World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch11-Japan
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Transcript of World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch11-Japan
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7/29/2019 World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch11-Japan
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Chapter 11
The East Asian Rimlands:
Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
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Japan and Its Neighbors
Japan and Its Neighbors
1.The Yamato state, located on the Yamato plain in central Honshu nearKoyoto, was established by the fifth century. It soon conquered thesouthern island ofKyushu and Kanto east of the Yamato plain. A foothold was also established in Korea that probably facilitated the movement of
people from Korea to Japan until the early ninth century. The Japanese hold in South Korea was eliminated in 562. The result of this contact was
the penetration of Chinese and Buddhist ideas into Japan.
3. In 710 a new capital was established at Nara on the eastern edge of the Yamato plain. It was laid out on the same checkerboard pattern. The city
was roughly three miles by two and two-thirds miles. With no enemies, there were no walls. Another capital was built in 794 at Heian on the Kyotoplain. Again the city was laid out in a checkerboard pattern, three miles by three and a third miles. Like Nara, it was without walls. It became the
modern city ofKyoto and remained the capital until 1868.
4. The decline of power at Heian (794-1185) resulted in aristocrats increasingly acting independently and resorting to military force to protect their
interests. Civil war was almost constant until the twelfth century. By 1185 Minamoto Yoritomo had defeated his rivals and within four years had all of
Japan under his military control. To strengthen the state, Yoritomo created a centralized government under a powerful military leader called shogun
(general). The shogun system will last until the last half of the nineteenth century.
5. In 1266 the Mongol emperor Khubilai Khan demanded tribute from Japan. When Japan refused, the khan's army invaded in 1274 with a force of
over 30,000 but was compelled to retreat. In 1281 the khan's army of 150,000 landed on the northern coast of the southwestern island and Kyushu.Again the Mongols failed as a typhoon destroyed the Mongol fleet.
3. The Korean state was controlled by North China by the early third century B.C.E. Korea remained colonized until the fourth century when theChinese were expelled in the fourth century. Three native kingdoms were formed: Koguryo in the north, Paekchein the southwest, andSillain the
southeast. Chinese influences, however, continued as repeated waves of Chinese refugees from the Han dynasty poured into Korea. The
expansion of Koguryo and consolidation of Paekche brought the two to almost three centuries of war. In the sixth century Silla allied with Paekche
and then turned on its ally. The reunification of China by the Sui dynasty was followed by an attack on Koguryo in 598, and three more expeditions in
612-614. All ended in disaster and contributed to the collapse of the Sui. The successor Tang dynasty had no better luck in 644 and 659. In 660
with the aid of Silla, Paekche was destroyed. Three years later a Japanese expedition to aid Paekche was repulsed. Meanwhile the Tang and Silla
attacked Koguryo and brought it to an end in 668. Within a decade the Tang forces were expelled by the Sillafrom most ofKorea and it was unified.
Silla became a tributary to the Tang but remained autonomous. By the middle of the eighth century, unification began to disintegrate. In 780 aftermore than a decade of revolts, theSillaking was assassinated and over the next century and a half a series of briefly reigning kings assumed the
throne.
Questions:
1. How was Japan unified into a single state? What was the real source of power?
2. What was the relationship between China and Japan
3. How was Korea unified?
2004Wadsworth,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearning
isatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.
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Japan: Land of the Rising Sun
Main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and
Shikoku
Importance of being an island country
A Gift from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan
Marriage of Izanagi and Izanami Amaterasu
Jomon people, 10,000 years ago
Agricultural people
Yayoi culture Mixture of Jomon and new arrivals
Kyushu and later Honshu
Tribal society based on clans (uji) in central Honshu
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Early Japan
2004Wadsworth,adivisio
nofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearningisatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.
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Rise of the Japanese State
Yamamoto state
Shotoku Taishi (572-622)
Missions to Tang China to learn about the centralized kingdom
Emulating the Chinese Model
Reforms
Centralized government under a supreme rule and a merit systemfor public officials
Taika reforms
Interest in Buddhism
Nara and Heian Period
Nara Period (710-784)
Fujiwara clan married into the ruling Yamato family
Chinese state model
Civil service exams only open to aristocracy
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Heian (Kyoto) Period (794-1185)
Fujiwara clan has the real power, senior member of the familyserves as regent
Decentralized political system Shoen (tax exempt) farmland
Emergence of the samurai (military retainer)
Bushido warrior code
Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333)
Minamoto Yoritomo (1142-1199) Bakufu (tent government)
shogun (general)
Shogunate system
Mongols
Khubilai Khan demands tribute, 1266
Invasion at Kyushu Kamikaze (Divine Wind)
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Ashikaga shogun
Power to local landed aristocracy, daimyo
Onin War (1467-1477)
Destruction of central authority Economic and Social Structures
Noble control of land, wealth in agriculture
Commerce slow to develop
Trade and manufacturing developed more rapidly in Kamakura
period and the Ashikaga shogunate Daily life
Most were peasants who worked the land owned by the lord
Under the authority of local officials
Dispose of harvest as they saw fit after taxes paid
Genin, landless laborers
eta, hereditary slaves
shoen, several villages
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Women in Japan
Had rights in early Japan
When introduced Buddhism relegated women to a subordinate position
Nevertheless, played a role in all levels of society
In Search of the Pure Land: Religion in Early Japan Shinto
Kami
Physical purity
Nature and beauty
Shrines
Buddhism, 6th century B.C.E.
Jodo, Pure land
Zen
Satori, enlightenment
Zazen, scripture study and self-discipline
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Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture Blend indigenous and imported elements
Literature
Adapted Chinese writing system
Poetry and prose
Haiku
Women prolific writers of prose No, drama
Art and Architecture
Hand scrolls
Muramachi era
Zen Buddhism
Landscape
Tea ceremony
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Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800
Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800
1. The Korean state was controlled by North China by the early third century B.C.E. Korea remained colonized until the fourth century when theChinese were expelled in the fourth century. Three native kingdoms were formed: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the
southeast. Chinese influences, however, continued as repeated waves of Chinese refugees from the Han dynasty poured into Korea. The
expansion of Koguryo and consolidation ofPaekche brought the two to almost three centuries of war. In the sixth century Silla allied with Paekche
and then turned on its ally. The reunification of China by the Sui dynasty was followed by an attack on Koguryo in 598, and then three more
expeditions in 612-614. All ended in disaster and contributed to the collapse of the Sui. The successor Tang dynasty had no better luck in 644 and
659. In 660 with the aid ofSilla, Paekche was destroyed. Three years later a Japanese expedition to aid Paekche was repulsed. Meanwhile theTang and Silla attacked Koguryo and brought it to an end in 668. Within a decade the Tang forces were expelled by the Silla from most ofKorea
and the land was unified. Silla became a tributary to the Tang but remained autonomous. By the middle of the eighth century, unification began to
disintegrate. In 780 after more than a decade of revolts, the Silla king was assassinated and over the next century and a half a series of briefly
reigning kings assumed the throne.
2. By the fifth century the Yamato state had established itself in central Honshu and conquered the southern island of Kyushu and Kanto east of the
Yamato plain. A foothold had also been established in Korea that probably facilitated the movement of people from Korea to Japan until the early
ninth century. The Japanese hold in South Korea was eliminated in 562. The result of this contact was the penetration of Chinese and Buddhist
ideas into Japan.
3. Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622) renewed establishing embassies with China beginning in 607. Another was sent in 608 and 614. The last was
dispatched in 838. The purpose of these were to establish diplomatic relations, maintain trade, and provide a source of cultural acquisition.
Questions:
1. How was Korea unified? What was the role of China?
2. What kind of cultural contacts were there between Japan and Korea?
2004Wadsworth,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearningisatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.
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Japan and the Chinese Model
Consequences of isolation
Lack of knowledge form the outside delayed the process of
change
Spared destructive invasions
Decentralized political forces remained dominant
Korea Bridge to the East Farming began about 2000 B.C.E.
Chinese influence and rule
Three Kingdoms (4th-7th centuries)
Koguryo -- influenced by China, Buddhism, and Confucianism
Paekche
Silla -- dominant power
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Unification Koryo dynasty
Social structure
Buddhism
Under the Mongols
Corve labor
Yi dynasty, 1392
Vietnam: The Smaller Dragon Irrigated agriculture in area of the Red River
Trung Sisters Revolt, 39 C.E.
The Rise of Great Viet
Expansion Champa
March to the south
Repeated attacks by China
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The Chinese Legacy
Following the Confucian model
Vietnamese monarch was the symbol and defender of Vietnamese
independence Control aristocratic families by using civil service exams
Ministers and censors
Spread of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism
Borrowed from Chinese for literature
Society and Family Life Peasant masses
Growing emphasis on male domination
Strong tradition of heroic women
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