VFT-II)-2 as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 9. the Orbiter Experiment Autonomous Supporting Instrumentation System (OASIS) as described for

STS-51C (1985 010A); 10. several Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A),

including:

• DSO-450: Salivary Cortisol Levels During the Acute Phases of Space Flight;

• DSO-458: In-flight Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen in Saliva;

• DSO-466: Pre- and Postflight Cardiac Assessment;

• DSO-467: Influence of Weightlessness on Baroreflex Function; and 11. Battleview, using a Nikon M88-1 camera to assess the ability of space based observers to

characterise ground actions such as the movement of tanks. The orbiter landed at Edwards AFB after a flight of 4 days, 9 hours, 6 minutes.

1988 106B (19671) Name: Lacrosse-1 Country: USA Launch date: 2 December 1988 Re-entry: 25 March 1997 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS


Heavy reconnaissance satellite also known as USA-34. The Lacrosse satellite was equipped with an on-board engine which placed it in such an orbit that 80% of the time was spent over the USSR. This implies a highly elliptical orbit which has not been disclosed. The satellite probably carried radar imaging equipment as well as a synthetic aperture radar which provided a resolution of 1 m. The names Topaz and Onyx have also been associated with the series. The 45 m span solar panels of Lacrosse-1 initially failed to deploy but were eventually shaken loose by ground control action. Some references have suggested this also involved a spacewalk. Visual observation failed to locate the satellite after 25 March 1997, suggesting it had been de-orbitted.

1988 107A (19672) Name: Kosmos-1983 Country: USSR Launch date: 8 December 1988 Re-entry: 22 December 1988 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 108A (19683) Name: Ekran M-2 Country: USSR Launch date: 10 December 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 99°E Communications satellite as for described for 1987 109A..

1988 109A (19687) Name: Skynet-4B Country: United Kingdom Launch date: 11 December 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Military communications satellite built by British Aerospace. The satellite, which was compatible with the NATO-4 (as described for 1991 001A) and DSCS III (as described for 1982 106B) systems, carried three transponders in the SHF band and two transponders in the 310/255 MHz band. The satellite had a mass of 685 kg.

1988 109B (19688) Name: Astra-1A Country: Luxembourg Launch date: 11 December 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Communications satellite owned by the Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES) and built by RCA using the Astro 4000 platform. The satellite carried sixteen transponders in the Ku band which were used for direct broadcasting. The satellite had a mass of 1045 kg.

1988 110A (19705) Name: Kosmos-1984 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 December 1988 Re-entry: 13 February 1989 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1988 111A (19710) Name: STTW-3 Country: China Launch date: 22 December 1988 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3

Orbit: geostationary at 110.5°E Communications satellite as described for 1986 010A. Also known as Zhongxing-2.

1988 112A (19713) Name: Molniya 3-34 Country: USSR Launch date: 22 December 1988 Re-entry: 27 May 2997 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 113A (19720) Name: Kosmos-1985 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 December 1988 Re-entry: 4 May 1992 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 522 x 533 km, inclination: 73.6° Taifun 2 minor military satellite as described for 1976 037A. The satellite released up to 30 Romb sub-satellites. It was also known as Duga-K or Kol’tso.

1988 114A (19728) Name: Progress-39 Country: USSR Launch date: 25 December 1988 Re-entry: 7 February 1989 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 237 x 338 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. During the launch the spacecraft tested the Buran ejector seat, carried in an experimental compartment which was drtopped during ascent. Progress-39 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 27 December 1988 and remained attached until 7 February 1989.

1988 115A (19730) Name: Molniya 1-74 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 December 1988 Re-entry: 31 July 1998 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1988 116A (19734) Name: Kosmos-1986 Country: USSR Launch date: 29 December 1988 Re-entry: 11 February 1989 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 212 x 261 km, inclination: 64.8° Kometa mapping satellite as described for 1981 015A.

WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1988 Version: 1 … · 2016. 8. 4. · 1988 001A (18748)...

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