World scholarly publications in Ayurveda: A quantitative ... · The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be...
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World scholarly publications in Ayurveda: A quantitative
analysis of 2001-2010
Mukhtiar Singh
Library Officer,
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology,
Palampur (HP) - 176061, India, E-mail: [email protected]
Nabi Hasan Deputy Librarian,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - 110016, India
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The paper attempts to evaluate the trend of world literature on Ayurveda in terms of the output of
research publications as indexed in the Science Citation Index during the period from 2001 to 2010. A
total of 983 papers were published by the authors in the field of Ayurveda during the period under study.
The average number of papers published per year was 98.3 publications. The highest number of papers,
i.e. 173 were published during the year 2009. Countries involved in producing publications were 48.
India is the top producing country with 703 (71.52%) publications followed by USA with 144 (14.65%)
and Japan managed to secure third position with 46 (4.68%) publications. The study may be useful to
subject specialists, analysts, researchers, students and policy makers to look into the trends and make
effective policies on the basis of inferences drawn in this paper.
KEYWORDS: Ayurveda; Science Citation Index; Web of Science; Research output; Scholarly output;
Scientometric analysis; Mapping research
1. INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago. It is widely
regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world. It is a system which uses the inherent principles
of nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individual's body, mind and spirit in
perfect equilibrium with nature. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called
the Vedas - the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The Rig Veda, which was written over 6,000 years
ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help humans overcome various ailments. The aim of this
system is to prevent illness, heal the sick and preserve life. This can be summed up as follows: to
protect health and prolong life ("Swasthyas swasthya rakshanam") and to eliminate diseases and
dysfunctions of the body ("Aturasya vikar prashamanamcha")1.
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2. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study was to quantify the growth of world literature on Ayurveda and to
make the quantitative assessment of the status of research by way of analyzing the following features of
research output:
i) Trend of research publication productivity.
ii) Geographical distribution of publications.
iii) Language-wise distribution of publications.
iv) Publication types.
v) Collaboration pattern.
vi) Authorship pattern and prolific authors.
vii) Organizational distribution.
viii) Highly preferred journals for publications and their Impact Factor.
ix) Subject dispersion of publications
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ayurveda data was collected from the online Web of Science (WOS)-Science Citation Index Expanded
(SCI-Expanded) from 2001-2010. This database was chosen as it is most reputed and very
comprehensive covering all aspects of subject under study. It facilitates quick, powerful access to the
bibliographic and citation information on world scientific literature. Records were searched and
retrieved by using suitable search strategy (TI=ayurveda*) in basic index by limiting the period 2001-
2010. A total of 983 records were downloaded and analysed keeping in view the objectives of the
study.
Documents were selected by using Title Search (TI) with search term “ayurveda” to retrieve
publications on Ayurveda with limitation of articles, proceeding papers, review papers, books/book
chapter as indexed during 2001-2010. The data retrieved from the WOS was retained as Note pad files
on computer and developed in to a database by importing the Note pad files through Fangorn utility
into CDS-ISIS for Windows software of the UNESCO. Data retained was scanned to facilitate
chronological analysis, author analysis, country of origin, contributing institutions, subject-wise
classification and sources preferred for publication of papers, etc. Further analyses was done with the
help of Microsoft’s Excel and inferences were drawn.
As every field has its own limits, so this study also has its limitations. The study has been confined to
the specific subject papers on medicinal plants. Papers published during 2001 to 2010 were considered
for the data collection and analysis. The WOS was preferred because it has quality in selection of
resources for coverage of the subject and is the world’s leading citation database which provides
authoritative, multi-disciplinary coverage from more than 10,000 high impact research journals
worldwide, including open access journals (http://apps.webofknowledge.com)2.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Annual output of publications on Ayurveda
Figure 1 depicts that during 2001-2010, a total of 983 papers were published on “Ayurveda” by various
countries. The average number of papers produced per year was 98.3 publications. The highest number
of publications 173 (17.60 %) were produced in 2009. Figure 1 shows annual trend of publication
output in Ayurveda. In general, upward growth trend was observed from 2001 to 2007 (except 2004)
and a slight downward in 2008 and 2010.
Figure 1: Trend of research publication productivity in the field of Ayurveda during 2001-2010
4.2 Geographical distribution of publications
Data shows that a total of 48 countries carried out research in the field of Ayurveda and produced 983
research papers. The below Table 1 lists 10 countries whose share in the research output is more than 1
percent of the total output. There is a steady growth of publication output by all the major countries in
this field during the period under study. India is the top producing country with 703 (71.52%) of the
total output, followed by USA with 144 (14.65%), Japan with 46 (4.68%), UK with 38 (3.87%),
Australia & Sri Lanka with 21 (2.14%) and Germany at sixth position by producing 20 (2.04%)
research publications on Ayurveda. It is evident from the Table 1 that out of top ten countries, 72.98%
research papers were contributed by the Asian countries.
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Table 1: Publication Output, Share and Rank of top 10 countries in Ayurveda, 2001-10
Country No. of publications % age of share Rank
India 703 71.52 1
USA 144 14.65 2
Japan 46 4.68 3
UK 38 3.87 4
Australia 21 2.14 5
Sri Lanka 21 2.14 5
Germany 20 2.04 6
Italy 15 1.53 7
Canada 14 1.42 8
China 14 1.42 8
4.3 Language-wise distribution of publications
Web of science indexes journals published in 52 languages with unspecified and multi-language papers
as well. Table 2 shows the number of papers in different languages. English found place at top and out
of a total 983 papers, 968 (98.47%) were in English. There were 5 (0.51%) papers in German language
followed by French with 3 (0.31%), Japanese and Portuguese shared fourth position with 2 (0.20%)
papers each.
Table 2: Language-wise distribution of research papers in Ayurveda
Language No. of publications % age Rank
English 968 98.47 1
German 5 0.51 2
French 3 0.31 3
Japanese 2 0.20 4
Portuguese 2 0.20 4
Spanish 1 0.10 5
Unspecified 2 0.20 NA
4.4 Publication types
In web of science, indexed references have 38 different categories. Present study has covered only three
types of publications, i.e. articles, reviews and proceeding papers because of the significance of the
categories. Table 3 indicates that 85.55% papers are from journal articles followed by reviews with
11.60% and proceeding papers with 2.85%.
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Table 3: Form-wise distribution of publications
Sr.No. Category No. of publications % age
1 Journal Articles 841 85.55
2 Reviews 114 11.60
3 Proceeding papers 28 2.85
4.5 Collaboration pattern
Table 4 provides a view of India’s international collaboration in Ayurveda research. It was evident that
experts in the field of Ayurveda are realizing the importance of collaborative research to deal with
many problems as happening in other scientific fields. Indian authors collaborated with international
community in 96 (13.66%) papers during ten years. Highest collaborations reported from USA in 38
(5.41%) papers out of total 703 papers, followed by UK in 14 (1.99%), Malaysia in 6 (0.85%) and
Japan in 5 (0.71%).
Table 5 provides a view of international collaboration in Ayurveda research of top five countries.
Highest collaborations reported from Australia 24 (114.29%) out of 21 papers, more than two
collaboration for single paper, UK in 27 (71.05%) papers out of total 38 papers, followed by Japan in
29 (63.04%) out 46 papers, USA in 78 (54.17) out of total 144 papers and India has collaborations in 96
(13.66%) with other countries out of total 703 papers.
Table 4: Status of Indian international collaborations
Sr. No. Country No. of collaborations % age
1 USA 38 5.41
2 UK 14 1.99
3 Malaysia 6 0.85
4 Japan 5 0.71
5 Australia 4 0.57
6 South Korea 3 0.43
7 Canada 2 0.28
8 France 2 0.28
9 Sri Lanka 2 0.28
10 United Arab Emirates 2 0.28
11 Others 18 2.56
Table 5: Status of top five contributing countries in international collaboration
Sr. No. Country No. of publications No. of collaborations % age
1 India 703 96 13.66
2 USA 144 78 54.17
3 UK 38 27 71.05
4 Japan 46 29 63.04
5 Australia 21 24 114.29
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Table 6 presents comparisons of top five countries contributed research papers on Ayurveda during
2001-2010. This table shows that research paper output from India has effect on the global output of
research papers on Ayurveda. It is clear that where India’s output increased the world output also
increased and decreased when decrease reported in output from India. However, other countries’
contribution behaved differently.
Table 6: Year-wise world output and comparison of top five countries contributed research papers on
Ayurveda during 2001-2010
Year World
Output
Country Country Country Country Country
India US Japan UK Australia
No. of
papers
%
age
No. of
papers
%
age
No. of
papers
%
age
No. of
papers
%
age
No. of
papers
%
age
No. of
papers
%
age
2010 166 16.89 120 17.07 22 15.28 8 17.39 2 5.26 2 9.52
2009 173 17.6 132 18.78 16 11.11 7 15.22 3 7.9 1 4.76
2008 147 14.95 105 14.94 20 13.89 14 30.44 7 18.43 6 28.59
2007 148 15.06 113 16.07 22 15.28 7 15.22 9 23.68 2 9.52
2006 95 9.66 63 8.96 17 11.81 2 4.35 6 15.79 7 33.33
2005 72 7.33 53 7.54 15 10.42 1 2.17 5 13.16 1 4.76
2004 55 5.6 36 5.12 10 6.94 3 6.52 1 2.63 0 0.00
2003 60 6.1 37 5.26 14 9.72 0 0 2 5.26 1 4.76
2002 42 4.27 29 4.13 5 3.47 3 6.52 1 2.63 0 0.00
2001 25 2.54 15 2.13 3 2.08 1 2.17 2 5.26 1 4.76
Total 983 100 703 100 144 100 46 100 38 100 21 100
4.6 Authorship pattern
Table 7 shows that a large proportion of publications (7.83%) were single authored, followed by two
authored (21.16%), three and four number of authored accounted for 19.63% each and five authored for
10.17% publications. One to five number of authored papers have the highest share that is 78.42% and
19.93% papers have six to ten number of authors, 1.22% papers have 11 to 14 number of authors and
0.41% papers have no authors.
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Table 7: Authorship pattern in research papers in Ayurveda
No. of authors No. of papers % age
1 77 7.83
2 208 21.16
3 193 19.63
4 193 19.63
5 100 10.17
6 99 10.07
7 49 4.98
8 26 2.64
9 16 1.63
10 6 0.63
11 2 0.20
12 1 0.10
13 5 0.51
14 4 0.41
Nil 4 0.41
4.6.1 Most prolific authors
Table 8 shows that top position was jointly shared by Patwardan B, Pune University and Rawat AKS of
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow followed by Mehrotra S again from National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow, third position was managed by Aggarwal BB of University of Texas. The
table includes authors contributed ten or more research papers.
Table 8: Most prolific authors
Author Institution Publications % age Rank
Patwardhan B University of Pune 17 1.73% 1
Rawat AKS National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 17 1.73% 1
Mehrotra S National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 15 1.53% 2
Aggarwal BB University of Texas, USA 13 1.32% 3
Yoshikawa M Kinki University, Japan 12 1.22% 4
Bhutani KK NIPER, Mohali 11 1.12% 5
Govindarajan R National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 11 1.12% 5
Khatoon S National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 10 1.02% 6
Tripathi YB Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 10 1.02% 6
4.7 Organizational distribution
Table 9 shows position of top ten institutions as per their research productivity in Ayurveda. The
institutions from India performed excellent and secured top nine positions and tenth position was
shared by three organizations, Dr. Hari Singh Gaur Vishawavidhyalaya, Sagar; NIPER, Mohali, and
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Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. It is important to note that one institution is from foreign
origin in top ten positions and India is leading in ayurvedic research as claimed by the Indians.
Table 9: Prolific institutions
Name of Institution No. of publications % age Rank
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu 38 3.87 1
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 33 3.36 2
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 31 3.15 3
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 21 2.14 4
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 20 2.04 5
University of Pune, Maharashtra 19 1.93 6
Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) 18 1.83 7
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu 16 1.63 8
Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka 13 1.32 9
Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 11 1.12 10
Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan 11 1.12 10
NIPER, Mohali 11 1.12 10
4.8 Preference of journals for publications
Table 10 provides distribution of articles in journals having published 10 or more papers during ten
year period 2001-2010. It depicts that out of total 710 journals, the leading journals preferred by the
scientists were; Journal of Ethnopharmacology with 81 (8.24%) followed by Phytotherapy Research
with 50 (5.09%), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge with 47 (4.78) and Journal of Alternative
and Complementary Medicine with 31 (3.15) papers.
Table 10: Prime Journals, with impact factor, preferred for publications
Sr.
No.
Name of Journal/ Impact Factor-2012 No. of
papers
% age
1 Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2.755) 81 8.24
2 Phytotherapy Research (2.068) 50 5.09
3 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (0.492) 47 4.78
4 Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (1.464) 31 3.15
5 Pharmaceutical Biology (1.206) 25 2.54
6 Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
(1.722)
24 2.44
7 Asian Journal of Chemistry (0.253) 19 1.93
8 Phytomedicine (2.972) 17 1.73
9 Current Science (0.905) 16 1.63
10 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (0.338) 15 1.53
4.9 Subject dispersion of publications
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Table 11 shows that subject category is one of the best scientometric indicators to understand and grasp
instantly the thought content of the papers and to find out the growth of the subject field. By analyzing
the categories assigned by the indexer or the author himself helps in knowing in which direction the
knowledge grows. The high frequency keywords enables to understand all the aspects of Ayurveda
which have been studied. The Pharmacology pharmacy was at top with 386 (39.27%), followed by
Plant sciences with 221 (22.48%), Integrative complementary medicine with 190 (19.33%) and
Chemistry with 138 (14.04%).
Table 11: Top 20 subject areas
Sr. No. Subject area No. of papers % age
1 Pharmacology pharmacy 386 39.27
2 Plant sciences 221 22.48
3 Integrative complementary medicine 190 19.33
4 Chemistry 138 14.04
5 Biochemistry molecular biology 57 5.80
6 Food science technology 51 5.19
7 Toxicology 43 4.37
8 Oncology 37 3.76
9 Science technology other topics 29 2.95
10 General internal medicine 28 2.85
11 Medical laboratory technology 27 2.75
12 Nutrition dietetics 26 2.65
13 Life sciences biomedicine other topics 25 2.54
14 Neurosciences neurology 24 2.44
15 Agriculture 21 2.14
16 Biotechnology applied microbiology 18 1.83
17 Research experimental medicine 17 1.73
18 Engineering 16 1.63
19 Environmental sciences ecology 16 1.63
20 Public environmental occupational health 15 1.53
5. CONCLUSION
During the decade under study, growth of research papers was found to be considerable. Evaluation of
research performance in terms of research publications is considered as an integral part of science, and
important in the scientific community in the field of Ayurveda. The present paper has carried out an
evaluation of publications in Ayurveda of a decade and the important findings though already
elaborated in the analysis part above; some of them have been highlighted below as conclusion:
(i) A total number of 983 papers on Ayurveda were published in 710 different scientific journals
from 48 countries during the ten years 2001-2010. India dominated the publication scenario with
71.52% (703) contributions, followed by USA with 144 (14.65%), Japan with 46 (4.68%), UK
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with 38 (3.87%), Australia & Sri Lanka with 21 (2.14%) and Germany at sixth position by
producing 20 (2.04%) research publications on Ayurveda.
(ii) A total of 98.47% papers were published in English language, 0.51% in German and 1.02% in
rest of the languages.
(iii) Highest collaborations reported from USA in 38 (5.41%) papers out of total 703 papers. Top
position was jointly shared by Patwardan B, Pune University and Rawat AKS of National
Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow followed by Mehrotra S again from National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow.
(iv) Educational institution i.e. Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu topped by contributing 38 (3.87%)
research papers.
(v) It was reported that 841 (85.55%) of the publications were published as journal articles followed
by reviews with 114 (11.60%).
(vi) Journal of Ethnopharmacology was preferred journal which published 81 (8.24%) research
papers.
(vii) Highly preferred area of research was Pharmacology pharmacy with 386 (39.27%) research
papers followed by Plant sciences with 221 (22.48%) papers.
(viii) The study provides a base for researchers, institutions and policy makers to initiate new research
projects or studies in the area. It also makes researchers aware regarding the growth of quality
research literature of their interest in Ayurveda.
(ix) It helps in identifying highly productive countries and researchers in the area. The study provides
details of institutions and researchers working in specific subject areas in the field of Ayurveda.
(x) Overall, the study may be useful to subject specialists, analysts and policy makers to look into the
trends and make effective policies on the basis of inferences drawn in this paper.
REFERENCES
1. Das, Subhamoy (2013), “What is Ayurveda”, available at:
http://hinduism.about.com/od/ayurveda/p/ayurveda.htm (accessed 25 August 2013).
2. Web of Science database (2013), available at: http://apps.webofknowledge.com (accessed 25 August
2013).
3. Gupta, B.M. and Kaur, Har (2013), “World glaucoma research: a quantitative analysis of research
output during 2002-11”, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol. 60, pp. 98-106.
4. Gupta, B.M., Kumbar, B.D. and Sangam, S.L. (2013), “Contribution and impact of Karnataka
university publications during 1999-2008: a comparative study with three other universities of
Karnataka”, International Research: Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.
401-418.
5. Mahesh, G. and Wadhwa, N.K. (2013), “Web of Science based ranking of Indian library and
information science journals”, Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management,
Online first, available at:
http://www.tarupublications.com/journals/cjsim/FullText/new%20pdf/05_CJSIM6-2.pdf (accessed
29 August 2013).
6. Singh, M. and Hasan, N. (2013), “Intellectual Property: a scientometric study of scholarly output”,
Journal of Knowledge and Communication Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 13-28.
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A STUDY ON USES OF PUBLIC LIBRARY/
COMMUNITY INFORMATION CENTERS BY THE
FARMERS IN MADHYA PRADESH
DR. ASHISH KUMAR SHARMA
Assistant Librarian
Central Library, Gurukulkangri University Haridwar (U.K.)India
ABSTRACT
Public library could be a very potential appliance for social change and development of rural
India. It plays an important role in social development via providing information, educational
and entertainment facilities necessary for society. Questionnaire based survey was used to collect
data for the present study. There was no public library available for most of the farmers in their
own locality. Library facility was available only for 137 (34.25%) farmers whereas 263 (65.75%)
were deprived of such a facility. The present study showed the relevance of community
information center and public library to avail the necessary information regarding agricultural
practices by farmers and diffusion mode of new technology and methodology developed in
research lab to farmers with importance communicator between agricultural laboratory and
farmer`s field.
Keywords: Public library, Community Information Canters (CICs), Farmer, User study.
INTRODUCTION
Information play an essential role, an essential input like other agricultural inputs for farmers to
uses current technology and methodology. Knowledge is not only essential for progress of
agriculture but also for a higher national agriculture output. It is apparent that the genuine and
precise information is a key to resolve the various problems faced by farmers at different stages
in agricultural practices. It is necessary to locate the source of such agricultural information and
better communication to overcome their problems. Relevant information plays an important role
for the rural community more specially to the rural farmers not only in the field of agriculture but
also in other fields like, social, economic and cultural development, policymaking and decision
making.
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Today mode of agriculture, poultry farming, dairy farming, horticulture has been rapidly
changed. Modern agriculture such as medicinal plant production, mushroom production, etc. are
more profitable than conventional agriculture. By applying new agricultural methods and
techniques, farmers can progress themselves and whole nation.
Community Information Center is library or information center which assists in providing and
solving daily problem to the individual and groups participating in democratic process.1
Public
library/Community information Center plays an important role in social development via
providing information, educational and entertainment facilities necessary for society. Library
structure of Sagar district is quite well. In addition to the libraries attached to schools, colleges
and Universities. There are so many public libraries, along with one Govt. District public library.
Besides these there are many trusty Libraries called 'Trusty Jan Pustkalaya' in Sagar, which is
quite in well condition. According to CEO of District Panchayat Shri Pradhhumna Sharma,
There are about 1777 rural libraries and cultural centers running in the District. Several steps are
being taken in this field to improve the public libraries and their structures within the District.
OBJECTIVE
The following are the core objectives of the study which aim at:
1. To ascertain the awareness and satisfaction of the farmers in regard to the availability of the
existing agricultural information services and programmes.
2. To assess the role of existing public libraries and Community Information Centers (CICs) in
providing agricultural information to the farmers
3. To identify the barriers, if any, in the free flow of agricultural information from the point of
generation to the point of use.
METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on survey method. A questionnaire was designed for the study. It was
administered to draw information from a wide spectrum of respondents belonging to different
cross sections. The questionnaire was designed in the local language of Hindi so that the literate
farmers could be able to respond themselves, but for the illiterate ones, the surveyor had to meet
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them personally to collect data. However, interview was made with the respondents as and when
necessary so as to avoid mismatch of the data collected through questionnaire.
Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh was chosen purposively for the study because of its rural cum
tribal characteristics. Out of a total population of 20,21,783, the rural folk are 14,30,421. The
district has 11 blocks and only two blocks namely Sagar and Rahatgarh were selected on random
sampling basis. The sample has a total population of 7,99,324 comprising 6,93,691 for Sagar
Block and 1,05,633 for Rahatgarh. A sample of 400 farmers (200 from each block ) was drawn
again by random sampling for the study. The sample size has been decided as per the formula of
Krejcie and Daryle2
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Educational Background of the Farmers
The farmers are grouped under three main categories basing on their educational background.
First group from the Illiterate farmers second group holds the farmers who are educated upto
High School and third group contains the farmers who are educated above High School. The data
are tabulated in Table. 1
Table 1 : Categorisation of Farmers According to their Educational
Background
Group Education Response Percentage
Illiterate 44 11
Upto High School Primary education
High School
123
215
92
30.75
53.75
23.00
Above High
School
Intermediate
Graduate
Post Graduate
58
54 141
29
14.5
13.5 35.25
7.25
Total 400 100
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Table 1 and Fig.1 reveals that 215 (53.75%) out of 400 farmers are educated upto High School.
Second position is occupied by the farmers educated above High School i.e.141 (35.25%) and 44
(11%)farmers belong to illiterate group. Thus, the number of educated farmers is much more
(89%) compared to illiterate ones. From the above analysis, it can be interpreted that the number
of educated farmers is much more (89%) than that of illiterate ones (11%).
Availability of Public Library in their Locality
In response to the question about the availability of public library in their village/locality, the
replies given by the farmers are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 : Availability of Public Library in their Locality
Reply Response Percentage
Yes 137 34.25
No 263 65.75
Total 400 100
44
123
92
58 54
29
0 11
30.75 23
14.5 13.5 7.25 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Illit
era
te
Pri
ma
ry
ed
uca
tio
n
Hig
h S
ch
oo
l
Inte
r M
ed
iate
Gra
du
ate
s
Po
st
Gra
du
ate
An
y O
the
r
Nu
mb
er
Education
Fig. 1 Categorisation of Farmers According to their Educational Background
Total
Percentage
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Table 2 and Fig.2 reveals that for 137 (34.25%) farmers, there is a public library in their village
/locality. However, for 263 (65.75%) farmers, library facility is not available in their villages.
Thus, it is found that for most of the farmers, public library facility is not available in their own
village or locality to get day-to-day information relating to their agricultural problems.
Requirement of Library Services
The farmers were asked whether they are in need of library services for getting agricultural
information. The replies given by them are listed in Table 2.1
Table 2.1: Requirement of Library Services
Reply Response Percentage
Yes 263 65.75
No 137 34.25
Total 400 100
34.25
65.75
Fig. 2 Availability of Public Library in their Locality
Yes No
65.75
34.25
Fig. 2.1 Requirement of Library Service
Yes No
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Table 2.1 and Fig.2.1 reveals that 263 (65.75%) farmers require library facility in their
village/locality. However, 137(34.25%) farmers do not require such service. It may so happen
that the respondents who do not require library service might not be aware how a library can help
them to get latest and valid information relating to their problem which they usually come across
in the process of cultivation and marketing of their produce. It is observed that about 137
(34.25%) farmers didn't feel the requirement of library service due to lack of awareness about
library's importance and its vital role in agricultural field. If the rural education increases,
definitely there shall be the use and importance of rural libraries among farmers. The educated
farmers are to use library facilities than illiterates.
Visit of Public Library
The farmers were asked about their visit to the library for collecting information. The reply given
by them are shown in Table 2.2
Table 2.2: Visit of Public Library
Reply Response Percentage
Yes 76 55.5
No 61 44.5
Total 137 100
55.5
44.5
Fig. 2.2 Visit of Public Library
Yes No
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Out of 400 farmers under survey, only 76 farmers responded to this question positively i.e. they
do visit the libraries. Under Table 2.2 and Fig. 2.2 it is indicated that there is library facility for
only 137 farmers. It means that out of 137 farmers, 76 (55.5%) visit the library where as 61
(44.5%) do not though library facility is available for them.
Average Hours Spent in Library
When the information regarding the staying period of farmers in the library was collected form
the farmers, following data is obtained as given under Table 2.3
Table 2.3: Average Hours Spent in Library
Hours Response Percentage
Less than an hour 43 56.58
About one hour 28 36.84
Two hours 5 6.58
Three hours 0 0
More than three hours 0 0
Total 76 100
43
28
5 0 0
56.58
36.84
6.58 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Less than an hours About one hours Two hours Three hours More than three hours
Nu
mb
er
Hours
Fig. 2.3 Average Hours Spent in Library
Response Percentage
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Table 2.3 and Fig.2.3 shows that out of 76 farmers, 43 (56.58%) visit the library only for less
than an hour, 28 (36.84%) visit for about one hour and only five (6.58%) farmers spend two
hours in the library.From the above analysis, it is observed that the farmers visit the library for
less duration.
Usual Time of Library Visit
In response to the question about the usual time of library visit, following facts are obtained from
the respondents.
Table 2.4: Usual Time of Library Visit
Time Response Percentage
Morning 5 6.58
Day time 4 5.26
Evening 24 31.58
No fixed time 43 56.58
Total 76 100
It is clear from Table 2.4and Fig. 2.4 that 43 (56.58%) farmers have no fixed time of their visit to
library whereas 24 (31.58%) prefer to visit the library during evening time. Only 5(6.58%) visit
during morning hour and 4 (5.26%) come to the library during day time. Thus, it is observed that
5 4
24
43
6.58 5.26
31.58
56.58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Morning Day time Evening No fixed time
Nu
mb
er
Time
Fig. 2.4 Usual Time of Library Visit
Response Percentage
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the farmers prefer to use library during the evening hours , i.e. beyond their working hours. The
farmers who visit the library during morning or daytime might have engaged others in the field
during that time.
Purpose of Library Visit
When the information regarding the purpose of library visit by the farmers is sought through the
questionnaire, the responses given by them are tabulated in Table 2.5
Table 2.5: Purpose of Library Visit
Purpose Response Percentage
To borrow books 1 1.32
T o consult reference sources 00 00
To sit and read 45 58.75
To read newspapers 25 32.89
To observe different agricultural educative, cultural
programme conducted by the library
5 6.58
Total 76 100
Table 2.5 and Fig. 2.5 depicts that out of 76 farmers, 45(58.75%) visit the library for sit and read,
25 (32.89%) visit library for news paper reading and only 5 (6.58%) visit library to observe
1 0
45
25
5 1.32 0
58.75
32.89
6.58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
To borrow books To consult reference source
To sit and read To read news paper To observe different agricultural educative, cultural programme Conducted by the
library
Nu
mb
er
Purpose
Fig. 2.5 Purpose of Library Visit
Response Percentage
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different agricultural, educative, and cultural programmes conducted by the library and only
1(1.32%) visit to for borrow books. Thus, it is observed that maximum farmers visit the library
only to sit and read.
Reasons for not visiting the Library
On asking for the reasons not visiting the library, following reasons are given by the farmers.
Table 2.6: Reasons for not Visiting the Library
Reasons Responses Percentage
Library services are not satisfactory 25 7.72
Library collection is poor 9 2.78
Library is far from residence 49 15.12
Library hour is not suitable 21 6.48
No information about library, shortage of time,
Lack of interest
220
67.90
Total 324 100
25 9
49 21
220
7.72 2.78 15.12 6.48
67.9
0
50
100
150
200
250
Library service are not satisfactory
Library collection is poor
Library is to far from residence
Library house is not suitable
No information about library,
shortage of time, lack of interest
Nu
mb
er
Reasons
Fig. 2.6 Reasons for not Visiting the Library
Total Percentage
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Table 2.6 and Fig. 2.6 describes that out of 324 farmers who do not visit library, 220 (67.9%)
farmers do not visit library because of their own reasons like no information about library,
shortage of time, lack of interest, and 49 (15.12%) do not visit because library is far from their
residence, 25 (7.72%) do not visit because library services are not satisfactory, for 21(6.48%),
library hour is not suitable. Only 9 (2.78%) do not visit library because of poor library collection.
Thus it is clear from above analysis that there are several reasons for not visiting the library by
the farmers, the major one being lack of awareness about library and its services.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Education greatly contributes to the development of the people. If farmers are educated, then,
they can apply new methods and techniques in agricultural sector and can increase their
prosperity. Today, form of agriculture has been changed rapidly. Modern agriculture such as
medicinal plant production, mushroom production, poultry farming, dairy farming,
horticulture etc. are more profitable than conventional agriculture. By applying new
agricultural methods and techniques, farmers can progress themselves and as well as help in
progress of the whole nation. The recorded responses in our study clearly indicated that the
number of educated farmers were more 356 (89%) than that of illiterate 44 (11%) which
showed that a bright future of farming in this district.
Public library plays an important role in social development as it provides information,
educational and entertainment facilities, which are very useful for the society. For most of the
farmers, there were no public libraries available in their own locality. It was available only
for 137 (34.25%) farmers whereas 263 (65.75%) were deprived of such a facility.
Library/Information Centre can provide vital and timely information like current market
prices, future market prices, disease/pest control, personal education etc. But it was seeing
that a total number of 137 (34.25%) farmers did not feel the requirement of library service. It
indicates that either they were not aware of the role of library in providing agricultural
information or they were no interest to use the library.
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Library facility was available for only 137 (34.25%) out of 400 farmers. But only 76 (55.5%)
farmers were visiting the library whereas remaining 61 (44.5%) farmers perhaps did not
know about the availability of library facility. This indicates that a proper step has not been
taken by the libraries to attract the farmers.
It was noticed that farmers are engaged in their agricultural works from early morning till
late evening and do not get time for other activities. They visit public library very rarely. It
was found from the survey that out of 76 library visitors, most of the farmers (43, 56.58%)
were visiting the library for less than an hour. No farmer was used to sit in the library for 3 to
4 hours. It is concluded that maximum farmers (56.58%) did not have fixed time for their
library visit whereas (31.58%) farmers prefer to visit library during evening hours because
farmers were busy in their agricultural works during day time.
The main objective of public libraries/community information centers is to fulfill the
informational requirement of the society. For this purpose, they provided many services such
as book borrowing, reference service, reading facilities and agricultural, educative, cultural
programs. It was found that most of the farmers (45, 58.75%) visit the library to sit and read.
Farmers can greatly enhance their agricultural yield by implementing and utilizing
information related to agriculture that was available in the village library. But it was found
that 220 (67.9%) farmers did not visit library. The major reason for this is lack of awareness
about library and its services. Awareness programs about library and its importance can help
convert non-users to regular users of the library.
SUGESTIONS
Library facility should be provided to the entire farmer community for timely availability of
proper and appropriate agricultural information in order to achieve better output and profit in
farming.
Public library should be established in each village to provide information to the farmers at
local level.
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Appropriate steps may be taken to attract the farmers towards the library facility. They
should be motivated to use the library and avail its benefit. The libraries should conduct
more extension type of services like celebration of library week, arrangement of agricultural
exhibitions, etc. should be conducted by the libraries.
Agricultural universities, KVKs and research centers should send current literature on
agriculture related subjects to the public libraries/Community Information Centers, regularly
and timely. This will help the public libraries to maintain an active collection. Libraries need
to be better equipped in terms of both collection and staff. Each library should have a
collection of at least 5000 books and a minimum staff of 3 i.e. one Prerak and 2 supporting
staff.
Reading material related to agriculture should be kept in rural public libraries.
Department of Agriculture should also send information regarding new techniques/methods
of agriculture from time to time.
Availability of library, its services and its role in development of society should be
publicized through mass media i.e. T. V., Radio and Newspapers. Help can also be taken
from local leaders and educated persons of the village in such publicity.
NGOs, leaders and progressive farmers at local level can also play an important role in
removing illiteracy and poverty among the farmers and making them aware of the
importance of library in their personal development as well as development of the society as
a whole through lectures, group meetings, etc.
CONCLUSION
We can justify that Public Library/Community Information Centre could be a very potential
appliance for social change and versatile development of rural India. We find that >70% of rural
folk depends on farming and their major information needs are related to agriculture only. The
farmer needs various type of information at different stages of farming their crops. They may
consult different categories of persons like librarian of Community Information Centre, Rural
Agriculture Extension Officer (RAEO) or other persons having experience in the field of
agriculture3. Agriculture information is generally unable to reach precisely to the farmers in an
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effective way. The farmers are also not aware of the value of latest information related to new
techniques and methods of farming an essential key for optimum production. Agricultural
universities, KVKs and Agricultural Research Centres should provide information about
developed research to the village information disseminating bodies earliest as possible so that
this information can reach the farmers in time. This in turn will lead to better agriculture
production to improved economic status of farmers and country.
REFERENCES
1. Visakhi, P. and Srivastava, S. S. 2002. .Agricultural Libraries Vis-a-Vis Community
Information Service(CIS) in Indian Context. IASLIC Bulletin. 47(3): 171-173.
2. Robert, K. V. and Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research
Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement.30: 608.
3. Sharma, A. K. and Sahoo, K. C. 2008. Use of Information Sources by the Farmers of
Sagar District (M.P.): a survey. Journal of Library and Information Science, 33(1&2): 53-
62.
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UTILIZATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN LIBRARY
AND INFORMATION CENTERS: A THEORETICAL
STUDY
Dr. Mishan S. Alotaibi Dean of Library Affairs
Taibah University, Al-Madina Al-Munnawara Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The “cloud computing” trend of replacing software traditionally installed on campus computers
(and the computers themselves) with applications delivered via the internet is driven by aims of
reducing universities’ IT complexity and cost. This study examines the Utilizations of Cloud
Computing in Library and Information Centers: a Theoretical Study. The present study
demonstrates and elaborates the various aspects of uses of cloud computing in libraries, model
of cloud computing, essential characteristics, pros and cons, benefits, how the trend of cloud
computing will be impact libraries and drawback of cloud computing. Areas for further studies
and conclusions of the theoretical study are given at the end of the article.
Keywords: Cloud computing, Web services, Theoretical studies, Libraries.
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing, cloud, sometimes called electronic clouds concept and the term
modern spread recently in the literature network technologies and information services. This
concept refers to a new pattern to share electronic resources to produce and exchange
information over the Internet, providing the tools to process data and save them on your network,
and then return to it at any one of the websites that have arisen on this concept. Cloud computing
is a computing model, not a technology. In this model “customers” plug into the “cloud” to
access IT resources which are priced and provided “on-demand”. Essentially, IT resources are
rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are
used by tenants. Delivered over an Internet connection, the “cloud” replaces the company data
center or server providing the same service.
Electronic cloud appeared as a practical solution and optimize after the infrastructure of
the Internet in various parts of the world, and became the "connect" command does not constitute
a barrier to contact with clouds, especially after the huge surge in the issuance of smart phones
that carry with them always properties of your Internet connection and the possibility of dealing
with various information and files on network mainly multimedia.
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The definitions of the “Cloud Computing the practice of storing regularly used computer
data on multiple servers that can be accessed through the Internet” (Merriam Webster
Dictionary).An others way define “Cloud Computing is the paradigm in which information is
permanently stored in servers on the Internet and cached temporarily on clients that include
desktops, entertainment centers, table computers, notebooks, wall computers, handhelds, etc.”
(IEEE Computer Society).The National Institute of Standards and Technology, defines cloud
computing as “a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction (Mitchell,2010).
However, Cloud Computing is a completely new IT technology and it is known as the
third revolution after PC and Internet in IT. To be more specific, Cloud Computing is the
improvement of Distributed Computing, Parallel Computing, Grid Computing and Distributed
Databases. And the basic principle of Cloud Computing is making tasks distributed in large
numbers of distributed computers but not in local computers or remote servers. In other words,
by collecting large quantities of information and resources stored in personal computers, mobile
phones and other equipment, Cloud Computing is capable of integrating them and putting them
on the public cloud for serving users (Sanchati and Kulkarni, 2011).
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature plays a very important role in research activities, as it forms the very first step
of a research pursuit. Review of literature happens to be an important segment of the concerned
topic. The literature review should be conducted in a systematic way to achieve optimum results.
In this study an attempt has been made to cover few works which have been undertaken in Saudi
Arabia and abroad (Hussain, 2013).
Espades (2013) discussed as regards cloud computing advantages for offering on demand
resources, there is still the need for certain automation when specific platforms are deployed and
scaled over virtualized environments. This is the case of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platforms
and their applications, where over and underutilization of resources occur due lower and higher
workload pikes and because the number of virtual machine instances deployed for scaling
applications are traditionally based on the maximum simultaneous users. In this matter, a tenant-
based model is presented to tackle over and underutilization when SaaS platforms are deployed
over cloud computing infrastructures.
Ghosh (2012) attempted to demystify the intricacies involved in cloud computing.
Models of cloud computing and its effective implementation for mid-sized organization is
emphasized. Lastly, it has been attempted to explore how cloud computing can extend Library
services for better sustainability.
Padhy and Mahapatra (2012) focused cloud computing entails the reduction of in-house
data centres and the delegation of a portion or all of the Information Technology infrastructure
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capability to a third party. Universities and Colleges are the core of innovation through their
advanced research and development.
Subsequently, Higher Institutions may benefit greatly by harnessing the power of cloud
computing, including cost cutting as well as all the above types of cloud services. In this paper
we discuss problems faced with digital library and development efforts to overcome that
problem. Then it proposed to improve current user service model with Cloud Computing. This
paper explores the application of cloud computing in academic library in Orissa.
Jinga,Zhijiang and Suping 2012) discussed the Community library has been an effective
complement to the large public libraries. But a single community library is always facing some
difficulties in management, costs and resource. Through establishing the community libraries
alliance based on network, those problem can be solved effectively. In this article, the basic
characteristics of cloud computing technology are described, and the component and principle of
the community library alliance based on cloud computing and client-server model are analyzed
in detail. As a relatively new network model, cloud computing has obvious advantage compared
with the common client-server model.
Sultan (2010) conducted a study under the titled "cloud computing for education: a new
dawn". Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm which promises to provide
opportunities for delivering a variety of computing services in a way that has not been
experienced before. It was demonstrated in this article how organizations (both small and large)
are already taking advantage of the benefits which this technology is bringing, not only in terms
of cost but also efficiency and the environment. This computing approach relies on a number of
existing technologies, e.g., the Internet, virtualization, grid computing, Web services, etc. The
provision of this service in a pay-as-you-go way through (largely) the popular medium of the
Internet gives this service a new distinctiveness.
Buyya (2009) highlighted cloud computing is a new and promising paradigm delivering
IT services as computing utilities. As Clouds are designed to provide services to external users,
providers need to be compensated for sharing their resources and capabilities. In this paper,
authors have proposed architecture for market-oriented allocation of resources within Clouds.
They have also presented a vision for the creation of global Cloud exchange for trading services.
They have discussed some representative platforms for Cloud computing covering the state-of-
the-art. In particular, authors have presented various Cloud efforts in practice from the market
oriented perspective to reveal its emerging potential for the creation of third-party services to
enable the successful adoption of Cloud computing, such as meta-negotiation infrastructure for
global Cloud exchanges and provide high performance content delivery via `Storage Clouds'.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of the study were: to explore the concept of cloud computing and
what it in relation to library and information centers and its services in institutions of higher
education with a main focus on academic libraries.
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4. METHODOLOGY
The theoretical methods are used for data collections. In this paper represent few points
for the utilizations of Cloud Computing in library and Information centers. The author have
collect data and information from national as well as international esteemed research journal
library and information science and various recognized websites. The time period of the study
was from August to October 2013.
5. MODELS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
A. Cloud Service Models
There are three major types of cloud service models available:
(i)Software as a Service (SaaS): Applications or software is delivered as a service to the
customer who can access the program from any online device. Some of these Web-based
applications are free such as Hotmail, Google Apps, Skype, and many 2.0 applications, while
most business-oriented SaaS, such as Sales Force, is leased on a subscription basis. There is
usually little customization or control available with these applications. However, subscribers
benefit from low initial costs, have access to (usually 24/7) support services, and needn’t worry
about hosting, installing, upgrading, or maintaining the software.
(ii)Platform as a Service (PaaS): With PaaS, a computing platform is provided which supplies
tools and a development environment to help companies build, test, and deploy Web-based
applications. Businesses don't need to invest in the infrastructure required for building Web and
mobile applications but can rent the use of platforms such as Windows Azure, Google
AppEngine, and Force.com. Applications which are built using these provider’s services,
however, are usually locked into that one platform.
(iii)Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This type of cloud computing is also sometimes referred
to as HaaS or Hardware as a Service and it involves both storage services and computing power.
Amazon’s Web Services, one of the major players in this area, offers two main products
including the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which provides computing resources, and Simple
Storage Service (S3) for data storage.
Companies are using Amazon's Web Services to host or backup their websites, for content
delivery, to run high performance computing simulations, to host media collections, and much
more. Most of these cloud services are available on a pay-per-usage basis, differing from the
SaaS subscription model, enabling customers to scale up or down depending on their need at any
given time and only pay for what they’ve used (Padhy and Mahapatra, 2012).
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B. Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud Computing can be classified into 4 types of deployment model on the basis of
location where the cloud is hosted, these are Public, Private, Hybrid and Community Cloud.
(i) Public Cloud: Computing infrastructure is hosted at the Vendor/Provider location. The
Client/user has no visibility over the location of the cloud computing infrastructure. The
computing infrastructure is shared between organizations.
(ii) Private Cloud: Computing architecture is dedicated to the Client/customer and is not shared
with other organisations/clients. They are expensive but are more secure than Public Clouds.
Private clouds may be externally hosted ones as well as in premise hosted clouds.
(iii) Hybrid Cloud: Organizations host some critical, secure applications in private clouds and
other not so critical applications are hosted in the public cloud. The combination is known as
Hybrid Cloud. Another hybrid cloud is Cloud bursting. It is used to define a system where the
organisation uses its own infrastructure for normal usage, but cloud is used for peak loads.
(iv) Community Cloud: The Cloud infrastructure is shared between the organizations of the
same of community. For example, all the government agencies in a city can share the same cloud
but not the non-government agencies. All libraries in a city or country sharing the same cloud.
Fig.1 Types of Cloud Computing
6. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
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The essential characteristics of cloud computing is On demand self-services-computer
services such as email, applications, network or server service can be provided without requiring
human interaction with each service provider. Cloud service providers providing on demand self
services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and Salesforce.com.
New York Times and NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST).
6.1 Broad network access: Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
such as mobile phones, laptops and PDAs.
6.2 Resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled together to serve multiple
consumers using multiple-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. The resources include
among others storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, virtual machines and email
services. The pooling together of the resource builds economies scale.
6.3 Rapid elasticity: Cloud services can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases
automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the
capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any
quantity at any time.
6.4 Measured service: Cloud computing resource usage can be measured, controlled, and
reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilised service. Cloud
computing services use a metering capability which enables to control and optimize resource use.
This implies that just like air time, electricity or municipality water IT services are charged per
usage metrics – pay per use. The more you utilize the higher the bill. Just as utility companies
sell power to subscribers, and telephone companies sell voice and data services, IT services such
as network security management, data center hosting or even departmental billing can now be
easily delivered as a contractual service.
6.5 Multi Tenacity: is the 6th characteristics of cloud computing advocated by the Cloud
Security Alliance. It refers to the need for policy-driven enforcement, segmentation, isolation,
governance, service levels, and chargeback/billing models for different consumer constituencies.
Consumers might utilize a public cloud provider’s service offerings or actually be from the same
organization, such as different business units rather than distinct organizational entities, but
would still share infrastructure.
7. PROS AND CONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
(I)The Pros
1. Cost reduction - Cloud computing reduces paperwork, lowers transaction costs, and
minimizes the invest in hardware (and the resources to manage it). Moving your business to ‘the
cloud’ also reduces the need for an IT staff.
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2. Its scalable - Like electricity and water, some cloud computing services allow businesses to
only pay for what they use. And as your business grows, you can accommodate by adding more
server space.
3. Levels the playing field - Cloud computing providers offers small and mid-size businesses
access to more sophisticated technology at lower prices. Sharing IT resources with other
companies reduces the cost of licensing software and buying servers.
4. Easier collaboration - Since services in the cloud can be accessed anytime from any
computer, it’s easy to collaborate with employees in distant locations.
(II)The Cons
1. Availability - Will your cloud service go down unexpectedly, leaving you without important
information for hours or more?
2. Data mobility and ownership - Once you decide to stop the cloud service, can you get all
your data back? How can you be certain that the service provider will destroy your data once
you’ve canceled the service?
3. Privacy - How much data are cloud companies collecting and how might that information be
used?
8. BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN GENERAL
a. Scalability: Scalability refers to real time adjustment of resources. Cloud computing enables
to scale up or down IT requirements of organizations quickly and efficiently, without hampering
productivity. It cuts down the time involved in buying & setting up additional hardware, software
& other necessary resources every time a new service is required.
b. Reduced Infrastructure Cost: As said earlier that resources can be adjusted dynamically, a
lot of cost related affairs like administration, maintenance and be reduced. It also helps cut down
unnecessary capital expenditure as one has to pay only for the duration of use the service for.
c. Effective Utilization: As in cloud computing the total IT infrastructure is as a pool of
resources, it reduces wastage of resources to a great extent and improves utilization.
9. CLOUD COMPUTING @ LIBRARIES
The above benefits are mostly applicable to libraries and other small-to-mid-sized
organizations. Effective planning and decision regarding implementation is the most important
factors for its success.
9.1. Financial Barriers vs. Cost Savings: Each library is facing acute shrinkage in budget.
Varieties of resources, in all forms (printed and digital) broadened the issue. Purchasing
infrastructural facilities recurrently and updating /up gradation of software and hardware is
becoming a bothering issue. Cloud computing offers price savings due to economies of scale and
the fact that you’re only paying for the resources you actually use.
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9.2. Rigidness vs. Flexibility and Innovation: Risks can be taken for creative and innovative
ideas as the new application will run on provider’s infrastructure. Libraries don’t have to decide
about the bandwidth, traffic etc. Creation and configuration of virtual server for storing digital
resources would be easier as the script would be run under providers own machine. As Whitfield
Diffie points out that in the long run the cloud might be more restricted and rule-bound than
traditional IT. He compares the cloud to public transportation providers such as airlines which
rely more on rules and fixed schedules than privately-owned planes.
9.3. Cloud OPAC and Cloud ILS: As of now the libraries are providing Union catalogue
services through consortia approach, is still in its infancy. As now more and more LMS vendors
are offering cloud-hosted versions of their tools, it is strongly expected that OCLC’s cloud based
ILS tools that complement their existing cataloging tools (e.g. WorldCat and FirstSearch).
Unified search engine and catalogue retrieving tools may help global user to access more
information in real time, satisfying the fourth law of LIS.
9.4. Cloud types and LIS: There are too much hype and optimism surrounding cloud
computing. Lots of gray areas are still there which needs to be addressed promptly for
implementation of cloud computing in LIS. Concerns about security, privacy and reliability are
the most important among them. To mitigate the fears above the libraries choose to go for hybrid
cloud model. This hybrid model would let libraries maintain more control over the applications
and data stores that contain sensitive, private information about patrons. Fine tuning and
adjustment of resources can also be done quickly (Ghosh,2012).
10. HOW THE TREND OF CLOUD COMPUTING WILL IMPACT LIBRARIES?
Beyond the basic components like hosted email services that have a strong consumer
base, cloud computing can be utilized to address needs which are specific to libraries? This can
be broken down into the three types of cloud services, replacing a library’s onsite technology
environment with an online version, and then situations where a library can create its own cloud
infrastructure. These areas offer “benefits to information professionals: outsourced infrastructure,
greater flexibility, reduced barriers to innovation, and lower start up investments”.
The three main types of cloud services are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) (Kroski, 2009). First, cloud computing
offers the ability of libraries to use online software to handle a task like video chat through either
Gmail video chat or through Skype. Both of these are free services though there is “little
customization or control available with these applications” (Kroski, 2009). In other words,
services you offer through a SaaS’ interface will look like that of your competitors which will
not distinguish you from them. On the other hand, since the services and application interfaces
are often familiar with users, there would be a decrease in the learning curve for library staff and
users.
Second, libraries can create applications in an online environment. These environments
allow a library to “build, test, and deploy Web-based applications” (Kroski, 2009). PaaS gives
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the library the freedom to explore development options without having to purchase and maintain
the required infrastructure. This way, if a particular program turns out to not be popular or a best
fit for a library, they are not stuck with unwanted hardware and software which they could not
recoup the costs from.
Third, a library no longer has to purchase their own servers to host their content. By using
IaaS, a library can purchase server space and computing power. One of the major players in this
arena is Amazon which offers the “Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which provides computing
resources and Simple Storage Services (S3) for data storage” (Kroski, 2009). A library does not
need to purchase a server which is underutilized but costs the same to purchase and maintain as
if it were using all of its resources at all times. By using an IaaS, a library gains the benefit of
only paying for the “resources you actually use”.
Therefore the main benefit for moving to a cloud computing environment for a library is
the ability to both try out new software without having to buy the hardware as well as being able
to scale the computing power to meet the demand of users. A library’s IT department can be
more flexible in raising the amount of cloud computing they require by contacting their vendor
instead of physically having to acquire new hardware to meet increased demands. This method
will save the library money and staff resources.
11. DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
The drawbacks are actually the same as those encountered by institutions that have
information hosted outside of the entity. Whereas, in the case of hard-copy document files and at
the enterprise level, this fear disappeared years ago given the benefits of cost reduction in
infrastructure management and security, in the case of digital data there is still a huge fear of
putting our information in the hands of third parties. This fear arises due to issues such as
confidentiality, theft, loss etc. Yet people are increasingly more likely to do so now that the use
of web 2.0 and social networks has become so widespread. There is nothing more sensitive than
banking or personal data, yet this data is stored in servers over which we have no domain or
ownership.
An institution might take the decision to progressively move towards Cloud Computing
by uploading applications which are not very sensitive such as: messaging, the booking of
rooms, meeting management, the liquidation of costs, and holiday management. This learning
process more valuable information involving the corpus of the institution, i.e. "Business
intelligence” might be uploaded to the cloud. In the case of library’s and information centers, this
information would include management funds and network transactions (Romero, 2012).
12. AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
The present study is carried out the help of several variables i.e. the growth of cloud
computing in information society and its impact of higher educational institutions/organizations,
business world, administrations etc. The study covers utilizations of Cloud Computing in Library
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and Information Centers. Still certain areas are there where further study can be carried out. They
are as follows:
The study can conduct to find growth, development and use cloud computing of different
libraries in one country as well as other countries.
1. The study can extend to whole of the countries.
2. The same study can also be extended to the University libraries.
3. To carry out research on the same specialized libraries and information
centers/institutions in one country as well as other countries.
13. CONCLUSION
Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm which promises to provide
opportunities for delivering a variety of computing services in a way that has not been
experienced before Cloud computing which is applied in digital libraries, analyzes current
situation and existing problems of the cloud computing in digital library .On this basis, on the
combination of cloud computing, SaaS, web2.0, SOA and other technologies, this paper
proposes a CALIS-based cloud service strategy and the corresponding cloud library services
platform (i.e. Nebula platform) model. The model is suitable for constructing large-scale
distributed network of public digital library services. All library resources and service distributed
on the Internet can be integrated as a whole, which forms a new type of adaptive control service
system supporting interlibrary collaboration and service access, as well sharing resources from
different libraries. But in practice, the cloud computing is facing the large number of technical
problems and engineering problems.
Therefore, it is necessary to encrypt data and make that the data obtained illegally cannot
be deciphered. Cloud computing technology is still relatively young in terms of maturity and
adoption. The expectation is that it will undergo several changes in the future, in terms of
resources, issues, risks, and ultimately best practices and standards. However, there are some
sought of greet advantages it can potentially provide value for institutions of higher education.
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COPYRIGHT AWARENESS OF DOCTORAL
STUDENTS IN CALICUT UNIVERSITY
CAMPUS
Dr. Vasudevan T. M
Associate Professor and Head, Dept. of Lib. and Information Science,
University of Calicut. E-mail: [email protected].
Suchithra K. M
Former MLISc Student, Dept. of Lib. and Information Science,
University of Calicut. Email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper focused on copyright awareness of doctoral students in Calicut University Campus. A
structured questionnaire was distributed among 120 doctoral students in the Calicut University
campus. Out of 120, 60 from science departments and 60 from non-science departments. The study
revealed that majority of the doctoral students are aware about copyright law and its importance,
but the study also revealed that a good number of the doctoral students are less aware about
plagiarism. The study also helped the investigators to reach at the conclusion that copyright is
relevant in digital environment.
KEYWORD: Copyright, Plagiarism, Digital Copyright, Doctoral students, Calicut University.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the information society, the emergence of new information occurs within microseconds and is
also accessible to the wide range of users. Technology is developing day by day, and the ways of
accessing information are also getting changed. In the new digital world, the importance of
copyright is more because of that the misuse of information is increasing.
Copyright is the exclusive right of the author to restrict others from copying his/ her work.
Copyright regulation basically protects the interests of the writer or the creator or the performer
from commercial exploitation by others. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) copyright as “the exclusive right, given to the originator or his or her assignee for a fixed number
of years, to reproduce or perform a literary, musical, cinematic, etc., work and to authorize others
to do the same” (Thakur, 2012-13). Copyright laws simply explain the legal protection given to
authors against unauthorised copying of their work.
In digital environment, management of copyright is a new issue. With the existence of several
laws and acts, the violation of copyright is still going on in several fields like academic,
marketing etc. in different parts of the world. Nowadays our society possesses a great problem of
copyright violation. It is mainly due to that the people are still less aware about Intellectual
property Right (IPR) and copyright. Standing within this state of our society, the investigator
selected the present topic and decided to conduct the study on doctoral students. Doctoral
students are considered as the generators of new information so it cannot be overemphasized that
they should be aware about copyright.
2. LITERATURE SEARCH
Olaka & Adkins (2013) investigated how Kenyan academic librarians with varying education
levels to solve and handle copyright issues when presented to them by library users. It revealed
that librarians from the different education levels differed in solving and handling copyright
issues. In a study, Isiakpona (2012) found
that the level of awareness of copyright laws by
undergraduate students were considerably high but the knowledge on the provision of the
copyright laws on the use of printed or literary materials were low among the undergraduate in
the university of Ibadan. Wan, Ismail & Cheat (2012) conducted a study on plagiarism to what
extent it is understood. The purpose of the study was to identify the extent of students’
understanding of the concept of plagiarism through the use of computer and information
technology. The results showed that the students’ understanding of the concept of plagiarism was
still not satisfactory. Olaka & Adkins (2012)
conducted a study on exploring copyright
knowledge in experience and education level among academic librarians in Kenya. The result
showed that academic librarians were only moderately knowledgeable about copyright issues.
Li & Casanave (2012) explored the students’ understanding of plagiarism, their strategies for
composing, the similarity between their texts and source texts and the lecturer’s assessment of
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) their work. It indicated that both students were appeared to understand the university’s
plagiarism policy yet their texts were characterized by patch writing and inappropriate citation.
Risques, O’Dwyer & Ledwith (2011) conducted a study on technology enhanced learning and
plagiarism in entrepreneurship education and found that more than one online plagiarism
prevention tutorial is required to change self-reported views relating to engagement in
plagiarism, perception of peer participation in plagiarism and student's ethical views. Wu, Chou,
Ke, & Wang (2010) conducted a study on college students' misunderstandings about copyright
laws for digital library resources. It revealed that librarian-interview results indicate students
problematic behaviours like distribution to unauthorized users and the student-survey showed
that students had misunderstanding about copyright laws when using digital library resources. In
a study, Eret & Gokmenoglu (2010) found that the prospective academicians have negative
attitude towards plagiarism, they might plagiarize due to foreign language problems, time
constraints, and lack of knowledge about plagiarism.
Femandez-Molina, Karlos & Chaves (2010) conducted a study on copyright and e-learning at
professors' level of knowledge about the new Spanish law. The findings show that there was a
considerable lack of knowledge on the part of professors regarding copyright issues. In another
study, Mahesh & Rekha Mittal (2009) examined modes of digital content creation for digital
libraries and discussed the associated copyright issues with the types of digital content. It found
that extant copyright laws, particularly in India, allow scope for forming opinions with regard to
digital content thereby giving room for insecurity for digital content creation.
Femandez-Molina, Karlos & Chaves Guimaraes (2009) made an attempt to study the WIPO
development agenda and the contribution of the international library community. The findings
showed that the initiative for a development agenda for WIPO has proven much more successful
than many had imagined, even its promoters. Smith, Ghazali & Noor Minhad (2007) conducted a
study on attitudes towards plagiarism among undergraduate accounting students. The purpose of
this study was to examine undergraduate student's perceptions of factors contributing to
plagiarism activities. The results suggested that factors contributing to plagiarism include lack of
awareness, lack of understanding, lack of competence, and personal attitudes.
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) In a study, Okiy (2005) found that the major reasons for photocopying are the cheapness of
photocopies compared with the cost of purchasing books and journals as well as the scarcity of
books and also found that more than fifty per cent of the respondents photocopied whole books
and journals, while over sixty five per cent of them are aware of the copyright law. George
(2005) explored the issues related to acquiring copyright permission with the goal of determining
effectiveness and efficiency using the least complex process. Gadd & Gaston (2001) investigated
the copyright questions faced by libraries by analyzing the Lis-copyseek archives. It revealed
that the majority of concerns relate to copyright in the print environment, in particular the
regulation concerning short loan collections and course packs.
It is revealed that a number of studies have been conducted on the topic “wareness of copyright
rules and regulation” all over the world in the recent years. Findings highlighted the need for the
copyright awareness of doctoral students in the current society and in the light of this situation
the investigator selected the present topic for conducting the study.
3.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objectives of the study are as follows
1. To analyse the level of awareness of copyright and plagiarism among doctoral students in
Calicut University campus.
2. To analyse the attitude of doctoral students towards copyright rules and regulations.
3. To find out how far the non-availability of printed materials is responsible for the
copyright violation by doctoral students.
4. To examine the relevance of copyright in digital environment.
4.METHODOLOGY
The present study aims to examine the copyright awareness of doctoral students
in Calicut University campus. The population of the present study is the full time the doctoral
students in Calicut University campus. The investigator selected a representative sample of the
whole population and 120 doctoral students are selected from the population in which 60 from
science departments and 60 from non-science departments. Stratified random sampling method
was used for the purpose of selecting sample. A structured questionnaire was used for data
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) collection. Statistical technique used for analysis of collected data was percentage method.
Microsoft Excel method was used for the consolidation of data.
5.ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This section deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected by means of the
questionnaires.
5.1.Copyright Awareness of Doctoral Students
In the new information era, doctoral students should be aware about the rules and regulations
in the use of information for their research work. Here the investigator analysed the level of
copyright awareness of doctoral students through questionnaire and the data were analysed and
given in the table 5.1.
Table 5.1
Copyright Awareness of Doctoral Students
Awareness
Doctoral Students
Science Non-science Total
Aware 40(70.2) 30(54.5) 70(62.5)
Less Aware 12(21.1) 20(36.4) 32(28.6)
Not Aware 5(8.8) 5(9.1) 10(8.9)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
The data in table 5.1 indicates that majority (70.2 per cent) of science respondents are aware
about the importance of copyright. A few (21.1 per cent) of them are less aware and a very
few (8.8 per cent) are not aware. Majority of (54.5 per cent) non-science respondents are also
aware about the importance of copyright. A good number (36.4 per cent) of them are less
aware and a very few (9.1 per cent) are not aware. From the table it is inferred that science
respondents are more aware about copyright than non-science respondents.
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) 5.2.Knowledge about Indian Copyright Act
Figure 1 shows the knowledge level of doctoral students about Indian Copyright Act which
was enacted in 1957. This figure shows that majority (73.7 per cent) of science respondents
has knowledge about Indian Copyright Act and a few (26.3 per cent) are unknown about the
Act. Majority (67.3 per cent) of non-science respondents have knowledge about Indian
Copyright Act. A good number (32.7 per cent) of non-science respondents are unknown about
the Act. Overall, science respondents are more knowledgeable about the Indian Copyright Act
than non-science respondents.
Figure 1. Knowledge about Indian Copyright Act
5.3.Familiarity with Plagiarism
Plagiarism which is called as literary theft is another problem related to copyright violation.
Recently there was an incident of cancelation of PhD at international level due to plagiarism.
Like copyright, the doctoral students must aware about plagiarism. The data in table 5.2 shows
the details about the familiarity of doctoral students with plagiarism.
73.7 67.3
26.3 32.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Science Non-science
Yes
No
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Table 5.2
Familiarity with Plagiarism
Familiarity Doctoral Students
Total Science Non-science
Familiar 33(57.8) 17(30.9) 50(44.6)
Less Familiar 13(22.8) 23(41.8) 36(32.1)
Not Familiar 11(19.3) 15(27.3) 26(23.2)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.2 reveals that majority (57.8 per cent) of science respondents are familiar with
plagiarism. A few (22.8 per cent) of them are less familiar and a few (19.3 per cent) respondents
are not familiar. A good number (30.9 per cent) of non-science respondents are also familiar
with plagiarism. A good number (41.8 per cent) of them are less familiar and a few (27.3 per
cent) of them are not familiar. Compared to the percentage of respondents (table 5.2) who are
familiar with copyright, less percentage of respondents are familiar with plagiarism.
5.4.Checking of Plagiarism
The respondents those who are familiar about plagiarism are analysed and founded that if they
are checking plagiarism while using information during research work. The results are shown in
figure 2.
45.6
27.3
54.4
72.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Science Non-science
Yes
No
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) The figure 2 shows that about half (45.6per cent) of the science respondents and a few (27.3
per cent) non-science respondents are answered ‘yes’. The percentage of non-science
respondents (27.3 per cent) those checking plagiarism is very less compared to science
respondents (45.6 per cent). Majority (72.7 per cent) of non-science doctoral students is not
checking plagiarism regularly. It reveals that majority of the respondents (63.4 per cent) did
not checking plagiarism regularly while using information.
5.5.Methods Used for Checking Plagiarism
There are several methods available for checking plagiarism. The investigator gave different
methods to respondents to find out which one is preferred by them. The data is shown in the
table 5.3.
Table 5.3
Methods Used for Checking Plagiarism
Method Used for
Checking Plagiarism
Doctoral Students Total
(N=41) Science
(N=23)
Non-science
(N=18)
On-line 12(52.2) 9(50) 21(51.2)
With the help of
colleagues 10(43.5) 8(44.4) 18(43.9)
Other 1(0.43) 1(0.55) 2(0.48)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.3 shows that about half of the science respondents (52.2 per cent) and half of the non-
science respondents (50 per cent) selected on-line method for checking plagiarism. A good
number (43.5 per cent) of them selected the second option ‘with the help of colleagues’.
Similarly a good number (44.4 per cent) of the non-science respondents selected second option
and a very few (0.55 per cent) of them are suggested other methods. Overall, on-line method is
selected by more respondents.
5.6.Extent of Violation of Copyright due to Non-availability of Printed Materials
The investigator attempted to find out how much the non-availability of printed materials makes
the respondents to violate copyright regulations through photocopying and other ways. The data
were shown in the table 5.4.
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Table 5.4
Extent of Violation of Copyright due to Non-availability of Printed Materials
Opinion Doctoral Students
Science Non-science Total
Great Extent 3(5.3) 6(10.9) 9(8.04)
Some Extent 19(33.3) 18(32.7) 37(33.04)
Little Extent 12(21.1) 15(27.3) 27(24.1)
No Extent 8(14.04) 6(10.9) 14(12.5)
Don't Know 15(26.3) 10(18.2) 25(22.3)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
The data in the table 5.4 indicates that a very few (8.04 per cent) of the respondents are sure that
they violate copyright due to non-availability of printed materials to great extent. A good
number (33.04 per cent) of them violate copyright to some extent and 24.1 per cent violate
copyright to little extent. A very few (12.5 per cent) of the respondents violate no extent and a
few (22.3 per cent) answered don’t know. Overall, a good number of the respondents are
violating copyright to some extent due to the non-availability of printed materials.
5.7.Awareness of Digital Copyright
Like the copyright for printed resources there is copyright restriction for digital materials also.
The doctoral students are needed to be aware about digital copyright also. Table 5.5 shows the
data related to awareness of doctoral students about digital copyright.
Table 5.5
Awareness of Digital Copyright
Awareness Doctoral Students
Total Science Non-science
Aware 28(49.1) 16(29.1) 44(39.3)
Less Aware 22(38.6) 21(38.2) 43(38.4)
Not Aware 7(12.3) 18(32.7) 25(22.3)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) The data in the table 5.5 indicates that a good number (39.3 per cent) of the respondents are
aware about digital copyright. Similarly a good number (38.4 per cent) of them are less aware
and a few (22.3 per cent) are not aware about digital copyright. Overall, a good number of the
respondents are aware about digital copyright. Science respondents are more aware about digital
copyright than non-science respondents.
5.8.Agreement with Copyright Regulations
The investigator tried to find out the attitudes of doctoral students towards copyright
regulations. Someone may agree with the rules and regulation of copy right and some may not.
The data collected through the questionnaire were shown in the table 5.6.
Table 5.6
Agreement with Copyright Regulations
Opinion Doctoral Students
Total Science Non-science
Strongly Agree 6(10.5) 4(7.3) 10(8.9)
Agree 43(75.4) 38(69.1) 81(72.3)
Don't Know 4(7.02) 11(20) 15(13.4)
Disagree 4(7.02) 2(3.6) 6(5.4)
Strongly Disagree – – –
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.6 shows the doctoral students’ agreement with the regulations of copyright. It indicates
that majority (72.3 per cent) of the respondents agree with copyright regulations and a very few
(8.9 per cent) of them strongly agree. A very few (13.4 per cent) of the respondents answered
don’t know and a very few (5.4 per cent) of them disagree.
Overall, majority of the respondents agree with the regulations of copyright. The percentage of
science respondents who agree with the regulations of copyright is more compared to
percentage of non-science respondents.
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) 5.9.Agreement with Digital Copyright
The investigator tried to find out the approach of doctoral students towards digital copyright
regulations. The data collected through the questionnaire were shown in the table 5.7.
Table 5.7
Agreement with Digital Copyright
Opinion
Doctoral Students
Science
Non-
scie
nce
Total
Strongly
Agree 8(14.03) 6(10.9) 14(12.5)
Agree 29(50.9) 25(45.5) 54(48.2)
Don't Know 12(21.1) 17(30.9) 29(25.9)
Disagree 8(14.03) 7(12.7) 15(13.4)
Strongly
Disag
ree
– – –
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
The data in the table 5.7 revealed that about half (48.2 per cent) of the respondents agree with
digital copyright regulations and a very few (12.5 per cent) of them strongly agree. A few (25.9
per cent) of the respondents answered don’t know and a very few (13.4 per cent) of them
disagree with digital copyright.
Overall, about half of the respondents agree with the regulations of digital copyright. The
percentage of science respondents who agree with the regulations of digital copyright is more
compared to percentage of non-science respondents.
5.10.Feeling of Self Violation of Copyright
Sometimes we will compel to violate copyright due to the non-availability of printed materials
and its high material price. Exception is included in copyright that for academic purpose
photocopies can be taken and it comes under fair use. At the same time there are rules for taking
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) photocopy according to the number of pages and so on. Here the investigator made an attempt
to evaluate the feeling of self violation of copyright by doctoral students. The data were shown
in the following table 5.8.
Table 5.8
Feeling of Self Violation of Copyright
Frequency Doctoral Students
Total Science Non-science
Frequently – – –
Sometimes 10(17.5) 18(32.7) 28(25)
Rarely 19(33.3) 13(23.6) 32(28.6)
Never 17(29.8) 14(25.5) 31(27.8)
Don't Know 11(19.3) 10(18.2) 21(18.8)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.8 shows the frequency of the feeling of self violation of copyright by doctoral students.
It indicates that a few (28.6 per cent) of the respondents rarely felt that they are violating the
copyright Act while using information. A few (25 per cent) of the respondents sometimes felt
that they are violating the copyright Act while using information. While a few (27.8 per cent)
of respondents never felt that they are violating the copyright Act while using information. A
few (18.1 per cent) are answered don’t know.
Overall, a few (25 per cent) of the respondents sometimes felt that they are violating the
copyright Act while using information. A few (18.8 per cent) of the respondents answered
‘don’t know’.
5.11. Extent of Copyright Violation Due to Digitalization
The digitalization simplifies the ways of getting information and it will lead to copying and
downloading of materials for commercial purposes rather than academic needs. The investigator
attempted to find out how much the digital environment makes the respondents to violate
copyright regulations.
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Table 5.9
Extent of Copyright Violation Due to Digitalization
Opinion Doctoral students
Total Science Non-science
Great Extent 3(5.3) 2(3.6) 5(4.5)
Some Extent 26(45.6) 18(32.7) 44(39.3)
Little Extent 8(14.03) 16(29.1) 24(21.4)
No Extent 7(12.3) 4(7.3) 11(9.8)
Don't Know 13(22.8) 15(27.3) 28(25)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.9 shows the extent of violation of copyright due to digitalization. The data in the table
shows that a very few (4.5 per cent) of the respondents are sure that they violate copyright to
great extent due to digitization. A good number (39.3 per cent) of them violate copyright to some
extent and 21.4 per cent violate copyright to little extent. A very few (9.8 per cent) of the
respondents violate no extent and a few (25 per cent) answered don’t know.
Overall, a good number of the respondents are violating copyright to some extent due to
digitization.
5.12. Methods to Become Aware about Copyright
There are different methods available by which one can access information on copyright and
become aware. The investigator provided different methods to analyze the respondents and the
data were shown in the table 5.10.
Table 5.10
Methods to Become Aware about Copyright
Methods
Doctoral Students
Total
(N=160)
Science
(N=78)
Non-science
(N=82)
Attending instruction
classes 10(17.5) 22(40) 32(28.6)
Using Guides 9(15.8) 3(5.5) 12(10.7)
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Depending on Library
Professionals 7(12.3) 11(20) 18(16.1)
Reading Books on
Copyright 11(19.3) 15(27.3) 26(23.2)
Through Internet 37(64.9) 26(47.3) 63(56.3)
Other 4(7.01) 5(9.1) 9(8.03)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.10 shows the methods selected by doctoral students to become aware about copyright.
Majority (64.9 per cent) of the science respondents depend upon internet to become aware about
copyright. A few (19.3 per cent) of them preferred reading books on copyright and a few (17.5
per cent) of them go for instruction classes to get awareness about copyright and a few (15.8 per
cent) use guides. A very few (12.3 per cent) depends on library professionals. In the case of
non-science respondents about half (47.3 per cent) of them use internet to get awareness about
copyright. A good number (40 per cent) of them go for instruction classes to get awareness
about copyright. A few (27.3 per cent) of them preferred reading books on copyright and a very
few (5.5 per cent) use guides. A few (20 per cent) depends on library professionals. A very few
(8.03 per cent) of the respondents suggested other methods.
Overall, the data in the table indicates that majority (56.3 per cent) of the science and non-
science respondents depend upon internet to become aware about copyright. A few (28.6 per
cent) of the respondents go for instruction classes. A few (23.2 per cent) of them preferred
reading books on copyright and a very few (10.7 per cent) use guides. A few (16.1 per cent)
depends on library professionals.
5.13.Relevance of Copyright in Digital Environment
The development in information and communication technology influenced the availability and
accessibility of information. In the digital environment copyright has more importance and also
the chance for violation of copyright is more. So the investigator made an attempt to find out the
attitude of doctoral students towards the relevance of copyright in digital environment. The data
were given in the table 5.11.
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Table 5.11
Relevance of Copyright in Digital Environment
Opinion Doctoral Students Total
Science Non-science
Yes 45(78.9) 40(72.7) 85(75.9)
No 12(21.1) 15(27.3) 27(24.1)
Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)
(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)
Table 5.11 indicates that according to majority of science respondents (78.9 per cent) copyright
is relevant in digital environment. Whereas a few (21.1 per cent) of them think that copyright is
not relevant in digital environment. When it comes to non-science respondents, majority (72.7
per cent) of them think that copyright is relevant in digital environment. A few (27.3 per cent)
of them think that copyright is not relevant in digital environment.
Overall, majority of the science (78.9 per cent) and non-science (72.7 per cent) respondents
think that copyright is relevant in digital environment. Only a few (24.1 per cent) of them think
that copyright is not relevant in digital environment.
6. CONCLUSION
Copyright is the exclusive right of an author to restrict others from copying his work.
Copyright awareness is essential in academic and scholarly environment where the people use
others work to create their own works. The development in technology facilitates the easiest
way of accessing information resources and reproducing them. It will lead to the great problem
of copyright infringement or copyright violation.
The present study is an attempt made by the investigator to study the level of copyright
awareness among doctoral students in Calicut University campus. The findings of the study
revealed that majority of the doctoral students are aware about copyright law and its importance.
It is very clear from the result that, doctoral students from science discipline are more aware
compared to non-science. But the study also revealed that a good number of the doctoral
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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) students are less aware about plagiarism. The study also helped the investigator to reach at the
conclusion that copyright is relevant in digital environment.
The copyright infringement or violation should make a negative effect on the educational
system of our nation and all over the world. It may negatively influence the authors of literary
works to produce less number of materials and this will leads to low academic performance of
students.
The investigator suggested some methods like attending instruction classes, workshops, seminar
etc. to the doctoral students in order to improve their level of copyright awareness. The teachers
and libraries can provide orientation programmes for doctoral students as well as for other
graduate and post graduate students in order to increase their copyright awareness. Also to
reduce the rate of illegal photocopying, commercial photocopying operators should be asked to
pay royalty for excessive photocopy. It is hoped that the present study will make a positive
change among doctoral students in their attitude towards copyright and let us hope for a literary
world without copyright violation.
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