World Dairy Situation - By International Dairy Federation (IDF)
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© 2008 Society of Dairy Technology 311 Vol 61, No 3 August 2008 Chapter 3 is a well-referenced review of the inulin-type fructans citing 22 papers from 2004 and 14 from 2005, and covers 44 pages. There are short, succinct sections on, for example, physicochemical descriptions, fermentation by colonic bacteria and impact on colon function. Other sections review data from human volunteers for reduced risk of cancer, modulation of immune function, and lipid metabolism. Animal studies on bone density and animal nutrition are also included. Chapter 4 is short and focuses on galactooli- gosaccharides as prebiotic food ingredients. There is a description of the products available. Prebiotic properties are reviewed using recent (2002–05 publications) experimental data on bifidogenic effects from animal models, human and human infant studies evaluated. Chapter 5 is concerned with emerging prebiotic carbohydrates. The author explains the prebiotic concept: (i) that growth of species of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are able to promote health effects such as improved colonization resistance, (ii) immunomodulation, (iii) increased mineral absorption, (iv) trophic effects, and (v) faecal bulking. He then goes on to review and evaluate the recent evidence for efficacy of a number of different classes of prebiotics on these aspects. It is extensively referenced with around 50 references post-2002, 16 of which are from studies published in 2004 and 2005. With the advent of molecular biology, the inclusion of a chapter on the molecular microbial ecology of the human gut is essential. Chapter 6 reviews the new techniques available to identify, quantify and help unravel the complexities of the gut microflora. There is a largish section on PCR- based community analysis and smaller sections on DNA microarrays and the next developments in the ‘omic’ era, which could provide the tools where gut functions may be better described. There are 35 post-2002 references with eight or nine dating from 2004 and 2005. Chapter 7 addresses the dietary intervention for improving selected acute disorders in human health—gastroenteritis, pseudomembranous colitis/ antibiotic-induced colitis as a result of Clostridium difficile or Helicobacter pylori proliferation. There are also sections on rotavirus and HIV/AIDS infections, atopic eczema and irritable bowel syndrome. Fourteen references are from 2003 to 2004. Chapter 8 is a companion to Chapter 7, and focuses on chronic disorders and effects of dietary intervention. There is an evaluation of pro- and prebiotic treatment of bowel cancer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and, in common with the earlier chapter, of irritable bowel syndrome, and pseudomembranous colitis. There are 22 references post-2002 with two from 2005. Chapter 9 looks at the potential for pre- and pro- biotics to influence the microbial populations of the nose and mouth and possibilities for prevention of respiratory infections. Part of the chapter reviews urogenital benefits of probiotics and prebiotics and the ability of, for example, acid-producing lactoba- cilli to kill viruses. The majority of publications are recent—only 11 are pre-2000; 40 are post-2002 with one from 2006. Chapter 10 is novel as it is concerned with prebiotic impacts on the health of dogs and cats. There are two helpful tables—the first lists, in chronological order (from 1992 to 2004), the in vivo experiments evaluating effects of prebiotics on dogs and the second lists those (from 1993 to 2001) on cats. The authors point to positive shifts in microbial populations and decreases in (toxic) protein metabolites. In the concluding chapter the authors examine the history and evolution of prebiotics, and draw attention to the number of EC-funded programmes that have benefited from around a20 million of investment in recent years and the establishment of an international society dedicated to prebiotic and probiotic research. Valerie M Marshall [email protected] XXX Book Review Book Review World Dairy Situation (2007), Bulletin No. 423. International Dairy Federation (IDF), Brussels, Belgium. ISBN 0250-5118. Price: a75.00 This comprehensive survey of the World Dairy Situation was presented at the International Dairy Federation (IDF) Summit in Dublin, September 2007. It gives detailed figures on the production, consumption, trade uptake and pricing of milk; analyses the current situation in all milk-producing and -consuming countries; and gives forecasts for the global dairy trade to 2015. In the light of the increasing importance of bioenergy, it also includes a highly interesting and comprehensive discussion on the effect that the diversion of grains from human and cattle consumption to biofuel production will have on agricultural industries. Although milk production worldwide rose by 19% over the past decade, this increase is now slowing and a rise limited to 1.4% is projected for 2007, amounting to a total output of 551 million tonnes. Growth has been strongest in China and India, modest in Europe despite quota increases, slower in both North and South America where milk prices became less attractive in view of the growing interest in biofuel production, and static in Oceania, largely due to droughts in Australia. World trade in dairy products is analysed in different parts of the bulletin. In relation to world milk production, the declining proportion being
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Transcript of World Dairy Situation - By International Dairy Federation (IDF)
© 2008 Society of Dairy Technology 311
Vol 61, No 3 August 2008
Chapter 3 is a well-referenced review of theinulin-type fructans citing 22 papers from 2004 and14 from 2005, and covers 44 pages. There are short,succinct sections on, for example, physicochemicaldescriptions, fermentation by colonic bacteria andimpact on colon function. Other sections reviewdata from human volunteers for reduced risk ofcancer, modulation of immune function, and lipidmetabolism. Animal studies on bone density andanimal nutrition are also included.
Chapter 4 is short and focuses on galactooli-gosaccharides as prebiotic food ingredients. Thereis a description of the products available. Prebioticproperties are reviewed using recent (2002–05publications) experimental data on bifidogeniceffects from animal models, human and humaninfant studies evaluated.
Chapter 5 is concerned with emerging prebioticcarbohydrates. The author explains the prebioticconcept: (i) that growth of species of bifidobacteriaand lactobacilli are able to promote health effectssuch as improved colonization resistance, (ii)immunomodulation, (iii) increased mineralabsorption, (iv) trophic effects, and (v) faecalbulking. He then goes on to review and evaluatethe recent evidence for efficacy of a number ofdifferent classes of prebiotics on these aspects. It isextensively referenced with around 50 referencespost-2002, 16 of which are from studies publishedin 2004 and 2005.
With the advent of molecular biology, theinclusion of a chapter on the molecular microbialecology of the human gut is essential. Chapter 6reviews the new techniques available to identify,quantify and help unravel the complexities of thegut microflora. There is a largish section on PCR-based community analysis and smaller sections onDNA microarrays and the next developments inthe ‘omic’ era, which could provide the toolswhere gut functions may be better described. Thereare 35 post-2002 references with eight or ninedating from 2004 and 2005.
Chapter 7 addresses the dietary interventionfor improving selected acute disorders in humanhealth—gastroenteritis, pseudomembranous colitis/antibiotic-induced colitis as a result of Clostridiumdifficile or Helicobacter pylori proliferation. Thereare also sections on rotavirus and HIV/AIDSinfections, atopic eczema and irritable bowelsyndrome. Fourteen references are from 2003 to2004.
Chapter 8 is a companion to Chapter 7, andfocuses on chronic disorders and effects of dietaryintervention. There is an evaluation of pro- andprebiotic treatment of bowel cancer, ulcerativecolitis, Crohn’s disease, and, in common with theearlier chapter, of irritable bowel syndrome, andpseudomembranous colitis. There are 22 referencespost-2002 with two from 2005.
Chapter 9 looks at the potential for pre- and pro-biotics to influence the microbial populations of thenose and mouth and possibilities for prevention ofrespiratory infections. Part of the chapter reviewsurogenital benefits of probiotics and prebiotics andthe ability of, for example, acid-producing lactoba-cilli to kill viruses. The majority of publications arerecent—only 11 are pre-2000; 40 are post-2002with one from 2006.
Chapter 10 is novel as it is concerned withprebiotic impacts on the health of dogs and cats.There are two helpful tables—the first lists, inchronological order (from 1992 to 2004), the invivo experiments evaluating effects of prebioticson dogs and the second lists those (from 1993 to2001) on cats. The authors point to positive shiftsin microbial populations and decreases in (toxic)protein metabolites.
In the concluding chapter the authors examinethe history and evolution of prebiotics, and drawattention to the number of EC-funded programmesthat have benefited from around a20 million ofinvestment in recent years and the establishment ofan international society dedicated to prebiotic andprobiotic research.
Valerie M [email protected]
XXX Book ReviewBook Review
World Dairy Situation (2007), Bulletin No. 423.International Dairy Federation (IDF), Brussels,Belgium. ISBN 0250-5118. Price: a75.00
This comprehensive survey of the World DairySituation was presented at the International DairyFederation (IDF) Summit in Dublin, September2007. It gives detailed figures on the production,consumption, trade uptake and pricing of milk;analyses the current situation in all milk-producingand -consuming countries; and gives forecasts forthe global dairy trade to 2015. In the light of theincreasing importance of bioenergy, it also includesa highly interesting and comprehensive discussionon the effect that the diversion of grains from humanand cattle consumption to biofuel production willhave on agricultural industries.
Although milk production worldwide rose by19% over the past decade, this increase is nowslowing and a rise limited to 1.4% is projected for2007, amounting to a total output of 551 milliontonnes. Growth has been strongest in China andIndia, modest in Europe despite quota increases,slower in both North and South America wheremilk prices became less attractive in view of thegrowing interest in biofuel production, and static inOceania, largely due to droughts in Australia.
World trade in dairy products is analysed indifferent parts of the bulletin. In relation to worldmilk production, the declining proportion being
Vol 61, No 3 August 2008
© 2008 Society of Dairy Technology312
traded is expected to continue. However, thevolume of butter, cheese and various powdersimported by certain countries continues to rise;as uptake of dairy products in countries such asChina, Japan and India rises, domestic productionis expected to increase and initial surpluses willfall as home markets develop.
Fundamental change in the market situation iscausing more or less significant increases in dairypricing globally, says the survey. While strongest inthe international marketplace, these changes are alsohaving an effect on many of the major domesticmarkets. Following sharply rising milk powderprices, a 40–50% leap in the European Union (EU)butter prices in mid-2007 came as a surprise, andsimilar unexpected rises in the US market causedripples in other countries, even inducing politicaladjustments in some countries. The end of 2007saw a convergence of these price rises right acrossthe world market. Milk producer prices, whichalways lag behind product price, have finally startedto improve, particularly for European farmers.
World market predictions by the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD),the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Foodand Agriculture Policy Research Institute suggestthat in the medium-term, dairy product demand willgrow substantially, particularly in the non-OECDzone, met largely by increased domestic production.These predictions make interesting reading. Pro-jections from the EU Commission give a relativelyoptimistic picture of the prospects facing bothagricultural market and income over the 5-yearperiod 2007–14. Even though milk production willnot grow as much as has been previously anticipated,agricultural incomes are expected to rise despite acontinued fall in the dairy herd, with a fall in bulkdairy products and butter production. Cheese pro-duction is expected to grow.
As well as climate changes affecting milk pro-duction levels in countries such as Argentina,production of biofuels from cellulose sources ishaving a major effect on agricultural pricing, andthis is discussed at length. Changes of land use toarable production will have a dramatic knock-oneffect on dairy pricing. Increasing Chinese outputwill eventually lead to a reduction in the need toimport, particularly whole milk powder; while in theimmediate future, India is expected to account fora growing share of the butter market, decreasingonly when domestic demand takes over.
As the world becomes increasingly aware of theimportance of environmental and climate control,the application of bio-energies to the dairy industry,particularly the effect of production of bio-ethanolwith its high production costs and need for largeareas of land, is discussed at length. Analysis of theeconomics of biofuels by Krijger of the DutchDairy Board makes interesting reading, bearing in
mind the effects of the increasing price of oil soheavily used by the agricultural industry. By 2020,EU Member States are committed to replacing atleast 10% of the gasoline and diesel presently usedwith biofuel made from grain and vegetable oils.However, to achieve this, 18% of all EU-25 farmland would be needed to grow the raw materials.Cases for a major economic re-think in both the EUand the USA are considered. While arable farmerswill benefit from higher incomes, dairy productswill become more expensive because of higher costs.Equally, substitutes for butter, such as margarine,will also become more expensive.
Lastly, dairy markets in no less than 42 dairycountries around the world are reported on and dis-cussed, and a second Annex tabulates production,consumption, and traded and pricing figures from1999 or 2000 up to 2007, finishing with a tabulationof average milk producer prices worldwide andglobal milk producer prices. Based on 2005 figurespresented by International Farm ComparisonNetwork (IFCN), global comparison of the cost ofmilk production showed that figures varied widely.The most competitive farms were in Chile,Ukraine, Argentina, Pakistan and Australia,whereas the highest costs of milk production werein Switzerland, Finland, Austria, Norway andCanada. For the year in question, production costsof the average-sized farm in New Zealand, whichhave previously been among the most competitivefarms worldwide, had increased to a level similarto the large-scale farms in the USA.
Pauline RussellE-mail: [email protected]
XXX Book ReviewBook Review
IDF Guiding Principles for Traceability/ProductTracing (2007), Bulletin No. 412. InternationalDairy Federation (IDF), Brussels, Belgium. ISBN0250-5118. Price: Free
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ofthe United Nations and the World Health Organ-ization (WHO) of the United Nations Joint FoodStandards Programme (Codex Alimentarius) haverecently adopted Codex Principles for Traceability/Product Tracing as a tool within a Food Inspectionand Certification System. The Guiding Principlesare published in an International Dairy Federation(IDF) Bulletin number 412 (IDF, 2007). The IDFTask Force working on Traceability/Product Tracingunder the chairmanship of T. Kutzemeier (DE) haslisted 13 guiding principles on how to apply thistracing system in the dairy production chain.
Although Codex Alimentarius has a dual man-date to ensure both food safety and fair trade, theIDF considers that the application of such a toolshould mainly be concerned with food safety
