Light-induced collisions of ultracold rubidium atoms - Atom Trainers
World of ultracold atoms with strong interaction
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World of ultracold atoms wiWorld of ultracold atoms with strong interaction th strong interaction
National Tsing-Hua University
Daw-Wei Wang
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Temperature ?
What we mean by “ultracold” ?
610 K !T
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Why low temperature ?Why low temperature ?
x p
Therefore, if TT
2
~ ~ ~ , Thermal wavelength2 2
B T
B
pk T x
m p mk T
Ans: To see the quantum effects !
Uncertainty principle:
1/3Quantum regime when ~T d n
dT
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(after Nature, 416, 225 (’02))
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Why strong interaction ?Why strong interaction ?
Because interaction can make “many” to be “different” !
P. Anderson: “Many is not more”
Example: 1D interacting electrons crystalization and no fermionic excitation
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How to make interaction stronger ?How to make interaction stronger ?
N
jiji
N
jj
j xxUxVm
H )(2
1)(
21
2p
smaller becomes or smaller becomes ~ .2 mTkE Bk
dimensionlower make tochanges )( .3 xV
stronger becomes )( .1 xU
ninteractio range longfor smaller
n);interactioshort (for larger becomes .4 N
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How to reach ultracold temperature ?How to reach ultracold temperature ?
1. Laser cooling !(1997 Nobel Price)
Use red detune laser+ Doppler effect
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How to reach ultracold temperature ?How to reach ultracold temperature ?
2. Evaporative cooling !
Reduce potential barrial+thermal equilibrium
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Typical experimental environmentTypical experimental environment
MIT
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How to do measurement ?How to do measurement ?Trapping and cooling
Perturbing
Releasing and measuring BEC
(2001 Nobel Price)
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What is Bose-Einstein What is Bose-Einstein condensation ?condensation ?
Therefore, for fermion we have ( , ) 0,
i.e. fermions like to be far away,
but bosons do like to be close !
x x
1 2 2 1( , ) ( , ), + for boson and - for fermionx x x x
When T is small enough,noninteracting bosonslike to stay in the lowestenergy state, i.e. BEC
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How about fermions in How about fermions in T=0 ?T=0 ?
When T-> 0, noninteracting fermions form a compact distribution in energy level.
E
D(E)
Fermi sea
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BEC and Superfluidity of bosonsBEC and Superfluidity of bosons
Superfluid
Normal fluid
v repulsion
Landau’s two-fluid model
BEC = superfluidity
uncondensate
condensate(after Science, 293, 843 (’01))
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Phonons and interference in BECPhonons and interference in BEC
m
Unvph
0
Phonon=density fluctuation Interference
Matter waves ?
(after Science 275, 637 (’97))
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Vortices in condensateVortices in condensate
extln lnnlnlE 20, 223
Vortex = topological disorder
E
L1 320
Vortices melting, quantum Hall regime ?
(after Science 292, 476 (’01))
(after PRL 87, 190401 (’01))
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Spinor condensation in optical trapSpinor condensation in optical trap0,1,1 FmF
JIF
Na
B
EF=2
F=1
lklkjijiijjiii
gg
mdH ˆˆˆˆ
2ˆˆˆˆ
2ˆ
2ˆ 20
2
FFr
(see for example, cond-mat/0005001)
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Boson-fermion mixturesBoson-fermion mixtures
Sympathetic cooling
Fermions are noninteracting !
phonon-mediated interaction
fermion
phonon
E
D(E)
Interacting fermi sea
rf-pulse
NaLiLiLiRbK 236768740 or , ,
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Feshbach ResonanceFeshbach Resonance(i) Typical scattering:
(ii) Resonant scattering:
0
0 1BB
Baa
B
a
Molecule state
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Molecule and pair condensateMolecule and pair condensate
(JILA, after Nature 424, 47 (’03))
K40
(MIT group, PRL 92, 120403 (’04))
Li6
(Innsbruck, after Science 305, 1128 (’04))
2/9,2/9
2/5,2/9
2/5,2/9
2/9,2/9 2/7,2/9
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B
a
First evidence of superfluidity of fermion pairing
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Optical latticeOptical lattice3D lattice 1D lattice
Entanglement control 22
2
0
)(
E
EV R
other lattice
E
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Mott-Insulator transitionMott-Insulator transition
i
iii
iiiiji
ji aaaaaaUaatH )1(,
(after Nature 415, 39 (’02))
Ut /
n=1
n=2
n=3 superfluid
Bose-Hubbard model
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Fermions in optical latticeFermions in optical lattice
i
iiji
sjsi nnUaatH ,,,
,,
Fermi Hubbard model
Superfluidity of fermion pairing in lattice is also realized.
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Transport in 1D waveguideTransport in 1D waveguide
Interference ?
Finite temperature+ semiconductor technique
wave guide
wire
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Dipoles in nature:Dipoles in nature:(1) Heteronuclear molecules (2) Atoms with large
magnetic moment
(a) Direct molecules p~ 1-5 D (b) But difficult to be cooled
Cr)(for 6~ BSmall moment
nK1~ U,1 ,K10~ U1D,~p ddBdd
But it is now ready to go !
(Doyle, Meijer, DeMille etc.) (Stuhler etc.)
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Condensate (superfluid)Condensate (superfluid)
Tc~700 nK
B6
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Cold dipolar atoms/moleculesCold dipolar atoms/molecules(1) Heteronuclear molecules (2) Atoms with large
magnetic moment
(a) Direct molecules p~ 1-5 D (b) But difficult to be cooled
Cr)(for 6~ BSmall moment
nK1~ U,1 ,K10~ U1D,~p ddBdd
But it is now ready to go !
(Doyle, Meijer, DeMille etc.) (Stuhler etc.)
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Condensate (superfluid)Condensate (superfluid)
Tc~700 nK
B6
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Interdisciplinary fieldInterdisciplinary field
Ultracold atoms
TraditionalAMO
Quantum Information
NonlinearPhysics
Precise measurement
Condensed matter
Cosmology
Soft-matter/chemistry