DR ABDURRAHMAN MOHAMEDDR ABDURRAHMAN MOHAMED

UNIVERSITY OF BAHRAINUNIVERSITY OF BAHRAINCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTUREDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTUREBSc. in ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMBSc. in ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMSUMMER 2012SUMMER 2012ARCG 211ARCG 211–– HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IHISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I

WORLD HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREWORLD HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREMarian MoffettMarian MoffettMichael Fazio Michael Fazio Lawrence WodehouseLawrence Wodehouse

7. Gothic Architecture7. Gothic Architecture

DEFINITION DEFINITION

The style developed in Europe in the The style developed in Europe in the thirteenth century and is mainly thirteenth century and is mainly recognized with the use of pointed recognized with the use of pointed arch in door and window openings, arch in door and window openings, arcades, vaulting and ornamentationarcades, vaulting and ornamentation

The Gothic style originated in northern France, in the The Gothic style originated in northern France, in the region around Paris known as the Ileregion around Paris known as the Ile--dede--France France

Unlike Romanesque buildings, in which a continuous Unlike Romanesque buildings, in which a continuous mass of wall is necessary to sustain the load, the Gothic mass of wall is necessary to sustain the load, the Gothic structure is a skeletal system that transfers roof loads structure is a skeletal system that transfers roof loads down to the ground at discrete points, thereby freeing down to the ground at discrete points, thereby freeing large expanses of wall to be opened for windows. large expanses of wall to be opened for windows.

Characteristics of Gothic Characteristics of Gothic Architecture Architecture http://www.exploringhttp://www.exploring--castles.com/characteristics_of_gothic_architecture.htmlcastles.com/characteristics_of_gothic_architecture.html

11-- Grand, Tall Grand, Tall Designs, Designs, Which Which Swept Swept Upwards Upwards With Height With Height and and Grandeur Grandeur

The magnificent gothic exterior of York Minster in the UK. Credit:M Poudal CC-BY-2.0

22-- The Flying The Flying Buttress Buttress

St Vitus Cathedral in Prague Castle. Credit: Patrick Gonzales CC-BY-SA-2.0

3. The 3. The Pointed Pointed Arch Arch

A modern example of the characteristic pointed arch. Credit: J Brew CC-BY-SA-2.0

4. The 4. The Vaulted Vaulted Ceiling Ceiling

The delicate vaulted ceilings of Malbork Castle in Poland. These ceilings are another feature of gothic architecture. Credit: Alexander Baxevanis CC-BY- 2.0

5. The Light 5. The Light and Airy and Airy Interior Interior

The light and airy inside of York Minster in the UK. Credit: Jenni Douglas CC-BY-2.0

66-- Gargoyle Gargoyle figuresfigures

Gargoyle on Notre Dame Cathedral in ParisPhoto © Monica Lau / Getty Images

7. The 7. The Emphasis Emphasis Upon the Upon the Decorative Decorative Style and Style and the Ornate the Ornate

Malbork Castle, in all its red- brick splendour. Credit: Jeroen Fossaert CC-BY-SA-2.0.

Gothic Gothic cathedral cathedral section section detaildetail

http://www.abelard.org/france/cathedral-construction.ph

http://www.abelard.org/france/cathedral-construction.phhttp://www.google.com.bh/imgres

Gothic cathedral Gothic cathedral construction detailconstruction detail

Gothic Gothic Cathedral Cathedral construction construction detaildetail

EARLY GOTHIC THE ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS

Located about six miles north of Paris, St. Located about six miles north of Paris, St. Denis was the French royal monastery. It was Denis was the French royal monastery. It was the burial place of Denis, the first bishop of the burial place of Denis, the first bishop of Paris, who was martyred by the Romans in the Paris, who was martyred by the Romans in the third century and later designated the patron third century and later designated the patron saint of France. The kings of France were also saint of France. The kings of France were also buried at the abbey. buried at the abbey.

The existing building, consecrated in 775, was The existing building, consecrated in 775, was a basilica that had received an enlarged a basilica that had received an enlarged eastern chapel in 832.eastern chapel in 832.

In 1137 a new enlargement for the church In 1137 a new enlargement for the church started by the abbot started by the abbot SugerSuger

CHURCH OF ST. DENIS, plan

CHURCH OF ST. DENIS

http://www.google.com.eg/imgres

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Denis_ Choir_Glass.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_-2.JPG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_denis_nave.jpg

CHURCH OF ST. DENIS

EARLY GOTHIC CATHEDRALS

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at Dame at LaonLaon began in 1155 to began in 1155 to replace an older structure that had become too small for replace an older structure that had become too small for the needs of the prosperous town and the growing the needs of the prosperous town and the growing cathedral school (Figs.) cathedral school (Figs.)

The choir and transepts were finished within twenty The choir and transepts were finished within twenty years, and the nave, west front, and crossing tower years, and the nave, west front, and crossing tower were completed by 1205. were completed by 1205.

To provide more space for the cathedral's canons, the To provide more space for the cathedral's canons, the original semicircular Gothic apse was replaced early in original semicircular Gothic apse was replaced early in the thirteenth century by the present elongated choir the thirteenth century by the present elongated choir with its rectangular east end. with its rectangular east end.

The flying buttresses may not be original to the church, The flying buttresses may not be original to the church, because the galleries and their roofs over the aisles because the galleries and their roofs over the aisles stabilize the vaults. stabilize the vaults.

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at Dame at LaonLaon, plan, plan

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at Dame at LaonLaon, section, section

The The cathedral of cathedral of NotreNotre--Dame Dame at at LaonLaon

http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Laon_Cathedral

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at ParisDame at Paris

Construction started 1150Construction started 1150--55, and continued to 1261. 55, and continued to 1261.

NotreNotre--Dame is a tall church, 110 feet from the floor to Dame is a tall church, 110 feet from the floor to the crown of its vaults.the crown of its vaults.

The direct light admitted into the nave by the original The direct light admitted into the nave by the original clerestories proved insufficient for the height of the clerestories proved insufficient for the height of the space, therefore, the clerestories all around the space, therefore, the clerestories all around the cathedral were enlarged in about 1225.cathedral were enlarged in about 1225.

Flying buttresses were added to the choir to stabilize Flying buttresses were added to the choir to stabilize the great hemicycle, and the original nave buttresses the great hemicycle, and the original nave buttresses were rebuilt (Fig.).were rebuilt (Fig.).

The transepts with their enormous rose windows are The transepts with their enormous rose windows are another addition.another addition.

Chapels were inserted between all the buttresses Chapels were inserted between all the buttresses around the choir and nave. around the choir and nave.

The cathedral of The cathedral of NotreNotre--Dame at Dame at Paris, planParis, plan

http://legacy.earlham.edu/~vanbma/20th%20century/images/surveydaytwentythree.htm

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at ParisDame at Paris

http://legacy.earlham.edu/~vanbma/20th%20century/images/surveydaytwentythree.htm

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at ParisDame at Paris

HIGH GOTHIC

This 13thThis 13th--century style canonized proportions and century style canonized proportions and shapes from early Gothic and developed them further to shapes from early Gothic and developed them further to achieve light, yet tall and majestic structures. The wall achieve light, yet tall and majestic structures. The wall structure was modified from four to only three tiers: structure was modified from four to only three tiers: arcade, arcade, triforiumtriforium, and clerestory. Piers coronations were , and clerestory. Piers coronations were smaller to avoid stopping the visual upward thrust. The smaller to avoid stopping the visual upward thrust. The clerestoreyclerestorey windows changed from one window in each windows changed from one window in each segment, holed in the wall, to two windows united by a segment, holed in the wall, to two windows united by a small rose window. The rib vault changed from six to small rose window. The rib vault changed from six to four ribs. The flying buttresses matured, and after they four ribs. The flying buttresses matured, and after they were embraced at Notrewere embraced at Notre--Dame de Paris and NotreDame de Paris and Notre--Dame Dame de Chartres, they became the canonical way to support de Chartres, they became the canonical way to support high walls, as they served both structural and high walls, as they served both structural and ornamental purposes. ornamental purposes.

The second phase of Gothic architecture began with a The second phase of Gothic architecture began with a subdivision of the style known as subdivision of the style known as RayonnantRayonnant (1200(1200––80) on the 80) on the Continent and as the Decorated Gothic (1300Continent and as the Decorated Gothic (1300––75) style in 75) style in England. This style was characterized by the application of England. This style was characterized by the application of increasingly elaborate geometrical decoration to the structural increasingly elaborate geometrical decoration to the structural forms that had been established during the preceding centuryforms that had been established during the preceding century

During the period of the During the period of the RayonnantRayonnant style a significant change style a significant change took place in Gothic architecture. Until about 1250, Gothic took place in Gothic architecture. Until about 1250, Gothic architects concentrated on the harmonious distribution of architects concentrated on the harmonious distribution of masses of masonry and, particularly in France, on the technical masses of masonry and, particularly in France, on the technical problems of achieving great height; after that date, problems of achieving great height; after that date, ......

The Early Gothic made use of ribbed vaults, painted arches, The Early Gothic made use of ribbed vaults, painted arches, and flying buttresses to increase ceiling height. High Gothic and flying buttresses to increase ceiling height. High Gothic architecture is often more concerned with the creation of rich architecture is often more concerned with the creation of rich visual effects through decoration instead of achieving great visual effects through decoration instead of achieving great ceiling height. ceiling height.

Axonometric Axonometric projection of projection of a High Gothic a High Gothic cathedral cathedral

The cathedral of NotreThe cathedral of Notre--Dame at Dame at ChartresChartres

The cathedral The cathedral of Notreof Notre-- Dame at Dame at Chartres, Chartres, plan plan

The The cathedral cathedral of Notreof Notre-- Dame at Dame at Chartres, Chartres, constructiconstructi on detailon detail

Transverse section of Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres

The The cathedral cathedral of Notreof Notre-- Dame at Dame at ChartresChartres

Flying buttresses, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, 1194-1220

Nave and Choir, Cathedral of Notre-Dame

The The cathedral cathedral of Notreof Notre-- Dame at Dame at ChartresChartres

The cathedral of Beauvais, 1226 CE The cathedral of Beauvais, 1226 CE -- 1575 CE1575 CE cyarkcyark ProjectProject

http://archive.cyark.org/cathedralhttp://archive.cyark.org/cathedral--ofof--beauvaisbeauvais--gallerygallery--drawingdrawing

A Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction

Upon its completion in 1247, the twice Upon its completion in 1247, the twice collapsed and rebuilt Cathedral of Beauvais collapsed and rebuilt Cathedral of Beauvais boasted the tallest choir ever built in Europe, boasted the tallest choir ever built in Europe, and is still one of the most daring feats in and is still one of the most daring feats in Gothic architecture. GaleGothic architecture. Gale--force winds off the force winds off the English channel constantly strain the English channel constantly strain the cathedral's flying buttresses, and threaten a cathedral's flying buttresses, and threaten a third collapse. Scanning was done as part of third collapse. Scanning was done as part of the cathedral's historic preservation program, the cathedral's historic preservation program, and has provided both documentation and and has provided both documentation and models for structural analysis.models for structural analysis.

The The cathedral of cathedral of BeauvaisBeauvais

The cathedral of The cathedral of Beauvais, plan of Beauvais, plan of CYARK projectCYARK project