World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012

7/29/2019 World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012

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ISSN 1020-5489

THE STATE OF

WORLD FISHERIES

AND AQUACULTURE

2012


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Cover photographs courtesy of FAO, O. Barbaroux, G. Bizzarri, M.R. Hasan, L. Miuccio,

J. Saha, J. Sanders, J. Spaull and J. Van Acker; sidebar photograph courtesy of F. Maimone.


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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 2012

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

THE STATE OF

WORLD FISHERIES

AND AQUACULTURE

20122012


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ISBN 978-92-5-107225-7

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FAO 2012


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Foreword

Today, the global community aces multiple and interlined challenges rangingrom the impacts o the ongoing inancial and economic crisis to greaterclimate change vulnerabilities and etreme weather events. At the sametime, it must also reconcile meeting the pressing ood and nutrition needs oa growing population with inite natural resources. This edition o The Stateo World Fisheries and Aquaculture shows how these issues aect isheriesand auaculture sector and how the sector is attempting to address them in asustainable manner.

Fisheries and auaculture mae crucial contributions to the worlds well-being and prosperity. In the last ive decades, world ish ood supply hasoutpaced global population growth, and today ish constitutes an important

source o nutritious ood and animal protein or much o the worlds population.In addition, the sector provides livelihoods and income, both directly andindirectly, or a signiicant share o the worlds population.

Fish and ishery products are among the most traded ood commoditiesworldwide, with trade volumes and values reaching new highs in 2011 andepected to carry on rising, with developing countries continuing to account orthe bul o world eports. While capture isheries production remains stable,auaculture production eeps on epanding. Auaculture is set to remain one othe astest-growing animal ood-producing sectors and, in the net decade, totalproduction rom both capture and auaculture will eceed that o bee, por orpoultry.

However, in a world in which almost a billion people still suer rom hunger,

it is the poor, especially those in rural areas, who are most vulnerable to thecombination o threats outlined above. In many areas o sub-Saharan Arica andSouth Asia, their ish consumption levels remain too low and they are ailing tobeneit rom the contributions that isheries and auaculture are increasinglymaing elsewhere in terms o sustainable ood security and income.

The vital contributions rom isheries and auaculture to global ood securityand economic growth remain constrained by an array o problems. These includepoor governance, wea isheries management regimes, conlicts over the use onatural resources, the persistent use o poor ishery and auaculture practices, aailure to incorporate the priorities and rights o small-scale ishing communities,and injustices relating to gender discrimination and child labour.

The recent United Nations Conerence on Sustainable Development, nownas Rio+20, discussed these governance-related issues and served as a platorm

to renew political commitment or sustainable development, assess progressand gaps in the implementation o eisting commitments, and address newchallenges. Two themes underpinning Rio+20 the institutional ramewor orsustainable development and the support o a green economy were relectedin FAOs main message that improved management and eiciencies throughoutthe ood value chain can increase ood security while using ewer naturalresources, i.e. achieve more with less. A special ocus on oceans and coasts atRio+20 enabled FAO to voice its recommendations on uestions ranging romimproving the sustainable use o marine and coastal resources through topoverty eradication, small-scale isheries and auaculture operations, as well asthe potential contribution o small island developing States.

Promoting sustainable ishing and ish arming can provide incentives or

wider ecosystem stewardship. The greening o isheries and auaculture reuiresrecognition o their wider societal roles within a comprehensive governanceramewor. There are several mechanisms to acilitate this transition, including


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adopting an ecosystem approach to isheries and auaculture with air andresponsible tenure systems to turn resource users into resource stewards.

In addition to the eorts o government institutions, enabling isheriesand auaculture to lourish responsibly and sustainably reuires the ullinvolvement o civil society and the private sector. Business and industry can helpdevelop technologies and solutions, provide investment and engender positivetransormation. Civil society and international and local non-governmentalorganizations can hold governments accountable on agreed commitments andensure that the voices o all staeholders are heard and represented.

Eorts to oster good governance or responsible and sustainable isheriesand auaculture should include widespread adoption and implementation othe principles enshrined in the Code o Conduct or Responsible Fisheries, as wellas o the provisions o the international guidelines currently under developmentor securing sustainable small-scale isheries. It is also necessary to ensure theuptae and application o relevant international instruments, in particular the2012 Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance o Tenure o Land,Fisheries and Forests, and to provide support to initiatives such as the GEF/FAO

Global Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation in AreasBeyond National Jurisdiction, the World Bans Global Partnership or Oceansand the UN Secretary-Generals Ocean Compact.

To ensure that ecological well-being is compatible with human well-being,and to mae long-term sustainable prosperity a reality or all, it is necessary tostrie the right balance between seizing opportunities and addressing threatsin the use o technology and natural resources, in applying sound economic andpolicy decisions and in preserving environmental integrity and social licence.

It is my sincere hope that this issue o The State o World Fisheries andAquaculture will serve as a useul reerence wor on the sector its status,trends, issues and outloo and that it will contribute to a more completeunderstanding o the sectors ey role in shaping our world.

i M. MahiAssistant Director-General

FAO Fisheries and Auaculture Department


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Contents

F iiiAcgm xiAbbiai a acm xii

P A R T 1WORLD REVIEW OF FISHERIES AND AqUACULTURE

sau a 3Overview 3Capture isheries production 19Auaculture 24

Fishers and ish armers 41The status o the ishing leet 47The status o ishery resources 52Fish utilization and processing 63Fish trade and commodities 67Fish consumption 82Governance and policy 89

n 100

P A R T 2SELECTED ISSUES IN FISHERIES AND AqUACULTURE

Maiamig g i fihi a aquacuu:fm cgii ai 107

The issue 107Possible solutions 111Recent actions 113Outloo 113

Imp ppa f a ffci p iai fihi a aquacuu 114


Maagig caia fihi a hi pm 121The issue 121Possible solutions 123Recent actions 125Outloo 125

Bai achiig -impac fu-ffici fihig 126The issue 126Possible solutions 127Recent actions 133Outloo 134

Puig i pacic h cm appach fihia aquacuu 135


n 142


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P A R T 3HIGHLIGHTS OF SPECIAL STUDIES

effc f fihi maagm pici fihig af 151Methods 151Results 153Discussion 155Conclusions and ollow-up 157

F af mai a ciica cmp f f a uii cui 157Introduction 157Development o ood saety and uality systems 158Ris analysis 159Eample o ris analysis leading to development o seaoodsaety standards 159Seaood uality 160Saety management systems 160The regulatory ramewor 161

Climate change and ood saety 162Impact on developing countries 162

Mai pc aa: a f h cm appach fihi 164Introduction 164Bacground 165Planning and implementation: lessons learned 168The way orward 171

dma a upp f aquaf a f igi f fam fiha cuaca: a fuu ppc 172

Introduction 172Auaculture growth and auaeed 172Auaeed production and use 173

Feed ingredient production and availability 174Current eed ingredient usage and constraints 176Conclusion 180Issues to be addressed 181

Gba guii cabig a cificai i capu fihia aquacuu 181

Introduction 181The Marine Guidelines 182The Inland Guidelines 183The Auaculture Guidelines 184Evaluation ramewor 185Remaining issues 186

th oeCdFAo Agicuua ou: chap fih 186

The model 186Projections 20122021 188

n 194

P A R T 4OUTLOOk

th f capu fihi i a gba uaiab f pucim: ppuii a chag 199

Contet 199The prospects or sustainable increased production 199Capture isheries as targets o eorts to reduce resource use

and greenhouse gas emissions 204Minimizing waste 205Improving governance 205

n 207


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TABLES

tab 1World isheries and auaculture production and utilization 3

tab 2Countries or territories with no adeuate 2009 catch data submission 20

tab 3Inland capture isheries production by continent and major producer 23

tab 4Number o species items with statistics in the FAO capture database 24

tab 5Auaculture production by region: uantity and percentageo world total production 27

tab 6Top ten regional and world auaculture producers in 2010 28

tab 7World ishers and ish armers by region 41

tab 8Number ishers and ish armers in selected countries and territories 43

tab 9Fishery production per isher or ish armer by region in 2010 46

tab 10Proportion in terms o length o motorized vessels in ishing leets romselected nations in dierent regions 50

tab 11Motorized ishing leets in selected countries, 20002010 51

tab 12Top ten eporters and importers o ish and ishery products 71

tab 13

Total and per capita ood ish supply by continent and economicgrouping in 2009 84tab 14

Study hypotheses 152tab 15

Comparison o accident rates in French scallop isheries 154tab 16

Reduction in ishmeal inclusion in compound auaeedo dierent ish species and species groups 178

tab 17Feed ingredient usage or major auaculture species and species groups 179


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FIGURES

Figu 1World capture isheries and auaculture production 4

Figu 2World ish utilization and supply 4

Figu 3World capture isheries production 5

Figu 4Recent capture isheries production by three major components 19

Figu 5Catch trend or Argentine red shrimp 22

Figu 6Catch trends or marine bivalve species groups 22

Figu 7World auaculture production o non-ed and ed species 34

Figu 8

World auaculture production and relative share by culture environment 34Figu 9

World auaculture production composition by culture environment 35Figu 10

Production o major species or species group rom auaculture in 2010 38Figu 11

World production o armed auatic plant (algae) by major speciesor species group 40

Figu 12Employment in the isheries sector or the period 19902010 42

Figu 13Proportion o ishing vessels in marine and inland waters by region

in 2010 48Figu 14Proportion o marine ishing vessels with and without engineby region in 2010 48

Figu 15Distribution o motorized ishing vessels by region in 2010 48

Figu 16Size distribution o ishing vessels by region in 2010 49

Figu 17Capture isheries production in marine areas 54

Figu 18Global trends in the state o world marine ish stocs since 1974 56

Figu 19

Utilization o world isheries production (breadown by uantity),19622010 63

Figu 20Utilization o world isheries production (breadown by uantity),2010 65

Figu 21World isheries production and uantities destined or eport 68

Figu 22Average ish prices in real terms (2005) 69

Figu 23Net eports o selected agricultural commodities by developing countries 72

Figu 24

Trade lows by continent (total imports in US$ millions, c.i..; averages or20082010) 74


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Figu 25Imports and eports o ish and ishery products or dierent regions,indicating net deicit or surplus 76

Figu 26Shrimp prices in Japan 78

Figu 27Groundish prices in the United States o America 78

Figu 28Sipjac tuna prices in Arica and Thailand 79

Figu 29Octopus prices in Japan 80

Figu 30Fishmeal and soybean meal prices in Germany and the Netherlands 81

Figu 31Fish oil and soybean oil prices in the Netherlands 81

Figu 32Total protein supply by continent and major ood group

(average 20072009) 82Figu 33

Contribution o ish to animal protein supply (average 20072009) 83Figu 34

Fish as ood: per capita supply (average 20072009) 83Figu 35

Relative contribution o auaculture and capture isheriesto ood ish consumption 86

Figu 36Natural disasters reported worldwide, 19002010 115

Figu 37The disaster ris management cycle 118

Figu 38A new semi-pelagic low-impact and selective trawl gear(CRIPS-trawl) that is under development in Norway 128

Figu 39Smart trawling: reduced seabed damage o bottom trawling 130

Figu 40A loating pot 131

Figu 41The EAF/EAA planning ramewor 137

Figu 42Global consumption o ishmeal and ish oil by major auaculturespecies groups in 2008 176

Figu 43

Actual and predicted reduction in ishmeal use relative to the globalproduction o compound auaeed 177

Figu 44Meat and ishery production, dressed weight or eviscerated basis 188

Figu 45Fishmeal production in product weight 189

Figu 46General growth in ish prices or high eed costs and strongdemand, nominal terms 190

Figu 47Per capita ish consumption 191

Figu 48

Fishery production in live weight euivalent 192


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x

BOxES

Bx 1Improvements in Chinas ishery and auaculture statistics 6

Bx 2Fish culture in rice ields 30

Bx 3Child labour an important issue also in isheries and auaculture 44

Bx 4Developing an assessment strategy or inland ishery resources 60

Bx 5The wor o the Code Alimentarius Commission 64

Bx 6An update on the 2009 Port State Measures Agreement 96

Bx 7A gender baseline in the isheries and auaculture sector 108

Bx 8

The contribution o women in the auaculture sector 109Bx 9

Dierences in power lead to dierent opportunities 110Bx 10

quantiying ineualities 111Bx 11

Disaster management and climate change adaptation: ey deinitions 117Bx 12

Fishing vessels and uel consumption 126Bx 13

The need or an ecosystem approach in inland waters 136Bx 14

Interactions between isheries and auaculture 138Bx 15The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system and prereuisiteprogrammes 160

Bx 16An Indian success story 163

Bx 17Marine protected areas, isheries and the Code 165

Bx 18Freshwater protected areas 166

Bx 19Dierent national deinitions o marine protected area 167

Bx 20

Eamples o national institutional MPA arrangements 169Bx 21

Tools or analysis and prioritization 171Bx 22

Fed ish and non-ed ish 173Bx 23

Reconciling sustainable inland isheries with the needs o other sectors 202

Notes: Unless otherwise stated, the source o data or the gures and tables is FAO. Data or China do not include:

Taiwan Province o China; China, Hong kong Special Administrative Region; and China, Macao Special Administrative

Region.


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ACknowledGeMents

The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 was prepared by FAOFisheries and Auaculture Department sta, under the coordination o a teamcomprising R. Grainger and T. Farmer, assisted by U. Wijstrm (consultant).General direction was provided by the Departments Inormation Managementand Communications Committee in consultation with senior management sta:.M. Mathiesen, k. Cochrane (retired), L. Ababouch and J. Jiansan.

The preparation o Part 1, World review o isheries and auaculture, wasthe overall editorial responsibility o R. Grainger, who wrote the overviewand coordinated the contributions made by L. Garibaldi (production, captureisheries), x. Zhou (production, auaculture), S. Vannuccini, (utilization,

trade, commodities, consumption), I. karunasagar (utilization), G. Laurenti(consumption), F. Jara (ishers, ishing leets), G. Bianchi and Y. Ye (marineresources), D. Bartley and J. Jorgensen (inland resources), and A. Lem (trade,commodities). In the Governance section, contributions were provided byR. Willmann and C. Fuentevilla (Rio+20), R. Willmann and L. Westlund (small-scale isheries), G. Lugten (RFBs), D. Doulman and L. Antonini (IUU ishing), andN. Hishamunda (auaculture governance). S. Montanaro and contributors oselected sections prepared most o the igures and tables.

Main contributors to Part 2, Selected issues in isheries and auaculture,were: R. Metzner, M. Reantaso, k. Holvoet, S. Siar and T. Farmer (mainstreaminggender); D. Brown, F. Poulain and J. Campbell (disaster preparedness andresponse); D. Bartley, R. van Anrooy, P. Mannini and D. Soto (managing

recreational isheries); P. Suuronen, F. Chopin and J. Fitzpatric (barriers tolow-impact uel-eicient ishing); G. Bianchi, D. Soto, D. Bartley, N. Franz andG. Metzner (ecosystem approach to isheries and auaculture).

For Part 3, Highlights o special studies, contributors included:A. Gudmundsson and J. Lincoln (eects o isheries management policies onishing saety); J. Ryder, L. Ababouch and I. karunasagar (ood saety in oodand nutrition security); J. Sanders (marine protected areas); M. Hasan (auaeedand eed ingredients or armed ish and crustaceans); D. Bartley, W. Emerson,L. Ababouch and R. Subasinghe (guidelines on ecolabelling and certiication);and S. Vannuccini and A. Lem (OECDFAO Agricultural Outloo: ish).

Part 4, Outloo, was prepared by U. Wijstrm, D. Bartley and J. Muir.Elements o this chapter drew upon the United kingdom Government Oiceor Sciences Foresight Project on Global Food and Farming Futures under the

leadership o Sir John Beddington.The FAO Fisheries and Auaculture Department, under the overall

supervision o T. Farmer and with assistance rom J. Plummer, coordinated theediting, design and production o The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012.


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ABBrevIAtIons And ACronyMs

CAC

Code Alimentarius Commission

CACFish

Central Asian and the Caucasus Fisheries and Auaculture Commission

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

CCA

climate change adaptation

CCAMLR

Commission or the Conservation o Antarctic Marine Living Resources

CCsBT

Commission or the Conservation o Southern Bluein Tuna

CDs

catch documentation scheme

CECAF

Fishery Committee or the Eastern Central Atlantic

CiFAA

Committee or Inland Fisheries and Auaculture o Arica

CiTEs

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species o Wild Faunaand Flora

CoDE

Code o Conduct or Responsible Fisheries

CoFi

FAO Committee on Fisheries

CoP

Code o Practice

CoREP

Regional Fisheries Committee or the Gul o Guinea

CPUE

catch per unit o eort

DRM

disaster ris management


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DRR

disaster ris reduction

EAA

ecosystem approach to auaculture

EAF

ecosystem approach to isheries

EC

European Commission

ECosoC

United Nations Economic and Social Council

EEZ

eclusive economic zone

EiFAAC

European Inland Fisheries and Auaculture Advisory Commission

EiFAC

European Inland Fishery Advisory Commission

FCR

eed conversion ratio

FCWC

Fishery Committee or the West Central Gul o Guinea

GFCM

General Fisheries Commission or the Mediterranean

GhG

greenhouse gas

hACCP

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (system)

hFA

Hyogo Framewor or Action

hUFA

highly unsaturated atty acid

iATTC

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission

iCCAT

International Commission or the Conservation o Atlantic Tunas

iMo

International Maritime Organization


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ioTC

Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

iso

International Organization or Standardization

iTQ

individual transerable uota

iUU

illegal, unreported and unregulated ishing

LDC

least-developed country

LiFDC

low-income ood-deicit country

LiFE

low-impact uel-eicient

LoA

length overall

MDG

Millennium Development Goal

MPA

marine protected area

NAFo

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization

NAsCo

North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization

NEAFC

North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission

NEi

not elsewhere included

NGo

non-governmental organization

NoAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (the United States oAmerica)

NPAFC

North Paciic Anadromous Fish Commission

oECD

Organisation or Economic Co-operation and Development


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osPEsCA

Organization o Fishing and Auaculture in Central America

PERsGA

Regional Organization or the Conservation o the Environment o the RedSea and Gul o Aden

RFB

regional ishery body

RFMo

regional isheries management organization

R&D

research and development

sAR

search and rescue

sEAFo

South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation

sioFA

Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement

sPRFMo

South Paciic Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

sPs AGREEMENT

Agreement on the Application o Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

sWioFC

Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission

TBT AGREEMENT

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly

WCPFC

Western and Central Paciic Fisheries Commission

Who

World Health Organization

WTo

World Trade Organization


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PART 1

world revIew oF FIsHerIes

And AQUACUltUre


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3

world revIew oF FIsHerIes And

AQUACUltUre

sau a

overvIew

Capture isheries and auaculture supplied the world with about 148 million tonnes o

ish in 2010 (with a total value o US$217.5 billion), o which about 128 million tonnes wasutilized as ood or people, and preliminary data or 2011 indicate increased production o154 million tonnes, o which 131 million tonnes was destined as ood (Table 1 and Figure 1,all data presented are subject to rounding). With sustained growth in ish production andimproved distribution channels, world ish ood supply has grown dramatically in the lastive decades, with an average growth rate o 3.2 percent per year in the period 19612009,outpacing the increase o 1.7 percent per year in the worlds population. World per capitaood ish supply increased rom an average o 9.9 g (live weight euivalent) in the 1960sto 18.4 g in 2009, and preliminary estimates or 2010 point to a urther increase in ishconsumption to 18.6 g1 (Table 1 and Figure 2). O the 126 million tonnes available orhuman consumption in 2009, ish consumption was lowest in Arica (9.1 million tonnes,with 9.1 g per capita), while Asia accounted or two-thirds o total consumption, with

85.4 million tonnes (20.7 g per capita), o which 42.8 million tonnes was consumedoutside China (15.4 g per capita). The corresponding per capita ish consumption igures

Table 1World isheries and auaculture production and utilization

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

(Million tonnes)

ProdUCtIon

Capu

Inland 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 11.2 11.5

Marine 80.2 80.4 79.5 79.2 77.4 78.9

ta capu 90.0 90.3 89.7 89.6 88.6 90.4

Aquacuu

Inland 31.3 33.4 36.0 38.1 41.7 44.3

Marine 16.0 16.6 16.9 17.6 18.1 19.3

ta aquacuu 47.3 49.9 52.9 55.7 59.9 63.6

totAl world FIsHerIes 137.3 140.2 142.6 145.3 148.5 154.0

UtIlIZAtIon

Human consumption 114.3 117.3 119.7 123.6 128.3 130.8

Non-ood uses 23.0 23.0 22.9 21.8 20.2 23.2

Population (billions) 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0

Per capita ood ish supply (kg) 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.6 18.8

Notes: Ecluding auatic plants. Totals may not match due to rounding. Data or 2011 are provisional estimates.


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The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 20124

or Oceania, North America, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean were 24.6 g,24.1 g, 22.0 g and 9.9 g, respectively. Although annual per capita consumption oishery products has grown steadily in developing regions (rom 5.2 g in 1961 to 17.0 gin 2009) and in low-income ood-deicit countries (LIFDCs, rom 4.9 g in 1961 to 10.1 gin 2009), it is still considerably lower than in more developed regions, although the gap isnarrowing. A sizeable share o ish consumed in developed countries consists o imports,and, owing to steady demand and declining domestic ishery production (down 10 percentin the period 20002010), their dependence on imports, in particular rom developingcountries, is projected to grow in coming years.

China has been responsible or most o the increase in world per capita ishconsumption, owing to the substantial increase in its ish production, particularly romauaculture, despite a downward revision o Chinas production statistics or recent years(Bo 1). Chinas share in world ish production grew rom 7 percent in 1961 to 35 percent in2010. Driven by growing domestic income and an increase in the diversity o ish available,per capita ish consumption in China has also increased dramatically, reaching about

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 110

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

Figure 2

World fish utilization and supply

Fish utilization

(million tonnes)

Population (billions)and food supply (kg/capita)

Food

Non-food uses

Population

Food supply

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

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160

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

Figure 1

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production

Million tonnes

Aquaculture production

Capture production


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World review o fsheries and aquaculture 5

31.9 g in 2009, with an average annual rate o 6.0 percent in the period 19902009. IChina is ecluded, annual ish supply to the rest o the world in 2009 was about 15.4 gper person, higher than the average values o the 1960s (11.5 g), 1970s (13.5 g), 1980s(14.1 g) and 1990s (13.5 g).

Fish and ishery products represent a very valuable source o protein and essentialmicronutrients or balanced nutrition and good health. In 2009, ish accounted or16.6 percent o the world populations intae o animal protein and 6.5 percent o allprotein consumed. Globally, ish provides about 3.0 billion people with almost 20 percento their intae o animal protein, and 4.3 billion people with about 15 percent o suchprotein. Dierences among developed and developing countries are apparent in thecontribution o ish to animal protein intae. Despite the relatively lower levels o ishconsumption in developing countries, the share contributed by ish was signiicant atabout 19.2 percent, and or LIFDCs it was 24.0 percent. However, in both developing anddeveloped countries, this share has declined slightly in recent years as consumption oother animal proteins has grown more rapidly.

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6

9

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50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

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50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

Figure 3

World capture fisheries production

Million tonnes

Million tonnes

MARINE WATERS

INLAND WATERS


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Bo 1

Improvements in Chinas ishery and auaculture statistics

As stated in previous issues o The State o World Fisheries and

Aquaculture, China revised its production statistics or capture

isheries and auaculture or 2006 onwards using a revised statistical

methodology based on the outcome o Chinas 2006 National

Agricultural Census, which contained uestions on ish production or

the irst time, as well as on results rom various pilot sample surveys.

FAO subseuently estimated revisions or its historical statistics or

China or 19972005.

Sample surveys have been increasingly adopted in China as an

eicient means o collecting data, with the possibility o tailoring

them to collect more detailed inormation reuired speciically

or the local situation in which they are conducted. Prior to theimplementation o more systematic sample surveys, pilot surveys were

undertaen to test their utility in a variety o very dierent situations.

In addition to some undertaen independently by Chinese authorities,

the ollowing pilot sample surveys were conducted jointly by China

and FAO:

marine capture isheries in xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province

(200203);

marine capture isheries in Putuo District, Zhoushan (Chinas

largest ishing port), Zhejiang Province, and in Haimen City,

Jiangsu Province (200405);

marine capture isheries in Laizhou City, Shandong Province

(200809); inland capture isheries at Lae Liangzi, Hubei Province (200809);

inland capture isheries at Lae Taihu, Jiangsu Province (20092010).

Recognizing the importance o its statistics on isheries and

auaculture as a basis or its sectoral policy-maing and management,

as well as their major implications or global statistics, it is notable

that China has continued to implement improvements to many

aspects o its statistical systems, including the urther use o sample-

based surveys. Further improvements are in progress, including the

disaggregation o primary-sector employment statistics between

isheries and auaculture. Since 2009, improvement o statistics has

been a priority or national isheries and auaculture development

Overall global capture isheries production continues to remain stable at about90 million tonnes (Table 1) although there have been some mared changes in catchtrends by country, ishing area and species. In the last seven years (20042010),landings o all marine species ecept anchoveta only ranged between 72.1 millionand 73.3 million tonnes. In contrast, the most dramatic changes, as usual, havebeen or anchoveta catches in the Southeast Paciic, which decreased rom10.7 million tonnes in 2004 to 4.2 million tonnes in 2010. A mared decrease inanchoveta catches by Peru in 2010 was largely a result o management measures

(e.g. ishing closures) applied to protect the high number o juveniles present as aconseuence o the La Nia event (cold water). This action paid dividends in 2011


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and management, and additional unds have been allocated

annually to strengthen the national and local capacity in collecting

data and improving data uality through the ollowing activities:

training o enumerators and statistical oicers rom county to

provincial levels;

establishment o a ualiication system or enumerators

and a national database and communication networ or

enumerators and statistical oicers overseen by an advisory

epert panel;

establishment o an Internet-based data reporting and

validation system;

development o ield manuals or enumerators.In addition to annual data collection and reporting, China has

established monthly and mid-year data collection and reporting

systems or important statistical indicators. Specialized institutes

have been commissioned to use geographic inormation system (GIS)

technologies to veriy inland ishery and auaculture areas. Parallel

to the national data collection system, networs involving research

institutions and isheries authorities o ey producing areas in the

country have been established under the Chinese Academy o Fisheries

Sciences to monitor auaculture production o staple species.

The current data collection system in China covers capture

production (by species, ishing area and ishing gear), ishing

vessels, auaculture production (by species, arming system andmethod), auaculture areas, auaculture seed production, ishery

products processing, damage and losses in capture and auaculture,

employment and the ishery-dependent population, and ishery

household-level economic indicators. China also collects and reports

weely wholesale ish prices or major mareting centres in all the

provinces.

In recent years, communication between the Chinese reporting

oice and FAO has improved, resulting in more inormation

becoming available on ish utilization, more detailed and accurate

ishing leet statistics, and disaggregation o primary-sector

employment statistics between isheries and auaculture.

when anchoveta catches eceeded their 2009 level. Inland water capture productioncontinued to grow continuously, with an overall increase o 2.6 million tonnes inthe period 20042010 (Figure 3).

The Northwest Paciic is still by ar the most productive ishing area. Catch peasin the Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic and Northeast Paciic temperate ishingareas were reached many years ago, and total production had declined continuouslyrom the early and mid-2000s, but in 2010 this trend was reversed in all three areas.As or mainly tropical areas, total catches grew in the Western and Eastern Indian

Ocean and in the Western Central Paciic. In contrast, the 2010 production in theWestern Central Atlantic decreased, with a reduction in United States catches by about


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100 000 tonnes, probably mostly attributable to the oil spill in the Gul o Meico.Since 1978, the Eastern Central Paciic has shown a series o luctuations in captureproduction with a cycle o about 59 years. The latest pea was in 2009, and a decliningphase may have started in 2010. Both the MediterraneanBlac Sea and the SouthwestAtlantic have seen declining catches, with decreases o 15 and 30 percent, respectively,since 2007. In the Southeast Paciic (ecluding anchoveta) and the Southeast Atlantic,both areas where upwelling phenomena occur with strongly varied intensity eachyear, historical catch trends have been downward in both areas. In the Eastern CentralAtlantic, production has increased in the last three years, but there are some reportinginconsistencies or this area.

Chilean jac macerel catches have declined or this transboundary resource witha very wide distribution in the South Paciic, ranging rom the national eclusiveeconomic zones (EEZs) to the high seas. Ater having peaed at about 5 million tonnesin the mid-1990s, catches were about 2 million tonnes in the mid-2000s but have sincedeclined abruptly, and the 2010 catches were 0.7 million tonnes, the lowest level since1976. In contrast, Atlantic cod catches have increased by almost 200 000 tonnes inthe last two years. In act, in 2010, the whole group o gadiorm species (cods, haes,

haddocs, etc.) reversed the negative trend o the previous three years in which ithad declined by 2 million tonnes. Preliminary data or this group also report growingcatches or 2011. Capture production o other important commercial species groupssuch as tunas and shrimps remained stable in 2010. The highly variable catches ocephalopods resumed growth ater a decrease in 2009 o about 0.8 million tonnes. Inthe Antarctic areas, interest in ishing or rill resumed, and a catch increase o morethan 70 percent was registered in 2010.

Total global capture production in inland waters has increased dramatically sincethe mid-2000s with reported and estimated total production at 11.2 million tonnes in2010, an increase o 30 percent since 2004. Despite this growth, it may be that captureproduction in inland waters is seriously underestimated in some regions. Nevertheless,inland waters are considered as being overished in many parts o the world, and

human pressure and changes in the environmental conditions have seriously degradedimportant bodies o reshwater (e.g. the Aral Sea and Lae Chad). Moreover, in severalcountries that are important in terms o inland waters ishing (e.g. China), a goodportion o inland catches comes rom waterbodies that are artiicially restoced.It is not clear to what etent improvements in the statistical coverage and stocenhancement activities may be contributing to the apparent increase in inland isheryproduction. Growth in the global inland water catch is wholly attributable to Asiancountries. With the remarable increases reported or 2010 production by India, Chinaand Myanmar, Asias share is approaching 70 percent o global production. Inlandwater capture production in the other continents shows dierent trends. Ugandaand the United Republic o Tanzania, ishing mostly in the Arican Great Laes, andNigeria and Egypt, with river isheries, remain the main producers in Arica. Catches inseveral South and North American countries have been reported as shrining. Increased

European production between 2004 and 2010 is all attributable to a rise o almost50 percent in catches o the Russian Federation. Inland ishery production is marginal incountries in Oceania.

In the last three decades (19802010), world ood ish production o auaculturehas epanded by almost 12 times, at an average annual rate o 8.8 percent. Globalauaculture production has continued to grow, albeit more slowly than in the 1980sand 1990s. World auaculture production attained another all-time high in 2010, at60 million tonnes (ecluding auatic plants and non-ood products), with an estimatedtotal value o US$119 billion. When armed auatic plants and non-ood productsare included, world auaculture production in 2010 was 79 million tonnes, worthUS$125 billion. About 600 auatic species are raised in captivity in about 190 countriesor production in arming systems o varying input intensities and technological

sophistication. These include hatcheries producing seeds or stocing to the wild,particularly in inland waters.


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In 2010, global production o armed ood ish was 59.9 million tonnes, up by7.5 percent rom 55.7 million tonnes in 2009 (32.4 million tonnes in 2000). Farmedood ish include inishes, crustaceans, molluscs, amphibians (rogs), auatic reptiles(ecept crocodiles) and other auatic animals (such as sea cucumbers, sea urchins, seasuirts and jellyishes), which are indicated as ish throughout this document. Thereported grow-out production rom auaculture is almost entirely destined or humanconsumption. The total armgate value o ood ish production rom auaculture isestimated at US$119.4 billion or 2010.

Auaculture production is vulnerable to adverse impacts o disease andenvironmental conditions. Disease outbreas in recent years have aected armedAtlantic salmon in Chile, oysters in Europe, and marine shrimp arming in severalcountries in Asia, South America and Arica, resulting in partial or sometimes totalloss o production. In 2010, auaculture in China suered production losses o1.7 million tonnes caused by natural disasters, diseases and pollution. Disease outbreasvirtually wiped out marine shrimp arming production in Mozambiue in 2011.

The global distribution o auaculture production across the regions and countrieso dierent economic development levels remains imbalanced. In 2010, the top ten

producing countries accounted or 87.6 percent by uantity and 81.9 percent by valueo the worlds armed ood ish. Asia accounted or 89 percent o world auacultureproduction by volume in 2010, and this was dominated by the contribution o China,which accounted or more than 60 percent o global auaculture production volumein 2010. Other major producers in Asia are India, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Bangladesh,Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines and Japan. In Asia, the share o reshwaterauaculture has been gradually increasing, up to 65.6 percent in 2010 rom around60 percent in the 1990s. In terms o volume, Asian auaculture is dominated byinishes (64.6 percent), ollowed by molluscs (24.2 percent), crustaceans (9.7 percent)and miscellaneous species (1.5 percent). The share o non-ed species armed in Asiawas 35 percent (18.6 million tonnes) in 2010 compared with 50 percent in 1980.

In North America, auaculture has ceased epanding in recent years, but in South

America it has shown strong and continuous growth, particularly in Brazil and Peru.In terms o volume, auaculture in North and South America is dominated by inishes(57.9 percent), crustaceans (21.7 percent) and molluscs (20.4 percent). In Europe, theshare o production rom bracish and marine waters increased rom 55.6 percentin 1990 to 81.5 percent in 2010, driven by marine cage culture o Atlantic salmonand other species. Several important producers in Europe have recently ceasedepanding or have even contracted, particularly in the marine bivalve sector. In 2010,inishes accounted or three-uarters o all European auaculture production, andmolluscs one-uarter. Arica has increased its contribution to global production rom1.2 percent to 2.2 percent in the past ten years, mainly as a result o rapid developmentin reshwater ish arming in sub-Saharan Arica. Arican auaculture productionis overwhelmingly dominated by inishes, with only a small raction rom marineshrimps and marine molluscs. Oceania accounts or a minor share o global auaculture

production and this consists mainly o marine molluscs and inishes, with the latterincreasing owing mainly to the development o arming o Atlantic salmon in Australiaand chinoo salmon in New Zealand.

The least-developed countries (LDCs), mostly in sub-Saharan Arica and in Asia,remain minor in terms o their share o world auaculture production (4.1 percentby uantity and 3.6 percent by value) with the main producers including Bangladesh,Myanmar, Uganda, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Cambodia. However,some developing countries in Asia and the Paciic (Myanmar and Papua New Guinea),sub-Saharan Arica (Nigeria, Uganda, kenya, Zambia and Ghana) and South America(Ecuador, Peru and Brazil) have made rapid progress to become signiicant or majorauaculture producers in their regions. In contrast, in 2010, developed industrializedcountries produced collectively 6.9 percent (4.1 million tonnes) by uantity and

14 percent (US$16.6 billion) by value o the worlds armed ood ish production,compared with 21.9 percent and 32.4 percent, respectively, in 1990. Auaculture


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production has contracted or stagnated in Japan, the United States o America andseveral European countries. An eception is Norway, where, thans to the arming oAtlantic salmon in marine cages, auaculture production grew rom 151 000 tonnes in1990 to more than one million tonnes in 2010.

Freshwater ishes dominate global auaculture production (56.4 percent,33.7 million tonnes), ollowed by molluscs (23.6 percent, 14.2 million tonnes),crustaceans (9.6 percent, 5.7 million tonnes), diadromous ishes (6.0 percent,3.6 million tonnes), marine ishes (3.1 percent, 1.8 million tonnes) and other auaticanimals (1.4 percent, 814 300 tonnes). While eed is generally perceived to be a majorconstraint to auaculture development, one-third o all armed ood ish production(20 million tonnes) is currently achieved without artiicial eeding, as is the case orbivalves and ilter-eeding carps. However, the percentage o non-ed species in worldproduction has declined gradually rom more than 50 percent in 1980 to the presentlevel o 33.3 percent, relecting the relatively aster body-growth rates achieved in theculture o ed species and increasing consumer demand or higher trophic-level specieso ishes and crustaceans.

Fisheries and auaculture provided livelihoods and income or an estimated

54.8 million people engaged in the primary sector o ish production in 2010, o whoman estimated 7 million were occasional ishers and ish armers. Asia accounts or morethan 87 percent o the world total with China alone having almost 14 million people(26 percent o the world total) engaged as ishers and ish armers. Asia is ollowedby Arica (more than 7 percent), and Latin America and the Caribbean (3.6 percent).About 16.6 million people (about 30 percent o the world total) were engaged in isharming, and they were even more concentrated in Asia (97 percent), ollowed by LatinAmerica and the Caribbean (1.5 percent), and Arica (about 1 percent). Employmentin the isheries and auaculture primary sector has continued to grow aster thanemployment in agriculture, so that by 2010 it represented 4.2 percent o the 1.3 billionpeople economically active in the broad agriculture sector worldwide, comparedwith 2.7 percent in 1990. In the last ive years, the number o people engaged in ish

arming has increased by 5.5 percent per year compared with only 0.8 percent per yearor those in capture isheries, although capture isheries still accounted or 70 percento the combined total in 2010. It is apparent that, in the most important ishingnations, the share o employment in capture isheries is stagnating or decreasing whileauaculture is providing increased opportunities. Europe eperienced the largestdecrease in the number o people engaged in capture ishing, with a 2 percent averageannual decline between 2000 and 2010, and almost no increase in people employedin ish arming. In contrast, Arica showed the highest annual increase (5.9 percent) inthe number o people engaged in ish arming in the same period, ollowed by Asia(4.8 percent), and Latin America and the Caribbean (2.6 percent). Overall, productionper person is lower in capture isheries than in auaculture, with global outputs o2.3 and 3.6 tonnes per person per year respectively, relecting the huge numbers oishers engaged in small-scale isheries.

Apart rom the primary production sector, isheries and auaculture providenumerous jobs in ancillary activities such as processing, pacaging, mareting anddistribution, manuacturing o ish-processing euipment, net and gear maing,ice production and supply, boat construction and maintenance, research andadministration. All o this employment, together with dependants, is estimated tosupport the livelihoods o 660820 million people, or about 1012 percent o theworlds population.

The total number o ishing vessels in the world in 2010 is estimated at about4.36 million, which is similar to previous estimates. O these, 3.23 million vessels(74 percent) are considered to operate in marine waters, with the remaining1.13 million vessels operating in inland waters. Overall, Asia has the largest leet,comprising 3.18 million vessels and accounting or 73 percent o the world total,

ollowed by Arica (11 percent), Latin America and the Caribbean (8 percent), NorthAmerica (3 percent) and Europe (3 percent). Globally, 60 percent o ishing vessels


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were engine-powered in 2010, but although 69 percent o vessels operating in marinewaters were motorized, the igure was only 36 percent or inland waters. For the leetoperating in marine waters, there were also large variations among regions, with non-motorized vessels accounting or less than 7 percent o the total in Europe and theNear East, but up to 61 percent in Arica.

Over 85 percent o the motorized ishing vessels in the world are less than 12 m inlength overall (LOA). Such vessels dominate in all regions, but maredly so in the NearEast, and Latin America and the Caribbean. About 2 percent o all motorized ishingvessels corresponded to industrialized ishing vessels o 24 m and larger (with a grosstonnage [GT] o roughly more than 100 GT) and that raction was larger in the Paciicand Oceania region, Europe, and North America.

Data rom some countries indicate a recent epansion in their leets. For eample,the motorized ishing leets in Malaysia, Cambodia and Indonesia increased by 26,19 and 11 percent, respectively, between 2007 and 2009, and Viet Nam reported a10 percent increase in oshore ishing vessels (those with engines o more than 90 hp)between 2008 and 2010. The case o Sri Lana illustrates potential overshoot in eortsto re-establish a ishing leet, o which 44 percent o the motorized vessels were

destroyed by the tsunami that swept the region at the end o 2004, with the result thatby 2010 there were 11 percent more motorized vessels than beore the tsunami.

Many countries have policies to reduce overcapacity in their ishing leets. Chinasmarine ishing vessel reduction plan or 20032010 did achieve a reduction by 2008close to the target, but since then both the number o vessels and total combinedpower have started to increase again. Japan implemented various schemes thatresulted in a net reduction o 9 percent in the number o vessels, but a net increase o5 percent in combined power between 2005 and 2009. The evolution in the combinednumber, tonnage, and power o European Union ishing vessels indicates a downwardtendency in the last decade and the combined EU-15 motorized ishing leet achieveda net reduction o 8 percent in the number o vessels and o 11 percent in powerbetween 2005 and 2010. Other important ishing nations that achieved a net reduction

in leet size in the period 20052010 include Iceland, Norway and the Republic okorea.The worlds marine isheries increased maredly rom 16.8 million tonnes in

1950 to a pea o 86.4 million tonnes in 1996, and then declined beore stabilizingat about 80 million tonnes. Global recorded production was 77.4 million tonnes in2010. The Northwest Paciic had the highest production with 20.9 million tonnes(27 percent o the global marine catch) in 2010, ollowed by the Western CentralPaciic with 11.7 million tonnes (15 percent), the Northeast Atlantic with 8.7 milliontonnes (11 percent), and the Southeast Paciic, with a total catch o 7.8 million tonnes(10 percent). The proportion o non-ully eploited stocs has decreased graduallysince 1974 when the irst FAO assessment was completed. In contrast, the percentageo overeploited stocs has increased, especially in the late 1970s and 1980s, rom10 percent in 1974 to 26 percent in 1989. Ater 1990, the number o overeploited

stocs continued to increase, albeit at a slower rate. Increases in production rom theseovereploited stocs may be possible i eective rebuilding plans are put in place. Theraction o ully eploited stocs, which produce catches that are very close to theirmaimum sustainable production and have no room or urther epansion and reuireeective management to avoid decline, has shown the smallest change over time, withits percentage stable at about 50 percent rom 1974 to 1985, then alling to 43 percentin 1989 beore gradually increasing to 57 percent in 2009. About 29.9 percent ostocs are overeploited, producing lower yields than their biological and ecologicalpotential and in need o strict management plans to restore their ull and sustainableproductivity in accordance with the Johannesburg Plan o Implementation thatresulted rom the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002),which demands that all overeploited stocs be restored to the level that can produce

maimum sustainable yield by 2015, a target that seems unliely to be met. Theremaining 12.7 percent o stocs were non-ully eploited in 2009, and these are under


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relatively low ishing pressure and have some potential to increase their productionalthough they oten do not have a high production potential and reuire propermanagement plans to ensure that any increase in the eploitation rate does not resultin urther overishing.

Most o the stocs o the top ten species, which account in total or about30 percent o world marine capture isheries production, are ully eploited and,thereore, have no potential or increases in production, while some stocs areovereploited and increases in their production may be possible i eective rebuildingplans are put in place. The two main stocs o anchoveta in the Southeast Paciic,Alasa polloc in the North Paciic and blue whiting in the Atlantic are ully eploited.Atlantic herring stocs are ully eploited in both the Northeast and NorthwestAtlantic. Japanese anchovy in the Northwest Paciic and Chilean jac macerel in theSoutheast Paciic are considered to be overeploited. Chub macerel stocs are ullyeploited in the Eastern Paciic and the Northwest Paciic. The largehead hairtail wasestimated in 2009 to be overeploited in the main ishing area in the Northwest Paciic.

Among the seven principal tuna species, one-third were estimated to beovereploited, 37.5 percent were ully eploited, and 29 percent non-ully eploited

in 2009. Although sipjac tuna continued its increasing trend up to 2009, urtherepansion should be closely monitored, as it may negatively aect bigeye andyellowin tunas (multispecies isheries). In the long term, the status o tuna stocs(and conseuently catches) may urther deteriorate unless there are signiicantimprovements in their management. This is because o the substantial demand or tunaand the signiicant overcapacity o tuna ishing leets. Concern about the poor statuso some bluein stocs and the inability o some tuna management organizations tomanage these stocs eectively led to a proposal in 2010 to ban the international tradein Atlantic bluein tuna under the Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies o Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and, although the proposal was ultimatelyrejected, the concern remains.

The overall situation when summarized by FAO statistical areas shows three main

patterns in catch trends. Areas that have demonstrated oscillations in total catch arethe Eastern Central Atlantic (Area 34), Northeast Paciic (Area 67), Eastern CentralPaciic (Area 77), Southwest Atlantic (Area 41), Southeast Paciic (Area 87), andNorthwest Paciic (Area 61). These areas have provided about 52 percent o the worldstotal marine catch on average in the last ive years. Several o these areas includeupwelling regions that are characterized by high natural variability. The second groupconsists o areas that have demonstrated a decreasing trend in catch since reaching apea at some time in the past. This group has contributed 20 percent o global marinecatch on average in the last ive years, and includes the Northeast Atlantic (Area 27),Northwest Atlantic (Area 21), Western Central Atlantic (Area 31), Mediterranean andBlac Sea (Area 37), Southwest Paciic (Area 81), and Southeast Atlantic (Area 47).It should be noted that lower catches in some cases relect isheries managementmeasures that are precautionary or aim at rebuilding stocs, and this situation should,

thereore, not necessarily be interpreted as negative. The third group comprises theFAO areas that have shown continuously increasing trends in catch since 1950 andincludes the Western Central Paciic (Area 71), Eastern (Area 57) and Western (Area 51)Indian Ocean. They have together contributed 28 percent o the total marine catch onaverage over the last ive years. However, in some regions, there is still high uncertaintyabout the actual catches owing to the poor uality o statistical reporting systems incoastal countries.

The declining global marine catch over the last ew years together with theincreased percentage o overeploited ish stocs and the decreased proportion onon-ully eploited species around the world convey the strong message that thestate o world marine isheries is worsening and has had a negative impact on isheryproduction. Overeploitation not only causes negative ecological conseuences, but

it also reduces ish production, which urther leads to negative social and economicconseuences. To increase the contribution o marine isheries to the ood security,


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economies and well-being o the coastal communities, eective management plansmust be put in place to rebuild overeploited stocs. The situation seems more criticalor some highly migratory, straddling and other ishery resources that are eploitedsolely or partially in the high seas. The United Nations Fish Stocs Agreement thatentered into orce in 2001 should be used as a legal basis or management measures othe high seas isheries.

In spite o the worrisome global situation o marine capture isheries, good progressis being made in reducing eploitation rates and restoring overeploited ish stocs andmarine ecosystems through eective management actions in some areas. In the UnitedStates o America, 67 percent o all stocs are now being sustainably harvested, whileonly 17 percent are still overeploited. In New Zealand, 69 percent o stocs are abovemanagement targets, relecting mandatory rebuilding plans or all isheries that arestill below target thresholds. Similarly, Australia reports overishing or only 12 percento stocs in 2009. Since the 1990s, the NewoundlandLabrador Shel, the NortheastUnited States Shel, the Southern Australian Shel, and Caliornia Current ecosystemshave shown substantial declines in ishing pressure such that they are now at or belowthe modelled eploitation rate that gives the multispecies maimum sustainable yield

o the ecosystem. These and other successes can serve as eamples to assist in moreeective management o other isheries.

The inormation summarizing the state o the major marine ish stocs is impossibleto duplicate or the state o most o the worlds inland isheries, or which theeploitation rate is oten not the main driver aecting the state o the stocs. Otherdrivers such as habitat uantity and uality, auaculture in the orm o stocingand competition or reshwater, inluence the state o the majority o inland isheryresources much more than eploitation rates do. Water abstraction and diversion,hydroelectric development, draining wetlands, and siltation and erosion rom land-use patterns can negatively aect inland ishery resources regardless o the rate oeploitation. Conversely, stoc enhancement rom auaculture acilities, which iswidely practised in inland waters, can eep catch rates high in the ace o increased

ishing and in spite o an ecosystem that is not capable o producing that level o catchthrough natural processes. Overeploitation also aects inland ishery resources, butthe result is generally a change in species composition and not necessarily a reducedoverall catch. Catches are oten higher where smaller and shorter-lived species becomethe main component o the catch; however, the smaller ish may be much less valuable.Another issue complicating the assessment o inland ishery resources is the deinitiono a stoc. Very ew inland isheries have stocs that are deined precisely or aredeined at the level o species. There are notable eceptions such as the Lae VictoriaNile perch and Tonle Sap dai isheries, but many inland ishery resources are deined bywatershed or river and comprise numerous species. Taing all o these considerationsinto account, FAO is leading eorts to improve data collection and develop newassessment methodologies or inland ishery resources that are so important butoten underestimated in terms o their economic, social and nutritional beneits

and contribution to livelihoods and ood security. The intention is to utilize the newmethodology to provide a more robust and inormative summary o the state o theworlds inland capture ishery resources in the uture.

Concerning utilization o the worlds ish production, 40.5 percent (60.2 milliontonnes) was mareted in live, resh or chilled orms, 45.9 percent (68.1 milliontonnes) was processed in rozen, cured or otherwise prepared orms or direct humanconsumption, and 13.6 percent destined or non-ood uses in 2010. Since the early1990s, there has been an increasing trend in the proportion o isheries productionused or direct human consumption rather than or other purposes. Whereas in the1980s about 68 percent o the ish produced was destined or human consumption,this share increased to more than 86 percent in 2010, eualling 128.3 million tonnes.In 2010, 20.2 million tonnes was destined to non-ood purposes, o which 75 percent

(15 million tonnes) was reduced to ishmeal and ish oil; the remaining 5.1 milliontonnes was largely utilized as ish or ornamental purposes, or culture (ingerlings,


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ry, etc.), or bait, or pharmaceutical uses as well as or direct eeding in auaculture,or livestoc and or ur animals. O the ish destined or direct human consumption, themost important product orm was live, resh or chilled ish, with a share o 46.9 percentin 2010, ollowed by rozen ish (29.3 percent), prepared or preserved ish (14.0 percent)and cured ish (9.8 percent). Freezing represents the main method o processing ish orhuman consumption, and it accounted or 55.2 percent o total processed ish or humanconsumption and 25.3 percent o total ish production in 2010.

The proportion o rozen ish grew rom 33.2 percent o total production orhuman consumption in 1970 to reach a record high o 52.1 percent in 2010. The shareo prepared and preserved orms remained rather stable during the same period, andit was 26.9 percent in 2010. Developing countries have eperienced a growth in theshare o rozen products (24.1 percent o the total ish or human consumption in 2010,up rom 18.9 percent in 2000) and o prepared or preserved orms (11.0 percent in2010, compared with 7.8 percent in 2000). Owing to deiciencies in inrastructure andprocessing acilities, together with well-established consumer habits, ish in developingcountries is commercialized mainly in live or resh orm (representing 56.0 percento ish destined or human consumption in 2010) soon ater landing or harvesting.

Cured orms (dried, smoed or ermented) still remain a traditional method to retailand consume ish in developing countries, although their share in total ish or humanconsumption is declining (10.9 percent in 2000 compared with 8.9 percent in 2010).In developed countries, the bul o production destined or human consumption iscommercialized rozen or in prepared or preserved orms.

Fishmeal is produced rom whole ish or ish remains resulting rom processing.Small pelagic species, in particular anchoveta, are the main contributors or reduction,and the volume o ishmeal and ish oil produced worldwide luctuates annuallyaccording to the luctuations in the catches o these species, which are stronglyinluenced by the El Nio phenomenon. Fishmeal production peaed in 1994 at30.2 million tonnes (live weight euivalent) and has ollowed a luctuating trend sincethen. In 2010, it dropped to 15.0 million tonnes owing to reduced catches o anchoveta,

representing a decrease o 12.9 percent compared with 2009, o 18.2 percent comparedwith 2008, and o 42.8 percent with respect to 2000. Waste rom commercial ishspecies used or human consumption is increasingly used in eed marets, and agrowing percentage o ishmeal is being obtained rom trimmings and other residuesrom the preparation o ish illets. About 36 percent o world ishmeal production wasobtained rom oal in 2010.

Technological development in ood processing and pacaging is progressing rapidly.Processors o traditional products have been losing maret share as a result o long-term shits in consumer preerences as well as in processing and in the general isheriesindustry. Processing is becoming more intensive, geographically concentrated, verticallyintegrated and lined with global supply chains. These changes relect the increasingglobalization o the isheries value chain, with large retailers controlling the growth ointernational distribution channels. The increasing practice o outsourcing processing at

the regional and world levels is very signiicant, but urther outsourcing o productionto developing countries might be restricted by sanitary and hygiene reuirements thatare diicult to meet as well as by growing labour costs. At the same time, processorsare reuently becoming more integrated with producers, especially or groundish,where large processors in Asia, in part, rely on their own leet o ishing vessels. Inauaculture, large producers o armed salmon, catish and shrimp have establishedadvanced centralized processing plants. Processors that operate without the purchasingor sourcing power o strong brands are also eperiencing increasing problems lined tothe scarcity o domestic raw material, and they are being orced to import ish or theirbusiness.

Fish and ishery products continue to be among the most traded ood commoditiesworldwide, accounting or about 10 percent o total agricultural eports and 1 percent

o world merchandise trade in value terms. The share o total ishery productioneported in the orm o various ood and eed items increased rom 25 percent in 1976


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to about 38 percent (57 million tonnes) in 2010. In the same period, world trade in ishand ishery products grew signiicantly also in value terms, rising rom US$8 billionto US$102 billion. Sustained demand, trade liberalization policies, globalization oood systems and technological innovations have urthered the overall increase ininternational ish trade. In 2009, relecting the general economic contraction aectingconsumer conidence in major marets, trade dropped by 6 percent comparedwith 2008 in value terms as a conseuence o alling prices and margins, whereastraded volumes, epressed in live weight euivalent, increased by 1 percent to55.7 million tonnes. In 2010, trade rebounded strongly, reaching about US$109 billion,with an increase o 13 percent in value terms and 2 percent in volume compared with2009. The dierence between the growth in value and volume relects the higherish prices eperienced in 2010 as well as a decrease in the production o and trade inishmeal. In 2011, despite the economic instability eperienced in many o the worldsleading economies, increasing prices and strong demand in developing countriespushed trade volumes and values to the highest level ever reported and, despite somesotening in the second hal o the year, preliminary estimates indicate that eportseceeded US$125 billion.

Since late 2011 and early 2012, the world economy has entered a diicult phasecharacterized by signiicant downside riss and ragility, and ey marets or isheriestrade have slowed sharply. Among the actors that might inluence the sustainabilityand growth o ishery trade are the evolution o production and transportation costsand the prices o ishery products and alternative commodities, including meat andeeds. In the last ew decades, the growth in auaculture production has contributedsigniicantly to increased consumption and commercialization o species that were onceprimarily wild-caught, with a conseuent price decrease, particularly in the 1990s andearly 2000, with average unit values o auaculture production and trade declining inreal terms. Subseuently, owing to increased costs and continuous high demand, priceshave started to rise again. In the net decade, with auaculture accounting or a muchlarger share o total ish supply, the price swings o auaculture products could have

a signiicant impact on price ormation in the sector overall, possibly leading to morevolatility.As or trade, ish prices also contracted in 2009 but have since rebounded. The FAO

Fish Price Inde (base year 200204 = 100) indicates that average prices in 2009 declinedby 7 percent compared with 2008, then increased by 9 percent in 2010 and by morethan 12 percent in 2011. Prices or species rom capture isheries increased by morethan those or armed species because o the larger impact rom higher energy priceson ishing vessel operations than on armed species.

Since 2002, China has been by ar the leading ish eporter, contributing almost12 percent o 2010 world eports o ish and ishery products, or about US$13.3 billion,and increasing urther to US$17.1 billion in 2011. A growing share o ishery eportsconsists o reprocessed imported raw material. Thailand has established itsel as aprocessing centre o ecellence largely dependent on imported raw material, while

Viet Nam has a growing domestic resource base and imports only limited, albeitgrowing, volumes o raw material. Viet Nam has eperienced signiicant growth in itseports o ish and ish products, up rom US$1.5 billion in 2000 to US$5.1 billion in2010, when it became the ourth-largest eporter in the world. In 2011, its eports roseurther to US$6.2 billion, lined mainly to its lourishing auaculture industry. In 2010,developing countries conirmed their undamental importance as suppliers to worldmarets with more than 50 percent o all ishery eports in value terms and more than60 percent in uantity (live weight). For many developing nations, ish trade representsa signiicant source o oreign currency earnings in addition to the sectors importantrole as a generator o income, source o employment, and provider o ood securityand nutrition. The ishery industries o developing countries rely heavily on developedcountries, not only as outlets or their eports, but also as suppliers o their imports or

local consumption or or their processing industries. In 2010, in value terms, 67 percento the ishery eports o developing countries were directed to developed countries. A


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growing share o these eports consisted o processed ishery products prepared romimports o raw ish to be used or urther processing and re-eport. In 2010, in valueterms, 39 percent o the imports o ish and ishery products by developing countriesoriginated rom developed countries. For LIFDCs, net eport revenues amounted toUS$4.7 billion in 2010, compared with US$2.0 billion in 1990.

World imports2 o ish and ish products set a new record at US$111.8 billion in2010, up 12 percent on the previous year and up 86 percent with respect to 2000.Preliminary data or 2011 point to urther growth, with a 15 percent increase. TheUnited States o America and Japan are the major importers o ish and isheryproducts and are highly dependent on imports or about 60 percent and 54 percent,respectively, o their ishery consumption. China, the worlds largest ish producer andeporter, has signiicantly increased its ishery imports, partly a result o outsourcing,as Chinese processors import raw material rom all major regions, including Southand North America and Europe, or re-processing and eport. Imports are also beinguelled by robust domestic demand or species not available rom local sources, and,in 2011, China became the third-largest importer in the world. The European Unionis by ar the largest single maret or imported ish and ishery products owing to

its growing domestic consumption. However, it is etremely heterogeneous, withmaredly dierent conditions rom country to country. European Union ishery importsreached US$44.6 billion in 2010, up 10 percent rom 2009, and representing 40 percento total world imports. However, i intraregional trade is ecluded, the EuropeanUnion imported ish and ishery products worth US$23.7 billion rom suppliersoutside the European Union, an increase o 11 percent rom 2009. In addition to themajor importing countries, a number o emerging marets have become o growingimportance to the worlds eporters. Prominent among these there are Brazil, Meico,the Russian Federation, Egypt, Asia and the Near East in general. In 2010, developedcountries were responsible or 76 percent o the total import value o ish and isheryproducts, a decline compared with the 86 percent o 1990 and 83 percent o 2000.In terms o volume (live weight euivalent), the share o developed countries is

signiicantly less, 58 percent, relecting the higher unit value o products imported bydeveloped countries.Owing to the high perishability o ish and ishery products, 90 percent o trade in

ish and ishery products in uantity terms (live weight euivalent) consists o processedproducts. Fish are increasingly traded as rozen ood (39 percent o the total uantityin 2010, compared with 25 percent in 1980). In the last our decades, prepared andpreserved ish have nearly doubled their share in total uantity, going rom 9 percentin 1980 to 16 percent in 2010. However, trade in live, resh and chilled ish represented10 percent o world ish trade in 2010, up rom 7 percent in 1980, relecting improvedlogistics and increased demand or unprocessed ish. Trade in live ish also includesornamental ish, which is high in value terms but almost negligible in terms o uantitytraded. In 2010, 71 percent o the uantity o ish and ishery products eportedconsisted o products destined or human consumption. The US$109 billion eports o

ish and ishery products in 2010 do not include an additional US$1.3 billion or auaticplants (62 percent), inedible ish waste (31 percent) and sponges and corals (7 percent).In the last two decades, trade in auatic plants has increased signiicantly, rising romUS$0.2 billion in 1990 to US$0.5 billion in 2000 and to US$0.8 billion in 2010, with Chinaas the major eporter and Japan as the leading importer.

A recent major event related to governance o isheries and auaculture hasbeen the UN Conerence on Sustainable Development, nown as Rio+20, to renewpolitical commitment or sustainable development, assess progress and gaps in theimplementation o eisting commitments, and address new challenges. The two themeso the conerence were the institutional ramewor or sustainable development andthe support o a green economy. As a concept, the green economy aims to ensure thatresource eploitation contributes to sustainability, inclusive social development and

economic growth, while seeing to counter the notion that sustainability and growthare mutually eclusive.


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At Rio+20, FAO promoted the message that there will be no green economywithout sustainable growth in agriculture (including isheries) and that improvedmanagement and eiciencies throughout the ood value chain can increase oodsecurity while using ewer natural resources. The message calls or policies that createincentives to adopt sustainable practices and behaviour and promotes the wideapplication o ecosystem approaches. FAO also contributed to interagency submissionsto Rio+20 concerning the sustainable management o the worlds oceans with a ocuson the green economy as it relates to marine and coastal resources, sustainable use andpoverty eradication, small-scale isheries and auaculture operations, and the potentialcontribution o small island developing States.

The dependence o the isheries and auaculture sectors on ecosystem servicesmeans that supporting sustainable ishing and ish arming can provide incentivesor wider ecosystem stewardship. The greening o isheries and auaculture reuiresrecognition o their wider societal roles within a comprehensive governanceramewor. There are several mechanisms to acilitate this transition, includingadopting an ecosystem approach to isheries and auaculture with air and responsibletenure systems to turn resource users into resource stewards.

Small-scale isheries employ more than 90 percent o the worlds capture ishers,and their importance to ood security, poverty alleviation and poverty prevention isbecoming increasingly appreciated. However, the lac o institutional capacity and theailure to include the sector in national and regional development policies hampertheir potential contribution. Since 2003, the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI)has promoted eorts to improve the proile o, and understand the challenges andopportunities acing, small-scale ishing communities in inland and marine waters.It has also recommended the development o international voluntary guidelines tocomplement the Code o Conduct or Responsible Fisheries (the Code) as well as otherinternational instruments with similar purposes. The preparation o the guidelinesis epected to contribute to policy development and have considerable impacton securing small-scale isheries and creating beneits, especially in terms o ood

security and poverty reduction. The guidelines promote good governance, includingtransparency and accountability, participation and inclusiveness, social responsibilityand solidarity, a human rights approach to development, gender euality, and respectand involvement o all staeholders.

Regional ishery bodies (RFBs) are the primary organizational mechanism throughwhich States wor together to ensure the long-term sustainability o shared isheryresources. The term RFB also embraces regional isheries management organizations(RFMOs), which have the competence to establish binding conservation andmanagement measures. As intergovernmental organizations, RFBs depend on thepolitical will o their member Governments to implement agreed measures andundertae reorm. Most RFBs are eperiencing diiculties in ulilling their mandates(many o which are outdated). However, important progress in etending the globalcoverage o RFBs is being made through new, strengthened and emerging bodies.

In addition, numerous RFBs have been undergoing independent reviews o theirperormance. The 2010 United Nations Review Conerence described the modernizingo RFMOs as a priority and noted that progress had been made in developing bestpractices or RFMOs and in reviewing their perormance against emerging standards.Ten RFBs have so ar undergone perormance reviews. The Review Conerence observedthat perormance reviews were generally recognized as being useul, particularly whenthey led to the adoption o new management measures.

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) ishing and related activities (otenencouraged by corrupt practices) threaten eorts to secure long-term sustainableisheries and promote healthier and more robust ecosystems. The internationalcommunity continues to epress its grave concern at the etent and eects o IUUishing. Developing countries, oten with limited technical capacity, bear the brunt o

this IUU ishing, which undermines their limited eorts to manage isheries, deniesthem revenue and adversely aects their attempts to promote ood security, eradicate


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poverty and achieve sustainable livelihoods. However, there are indications that IUUishing is moderating in some areas (e.g. the Northeast Atlantic Ocean) as policies andmeasures tae eect.

Nonetheless, the international community is deeply rustrated by the ailure omany lag States to meet their primary responsibilities under international law, whichare to eercise eective control over their ishing vessels and ensure compliance withconservation and management measures. O particular concern are those vessels lyinglags o non-compliance, which are lags belonging to States that are either unableor unwilling to eercise eective control over their vessels. As a result, the burden ocontrolling these rogue vessels is gradually alling on coastal States, port States, RFBsand others. This has led FAO Members to reuest that a Technical Consultation onFlag State Perormance be convened. It is anticipated that the outcome will be a set ovoluntary criteria or assessing the perormance o lag States together with a list opossible actions to be taen against vessels lying the lags o States not meeting suchcriteria and possibly an agreed procedure or assessing compliance.

Although their achievements in terms o limiting IUU ishing vary widely, most RFBspromote and implement measures to combat IUU ishing. The measures range rom

more passive activities such as awareness building and dissemination o inormation(mainly RFBs without isheries management unctions) to aggressive port, air andsurace surveillance programmes (RFMOs).

Beyond national boundaries, there is increasing need or international cooperationto improve global isheries management o shared marine resources and to preservethe associated employment and other economic beneits o sustainable isheries.Recognizing this, the European Union and the United States o America, as leadersin the global ish trade, undertoo (in 2011) to cooperate bilaterally to combat IUUishing by eeping illegally caught ish out o the world maret. Strengthening isheriesmanagement capacity is undamental in developing countries in order to acilitatesustainable isheries and to reduce the impacts o IUU ishing. Capacity development isespecially important to support the ull and eective implementation o eisting and

new global instruments such as the 2009 Port State Measures Agreement to combatIUU ishing.Governance o auaculture has become increasingly important and has made

remarable progress. To improve planning and policy development in auaculture,many Governments utilize the Code as well as FAO guidelines and manuals on armingtechniues promoted by industry organizations and development agencies. Severalcountries have adeuate national auaculture development policies, strategies, plansand laws, and use best management practices. The insert: 2011 FAO TechnicalGuidelines on Auaculture Certiication constitute an additional important tool orgood governance o the sector. By setting minimum substantive criteria or developingauaculture certiication standards, these guidelines provide direction or thedevelopment, organization and implementation o credible auaculture certiicationschemes towards orderly and sustainable development o the sector. Long-term

prosperity reuires technological soundness, economic viability, environmental integrityand social licence, which, in combination, also ensure that ecological well-being iscompatible with human well-being.

An important component o human well-being is employment, which inauaculture has grown rapidly in the last three decades. More than 100 millionpeople now depend on the sector or a living, either as employees in the producingand support sectors or as their dependants. In many places, these employmentopportunities have enabled young people to stay in their communities and havestrengthened the economic viability o isolated areas, oten enhancing the status owomen in developing countries, where more than 80 percent o auaculture outputoccurs. Auaculture has been heavily promoted in several countries with iscal andmonetary incentives and this has improved accessibility to ood or many households

and increased auacultures contribution towards the Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs). However, the sector has developed at a time o growing scrutiny rom


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the public, improved communications and vocierous opposition groups. Althoughopposition groups can act as environmental and social watchdogs, putting pressureon businesses to increase transparency and improve woring conditions, it is alsoimportant to consider the beneits accruing rom the sector, including those related toemployment.

Unair employment practices in auaculture, including eploitation o local labour,gender discrimination and child employment, can undermine trust in the sector,threaten the credibility o policy-maers and jeopardize marets or armed seaood.Most countries have legislation to protect worers but compliance therewith candeter enterprises, with some opting to operate in countries with lower labour andsocial standards where they can gain a competitive advantage. A possible result isthat Governments will be under pressure rom companies to reduce labour and socialstandards.

Employment in auaculture must be euitable and non-eploitative, withprincipled values guiding activities to induce beyond-compliance behaviour. Withan ethos o corporate social responsibility, auaculture companies would assistlocal communities, employ air labour practices and demonstrate transparency.

Increasingly, with rising consumer awareness, it maes good business senseor auaculture enterprises to demonstrate that they meet the best standards.Legislation should protect labour and relect concepts o social justice and humanrights, but it needs to strie a balance as overly cumbersome regulations can mae anotherwise viable business unproitable.

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World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012

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