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CHAPTER 20 SECTION 1A. European Ideologies Around 1800

Conservatism• Supports a return to world before 1789• Supports restoration of royal families to power! Supports a social hierarchy• Supports established church• Suppresses revolutionary ideas• Opposes freedom of the press• Uses troops to crush protests

Liberalism• Supports government based on written constitutions! Supports separation of powers within the government• Opposes divine-right monarchs, the old aristocracy, and established churches• Supports rights of liberty, equality, and property• Protects rights such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion• Supports laissez-faire economic policies

Nationalism• People with a common heritage unite to try to form their own homeland.

B. European Revolts in the Early 1800s

Serbia• Karageorge leads war against Ottomans from 1804 to 1813; leads to sense of Serbian identity.• In 1815, Obrenovic turns to Russia for assistance.• In 1830, Serbs win autonomy.• Russia continues to defend Serbian interests.

Greece!

Greeks revolt against the Ottomans in 1821.! Romantic writers support the Greeks.! In the 1820s, Britain, France, and Russia force Ottomans to grant independence to some Greek

provinces.

! In 1830, Greece is forced to accept a German king.

Others! Rebels in Spain, Portugal, and some Italian states! France crushes revolt in Spain.! Austria crushes revolt in Italy.

SummaryReading Check all men having the right to vote Vocabulary Strategy Agitator means"someone who attempts to arouse feeling for or against something, especially a political cause."Reading Skill liberals and conservativesReview Questions 1. Conservatives opposed constitutional governments and wanted to restore theroyal families that Napoleon had deposed. Liberals opposed divine-right monarchies and wantedgovernments based on constitutions. They saw government's role as limited to protecting basic

rights, such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion. 2. Metternich had urged conservativerulers to crush uprisings.

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CHAPTER 20 SECTION 2

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France: 1830; Radicals force king to abdicate. Belgium: 1830; Becomes an independent state witha liberal constitution

Poland:1830; Russia crushes revolt of students

army officers, and landowners.

France:1848; Revolution leads to election of Louis Napoleon as president.Austria: 1848; Metternich flees in disguise. Hungary:1848; Louis Kossuth demands an inde-pendent government.Czechs: 1848; Demand an independent government

Italy: 1848; Revolutionaries expel pope from Rome and install a nationalist government.

Germany: 1848; Frankfurt Assembly offers the king the throne of a united Germany, but herefuses.

SummaryReading Check Louis Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III.Vocabulary Strategy Denounce means "to express harsh criticism of something or somebody,usually in public."

Reading Skill The Paris revolts of 1848 again led to revolutions across Europe.Review Questions 1. Charles X suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restrictedthe press. This angered French citizens, who rebelled.2.Vienna, Budapest, Prague, the Italian states,and the German states

CHAPTER 20 SECTION 3Revolts in Latin AmericaHaiti: 1791; Toussaint L'Ouverture leads an army of former slaves and ends slavery there.Mexico: 1810; Father Hidalgo gives his "el Grito de Dolores" speech. Eventually Mexico winsindependence.

Argentina:1816; San Martin's army defeats the Spanish.Chile: 1818; San Martin helps Bolivar liberate Chile.

Colombia: 1819; Simon Bolivar surprises the Spanish at Bogota.Venezuela: 1821; Simon Bolivar liberates Venezuela.Brazil:1822; Dom Pedro becomes emperor of an independent Brazil.Ecuador: 1822; Simon Bolivar liberates Ecuador.Peru:1824, San Martin helps Bolivar liberate Peru.Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica:1838; United Provinces ofCentral America breaks into separate republics.

SummaryReadingCheck Simon Bolivar andJosede San MartinVocabulary Strategy Proclaim means "to announce publicly or formally."Reading Skillthe first sentence: By the late 1700s, revolutionary fever had spread to Latin America,where the social system had led to discontent. Review Questions 1. They resented theirsecond-class status and were inspired by the Enlightenment and the French and American revolutions.

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2.Dom Pedro, the son of the Portuguese king, became emperor and proclaimed independence forBrazil.