World History I Mr. Pawlowski 2010 - 2011 BYZANTINE EMPIRE (‘EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE’) 330 – 1453...
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Transcript of World History I Mr. Pawlowski 2010 - 2011 BYZANTINE EMPIRE (‘EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE’) 330 – 1453...
World History IMr. Pawlowski 2010 - 2011
BYZANTINE EMPIRE (‘EASTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE’)330 – 1453 CE
UNIT VCHAPTER 11
SECTION 1
667 BCE: Founding of Byzantium as a Greek colony
Byzas the Megarian295 CE:
Roman Empire is divided into East and West Emperor Diocletian
330 CE: Constantine moves imperial capital to Byzantium
renamed Constantinople395 CE:
Formal division of the Roman Empire
476 CE: Emperor Romulus Augustus is deposed by Odoacer
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
‘Byzantine’: coined by sixteenth-century scholar Hieronymus Wolf
popularized by Montesquieu referred to as the Roman Empire by inhabitants
inhabitants called themselves either ‘Romans’ or ‘Greeks’
BACKGROUND
Location: Bosphorus Strait
Sea of Marmara Golden Horn
Black Sea
Advantages: Distance from border conflict
Eastern Frontier Germanic Tribes
Protection Natural Protection Easily Fortified
Crossroads of trade Europe, Asia & Africa
taxes on trade Cultural Melting Pot
CONSTANTINOPLE
CONSTANTINOPLE
Justinian I (483 – 565 CE) ‘Justinian the Great’
last Roman Emperor to speak Latin Absolute (totalitarian) Rule
Wife: Empress Theodora
Conquest: Italy (Gothic War), Spain, North Africa (Vandalic War)
wanted to recover lands of the Roman Empire Secured Eastern Boarders (Iberian & Lazic Wars – Sassanid
Persians) Greatest territorial extent of the Byzantine Empire
Expansion of Trade: gold, silver, grain, silk, grapes & olives
for spices, silk, tin, ivory & precious stones
‘Silk Road’ Building Program:
rebuilt & refortified Constantinople Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus (‘Little Hagia Sophia) Church of the Holy Wisdom (‘Hagia Sophia’)
projects & fortifications throughout provinces
AGE OF JUSTINIAN (527 – 565 CE)
JUSTINIAN’S EMPIRE
Codification of Roman Law Corpus Juris Civilis
‘Code of Justinian’
Four Parts: Code (Codex):
Compilation of Roman imperial enactments/laws Digest (Digesta):
Encyclopedia of brief extracts and summarized opinions of Roman jurists and legal thinkers
Institutes (Institutiones): Instructional and conceptual student textbook on
how to use the laws New Constitutions (Novellae Constitutiones):
New laws passed after 534 CE
Influence: Foundation of Western European civil law
jurisdictions Influential in later Canon Law
CODE OF JUSTINIAN
BYZANTINE CULTURE
Influences: Hellenistic, Roman & Greek
Cultures Christian Beliefs
Language: Greek
Official language of Church & Government Latin - West
Greco-Roman Culture: Preserved in Byzantine libraries,
art & architecture
Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Christianity
Art: Mosaics:
Public & Religious Structures Icons:
Religious images used to aid devotions
Religious Art: Objective: spiritual elevation of the
believer Manuscript Illumination:
painted pictures/text within a text
Architecture: Western Influence:
Romanesque & Gothic Architecture Eastern Influence:
Islamic & Russian Architecture
Byzantine art/architecture glorified the Empire & Church
DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Plague of Justinian (541 – 542 CE): 1st recorded outbreak of the bubonic plague
est. 25 million deaths
674 – 717 CE: Arab attacks on Constantinople
‘Greek Fire’
Battle of Manzikert (1071 CE): Decisive defeat against the Seljuq (Seljuk) Empire
weakens authority in Anatolia and Armenia
1st Crusade (1095 CE): Emperor Alexios I convinces Pope Urban II to call for a crusade
puts Constantinople as a midpoint of crusading Western Europeans
1204 CE: Constantinople is sacked by Crusaders (4th Crusade)
established the Latin Empire (1204 – 1261 CE)
1452 CE: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
main weapon: cannon
EAST/WEST (‘GREAT’) SCHISM
Icon Dispute: 730 CE: Emperor Leo III
bans use of icons viewed as idol worship
iconoclasm: deliberate destruction of religious icons
Pope Gregory III threatened excommunication 843 CE: Empress Theodora
Restores use of icons to Eastern churches
Aid to Rome: Germanic tribe (Lombards) invade Rome
Pope Stephen II appeals to the Byzantines for aid (fails) turns to the Franks for aid
Pepin the Short leads the Franks against the Lombards establishes the Papal States (‘Donation of Pepin’)
800 CE: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor ‘Emperor of the Romans’
DIVISION BETWEEN EAST & WEST
Other Conflicts: Alteration of the Nicene Creed by
the West Territorial dispute Imperial vs Papal/Patriarchal
authority Use of unleavened bread for
Eucharist in the West Celibacy among Priests
Mutual Excommunication (1054 CE): Papal legates excommunicate
Patriarch Michael I Patriarch Michael I excommunicates
the Pope Initiates the East-West
‘Great’ Schism West accepts authority of the
Pope East accepts authority of the
Patriarch
DIVISION BETWEEN EAST & WEST
Roman Catholic
Centered in Rome Far from seat of power
post-Constantinople Latin used in liturgy Head: Pope
Authority over all kings & emperors God more important than
empire/kingdom
Clergy - celibacy requirement Divorce – not permitted Icons – for devotional purposes Holy Day (most important) -
Christmas
Eastern Orthodox
Centered in Constantinople Close to seat of power
post-Constantinople Greek used in liturgy Head: Patriarch & Bishops
Under authority of emperor Empire more important than God
Clergy – allowed to marry Divorce – permitted under
conditions Icons – for decorative purposes Holy Day (most important) -
Easter
WESTERN (ROMAN CATHOLIC)vs
EASTERN (GREEK ORTHODOX)
BYZANTINE INFLUENCE (RUSSIA & EASTERN EUROPE)
Trade Routes: Land routes through Slav territory
between Black and Baltic Seas Slavs:
West Slavs – Poland, Czech and Slovakia South Slavs – Serbs, Croats, Slovenes Eastern Slavs (largest) – Ukraine and Russia
Early contact centered on Slavic raids Trade relations brings cultural diffusion
Orthodox Religion: Adopted by Russia and much of Eastern Europe
Diffuses Byzantine culture and religious traditions Control of Eastern Orthodox Church shifts to the Slavs after the fall
of Constantinople
BYZANTINE INFLUENCE (RUSSIA & EASTERN EUROPE)
Art/Architecture: Church architecture & art
Icons Mosaics Domes Basillicas
Cyrillic Language: Saint Methodius & Saint Cyril
Introduced an alphabet based upon Greek and Slavic languages aided in converting and teaching illiterate Slavs the Bible
Cyrillic Alphabet: basis for Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian & Macedonian
Greek is introduced to Slavic language Byzantine (Greek & Roman) works are translated
Russians viewed themselves as inheritors of the Byzantine empire Russian leaders assumed title of ‘Tsar’
Russian for ‘Caesar’ Moscow was declared the ‘third Rome’
BYZANTINE INFLUENCE (RUSSIA & EASTERN EUROPE)
CYRILLIC ALPHABET