WORLD HISTORY/CULTURES WORLD HISTORY/CULTURES CHAPTER 20- WORLD WAR II CHAPTER 20- WORLD WAR II

SECTION 1- PATH TO WARSECTION 1- PATH TO WAR

JapanJapan• Relied on Relied on foreign sourcesforeign sources for raw materials & for raw materials &

manufactured goods. Sought more manufactured goods. Sought more territoryterritory to gain more materials/goods.to gain more materials/goods.

• 1931: Japan invades Chinese province of 1931: Japan invades Chinese province of ManchuriaManchuria..

• 1932: Japan renamed Manchuria- 1932: Japan renamed Manchuria- Manchukuo. Former Chinese emperor Manchukuo. Former Chinese emperor Pu YiPu Yi as puppet leader.as puppet leader.

• League of NationsLeague of Nations investigated Japan’s investigated Japan’s actions. Ordered Japan to actions. Ordered Japan to returnreturn Manchuria Manchuria to China.to China.

• 1933: Japan withdraws from League. League 1933: Japan withdraws from League. League powerlesspowerless..

Japan con’tJapan con’t• 1937: Japan 1937: Japan capturescaptures eastern & southern eastern & southern

Chinese cities. Wanted access to Chinese cities. Wanted access to oil oil reservesreserves of East Indies for ships and of East Indies for ships and airplanes.airplanes.

• Nanjing, Chinese capital- Japanese kill Nanjing, Chinese capital- Japanese kill 200,000 civilians.200,000 civilians.

• National government of National government of Chiang Kai- ShekChiang Kai- Shek retreats inland & forms alliance with retreats inland & forms alliance with western powers.western powers.

• 1937-1945: Nationalists, Chinese 1937-1945: Nationalists, Chinese Communists & Japanese fought each Communists & Japanese fought each other for other for controlcontrol of China. of China.

Italy & EthiopiaItaly & Ethiopia

• Italy wants to Italy wants to securesecure Ethiopia in Africa. Ethiopia in Africa.

• 1934: Italians & Ethiopians fight in 1934: Italians & Ethiopians fight in disputed zone on border of Ethiopia & disputed zone on border of Ethiopia & Italian Italian SomalilandSomaliland..

• Mussolini demanded an Mussolini demanded an apology & apology & reparationsreparations. Ethiopia asks League of . Ethiopia asks League of Nations to Nations to investigateinvestigate. League’s . League’s decision- each side viewed area as own decision- each side viewed area as own territory, neither side to blame.territory, neither side to blame.

Italy & Ethiopia con’tItaly & Ethiopia con’t• League didn’t satisfy League didn’t satisfy

MussoliniMussolini- he wanted to - he wanted to colonize Ethiopia.colonize Ethiopia.

• 1835: Italian forces1835: Italian forces invadeinvade Ethiopia. Ethiopia. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie Selassie appealsappeals to to League. League imposes League. League imposes economic sanctionseconomic sanctions on on Italy. League ineffective. Italy. League ineffective. Mussolini conquered Mussolini conquered Ethiopia & Ethiopia & annexedannexed it in it in 1936.1936.

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War• King Alfonso XIII King Alfonso XIII abdicatedabdicated in 1931. in 1931.

Spain became a Republic.Spain became a Republic.• Government imposed Government imposed social reformssocial reforms. .

Right-wing groups oppose the Right-wing groups oppose the Republic.Republic.

• July 1936: Spanish Morocco- right-July 1936: Spanish Morocco- right-wingers stage wingers stage uprisinguprising that spreads to that spreads to Spain.Spain.

• Spanish Spanish NationalistsNationalists, led by General , led by General FrancoFranco, and left-wing loyalists (Spanish , and left-wing loyalists (Spanish Republicans) fight for Republicans) fight for controlcontrol of Spain. of Spain.

Spanish Civil War con’tSpanish Civil War con’t

• SovietsSoviets support Loyalists. support Loyalists. Germans & Germans & ItaliansItalians help Nationalists. help Nationalists. Volunteers Volunteers from Britain, France, U.S. & other from Britain, France, U.S. & other countries form countries form International BrigadeInternational Brigade & & fight for Republican cause against fight for Republican cause against fascismfascism..

• Western governments didn’t get Western governments didn’t get involvedinvolved- feared another war.- feared another war.

Spanish Civil War con’tSpanish Civil War con’t• Hitler, Germany’s dictator, Hitler, Germany’s dictator,

saw Spanish Civil War as saw Spanish Civil War as opportunity to opportunity to strengthenstrengthen ties with Italy & Spain as a ties with Italy & Spain as a source for iron ore & source for iron ore & magnesium.magnesium.

• Herman Goering, head of Herman Goering, head of Luftwaffe (German Air Luftwaffe (German Air Force) used Spanish Force) used Spanish towns & cities as towns & cities as testing testing groundsgrounds for new weapons for new weapons and military tactics.and military tactics.

Spanish Civil War con’tSpanish Civil War con’t• Summer 1936: Nationalists take most of Summer 1936: Nationalists take most of

western Spainwestern Spain..• 1938: Soviets stop aid to Loyalists. 1938: Soviets stop aid to Loyalists.

Franco launches last Franco launches last offensiveoffensive..• Republic topples. Republic topples. FrancoFranco establishes a establishes a

totalitariantotalitarian, fascist government. Does , fascist government. Does not ally with Italy & Germany.not ally with Italy & Germany.

• Spanish Civil War (1 of 2) and and Spanish Civil War (2 of 2)

HitlerHitler• LebenstraumLebenstraum (living space) for growing (living space) for growing

German population.German population.• March 1936: violates Versailles Treaty March 1936: violates Versailles Treaty

& invades the & invades the RhinelandRhineland..• October 1936: Hitler & Mussolini agree October 1936: Hitler & Mussolini agree

to to Rome-Berlin AxisRome-Berlin Axis..• Italy & Germany become the Axis Italy & Germany become the Axis

Powers. Later, join Japan in Powers. Later, join Japan in Anti-Anti-Comintern PactComintern Pact, alliance against Soviet , alliance against Soviet communism.communism.

Hitler con’tHitler con’t• Stalin urged the West toStalin urged the West to unite unite against against

the Axis. West the Axis. West refusedrefused- feared war & - feared war & distrusted Stalin.distrusted Stalin.

• Hitler desired Germany to be joined Hitler desired Germany to be joined with with AustriaAustria..

• March 1938: Hitler sent troops to March 1938: Hitler sent troops to Austria & proclaimed it part of Austria & proclaimed it part of Germany. Said he was promoting Germany. Said he was promoting political stability-political stability- uniting German- uniting German-speaking peoples.speaking peoples.

Tension in EuropeTension in Europe• Sept 15, 1938: Hitler demands that Sept 15, 1938: Hitler demands that

the the SudetenlandSudetenland (part of (part of Czechoslovakia) be given to Czechoslovakia) be given to Germany.Germany.

• British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Chamberlain Chamberlain accepted demands. Believed accepted demands. Believed appeasementappeasement- granting - granting concessions to maintain peace, concessions to maintain peace, would stabilize Europe.would stabilize Europe.

Munich AgreementMunich Agreement• Sept 29, 1938: Sept 29, 1938: Hitler & ChamberlainHitler & Chamberlain meet meet

again along with French Premier again along with French Premier Daladier & Mussolini.Daladier & Mussolini.

• Mussolini proposed Mussolini proposed compromisecompromise. . Germany would control Sudetenland & Germany would control Sudetenland & respect Czechoslovakia’s respect Czechoslovakia’s sovereigntysovereignty..

• Hitler promised not to Hitler promised not to seizeseize any more any more European territory & settle disputes European territory & settle disputes through through negotiationnegotiation..

• Sept 30, 1938: Czechoslovakia Sept 30, 1938: Czechoslovakia reluctantly agreed to reluctantly agreed to Munich AgreementMunich Agreement..

Munich Agreement Munich Agreement con’tcon’t

• Chamberlain Chamberlain trustedtrusted Hitler but was proved Hitler but was proved wrong.wrong.

• March 15, 1939: Hitler March 15, 1939: Hitler sent army to sent army to Czechoslovakia & Czechoslovakia & took took controlcontrol of of western part.western part.

• Hitler could no longer Hitler could no longer be trusted & Europe be trusted & Europe preparesprepares for war. for war.

Brink of WarBrink of War

• March 1939: Hitler pressures March 1939: Hitler pressures Lithuania Lithuania & Poland& Poland. British & French support . British & French support Poland & Poland Poland & Poland rejectsrejects Hitler’s Hitler’s demands.demands.

• The The WestWest had to consider the Soviets had to consider the Soviets as they were as they were neighborsneighbors of Poland. of Poland.

• British did not British did not trusttrust Stalin. Stalin.

• Confusion over the greater Confusion over the greater enemyenemy- the - the Fascists or Communists. Fascists or Communists.

Brink of War con’tBrink of War con’t

• Chamberlain, despite Chamberlain, despite reservationsreservations, , asked Soviets to asked Soviets to allyally with Britain & with Britain & France against Germany.France against Germany.

• Stalin would Stalin would agreeagree with alliance only if with alliance only if the Soviets could the Soviets could occupyoccupy land between land between Finland & Bulgaria.Finland & Bulgaria.

• ChamberlainChamberlain refused Stalin’s request. refused Stalin’s request.

Brink of War con’tBrink of War con’t• Aug 23, 1939: Secret pact between Soviets & Aug 23, 1939: Secret pact between Soviets &

Germany- Germany- Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression PactNazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact..– Never Never attackattack each other each other– Remain Remain neutralneutral if one goes to war if one goes to war– Create Create spheres of influencespheres of influence-- Germany occupy Germany occupy

western part of Poland & Soviets eastern part.western part of Poland & Soviets eastern part.– Agreement Agreement short-termshort-term. Allowed Soviets to . Allowed Soviets to

prepare for war & Germany to secure its eastern prepare for war & Germany to secure its eastern border.border.

• Pact Pact shockedshocked Western Leaders- war Western Leaders- war inevitable.inevitable.

• Sept 1, 1939: Hitler Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invadedinvaded Poland. Poland.• Sept 3, 1939: Great Britain & France Sept 3, 1939: Great Britain & France declaredeclare

war on Germany. World War II war on Germany. World War II startedstarted..