World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851.
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Transcript of World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851.
World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 22
The Early Industrial Revolution,
1760-1851
Objectives
• Understand the causes of the Industrial Revolution in England, Europe, and the United States.
• Be able to describe the technological innovations that spurred industrialization.
• Be able to describe the social, economic, and environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution and to make connections between the impact of the Industrial Revolution and the ideological and political responses.
• Understand the relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world as demonstrated in the cases of Russia, Egypt, and India.
Early Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution– dramatic innovations
• manufacturing, mining transportation, communication
– changes in society and commerceCauses• population growth
– reliable food source, disease resistance
– urban migration• agricultural revolution
– potato and maize– “enclosure movement”
• trade and invention– “putting-out system”– Diderot, Eli Whitney
• openness to innovation– Why the British?
Early Industrial Revolution
Great Britain• had all three requirements
– implementation of ideas• embracing of capitalism
– world’s largest merchant marine• international commerce • cost of transport
– political atmosphere• less centralized• low tariffs
– societal structure• less classism• weak guilds
• Europe– 1799-1815
• European instability– post 1815
• ‘imported’ English expertise• British economic model
Early Industrial Revolution
Technological Revolution– mass production
• division of labor• Josiah Wedgwood – 1759
– lower costs, improve quality– mechanization
• cotton industry– import of raw fiber
• Richard Arkwright – 1769– water frame
• productivity and price– iron supply
• limited wood supply• Abraham Darby – 1709
– coke replaces charcoal– cheaper, plentiful
• Crystal Palace - 1851• interchangeable parts – 1850s
Early Industrial Revolution
Technological Revolution– steam engine
• most revolutionary invention– James Watt – 1769– C:\Documents and Settings\tfredri
ckson\Desktop• deep mines• transportation link
– boats» canal building
– railroads» towns, industry
– electric telegraph• Samuel Morse – 1837• submarine telegraph - 1851• communications link
– smaller world• Impact
• Europeans and Americans– empowerment
Early Industrial Revolution
Impact• urban population growth
– 1850 London: 2.5M– overcrowding
• disease– rickets– C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickson\
Desktop\rickets.htm
– inadequate municipal service• lack of zoning
• rural issues– deforestation– soil depletion– transportation systems
• roads, canals, railroads
Early Industrial Revolution
Working Conditions– industrial jobs
• long, repetitive, boring• little sense of achievement• no control
– women• removed from home
– textile or domestic• 1/3 – 1/2 income• Lowell Textile Mills
– dormitory living
– children• no public schools• same long hours
– hard to make ends meet
Early Industrial Revolution
Society• Changes
– obsolete industries– effect of business cycles
• wild swings• supply and demand
– 1850s: rise in standard of living• manufacturing entrepreneurs• rise of the middle class• ‘cult of domesticity’
• Continuity– poor remain the same
• drunkenness, violence
Early Industrial Revolution
Politics / Economics– laissez faire – “let them do”
• Adam Smith - 1776– “The Wealth of Nations”– govt. / guild restrictions
• Thomas Malthus– population boom problem
– utilitarianism• “dismal science”• government economic legislation
– socialism• positivism
– communes of the poor• utopian socialism
– Charles Fourier– worker communes– C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickso
n\Desktop– reform
• 1830-40s: legacy of labor organizing• Factory Act of 1833 – child labor laws