19 May 2020

What´s up wastewise ? …where we do come from…

World Biogas eFestival 2020

Martin Steiner Florian Amlinger

Development of MSW Quantities in Austria

0

500

19

72

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

Year

1.000 t/a

Other Recyclables

Packagings (Plastics, metals)

Biowaste

Glass

Paper

Bulky waste

Residual MSW

Waste from households total

Waste diposed of

19

80

19

78

19

90

19

88

19

86

19

84

19

92

19

98

19

96

19

94

20

00

1.000

kg/inh.a

250

300

400

350

200

100

20

10

167kg/inh.a

240kg/inh.a

30 kg/inh.a

© Erwin Vindl

http://whynotart.at/wordpress/

Recyclables in Vienna

Paper

Bio

GlassMetals

Plastics

Austrian waste disposal standards up to ~ 1980

Innsbruck landfill, about 1972

Development of MSW Quantities in Austria

0

500

19

72

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

Year

1.000 t/a

Other Recyclables

Packagings (Plastics, metals)

Biowaste

Glass

Paper

Bulky waste

Residual MSW

Waste from households total

Waste diposed of

19

80

19

78

19

90

19

88

19

86

19

84

19

92

19

98

19

96

19

94

20

00

1.000

kg/inh.a

250

300

400

350

200

100

Packaging ordinanceScarce ressources for disposal

„state of emergency“

Intense public discussions

20

10

167kg/inh.a

240kg/inh.a

30 kg/inh.a

© Erwin Vindl

http://whynotart.at/wordpress/

„Biowaste bin“ and other

separate collections

Quantity and composition of residual

MSW in Austria, 1991 and 1998

0

250

500

750

1.000

1.250

1.500

1.750

2.000

2.250

1991 1998

Biowaste

Paper

Other waste

Textiles

Hazardous waste

Metals

Other plastics

Plastic and compound packaging

Glass packaging

255 kg/inh.a

160 kg/inh.a140

kg/inh.a54

kg/inh.a

1.000 t/yr

biodegradable

• Utilizationof certain waste

components

• Minimizationof amounts

to be landfilled

• Stabilizationof residuals

to be landfilled

Driving Forces for MSW Treatment

Combined Sorting / Composting / Incineration Plant

Munich (around 1900)

What is in your opinion the main „driving force“

for a proper dealing with waste?

▪Environmental protection (12)

▪Health protection (12)

▪Waste as a fuel source (12)

▪Waste as a value (5)

▪ (National) economic profit (4)

▪Following religious norms (3)

▪Minimizing area demand (3)

▪ “Ambassador function” (2)

▪To avoid fines, climate change

Voting by participants,

about three “motives” given by each participant

▪ Environmental Protection (8)

▪ „Waste is an energy resource“ (6)

▪ Hygiene, human health (5)

▪ „Making (economic) profit“ (4)

▪ Reduction of volume (3)

▪ Waste to be utilized

as a resource in general (2)

▪ Creation of jobs (2)

▪ Sustainability / Esthetical (each 1)

Voting by participants,

up to three “motives” to be given by each participant

Main „driving force“ ? …

Same question put in Jordan

▪Keep the city clean,

improve waste collection (7)

▪Environmental protection (4)

▪Health protection (3)

▪System old and poor

replacement (3)

▪ Increase culture of

managing waste

▪Hygiene

Main „driving force“ ? …

Same question put somewhere in Central Asia

11

Main driving forces for proper dealing

with waste = main driving forces for

environmental protection in general

➢Health

➢Cost aspects

➢Natureas a resource (eg. tourism)

landfill

leachate

landfill gas

groundwater

About the current European approach…

13

Since January 1, 2004 it is forbidden in

Austria (in Germany: since 1 June 2005)

to dispose of untreated Municipal Solid

Waste on any landfill !

Sanitary landfill: The Multi-Barrier-System

Safeguard 1:

Site selection (hydrogeology)

Safeguard 2:

Top sealing (capping)

Safeguard 3:

Leachate control (mineral liner,

mineral + HDPE liner)

Safeguard 4:

Leachate collection

and treatment

Safeguard 5:

Permanent covering during

operation

Safeguard 6:

Diversion / Pretreatment

of (biodegradable) wasteAbout the European approach...

Technical

standard

Objective based

targets

Targets given by EC Directive 1999/31

(“EC Landfill Directive”)

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

125%

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

BM

W B

iod

egr

. Mu

nic

ipal

Was

te

„Quick“ member states

(Germany, Austria,

Benelux ...)

Percentage of Biodegradable Municipal Wasteof the total amount of MSW in relation to the relevant amount in 1995 *)

„Relaxed“ member states

The „2004 newcomers“

(but also England and Spain)

Croatia

as most recent member

~ 3 of 8 Mio. inhabitants

connected to biologic systems

Residual Waste Treatment Austria over times…

1989 !

1989 !

2005: ~ 3 of 8 Mio. inhabitants

connected to biologic systemsMechanical Treatment Mechanical - Biological Treatment

Wels DürnrohrWien-FlötzersteigWien-SpittelauArnoldsteinLenzingNiklasdorfWSO4

Innsbruck (intended)KufsteinLavantSalzburgZell am SeeLinzGraz (MT) / Frohnleiten (BT)OberpullendorfSt. Pölten

after 2006

or

Biological Treatment

< 50.000 t/a

> 50.000 t/a > 50.000 t/a

< 50.000 t/a

> 50.000 t/a

Incineration plant (grate firing)

< 100.000 t/a

> 100.000 t/a

Utilization of the high-calorific fraction (fluidized bed incineration)

< 100.000 t/a > 100.000 t/a

Carinthia

Styria

Lower Austria

TyrolSalzburg

Upper Austria

Residual Waste Treatment Austria over times…

1989 !

A Thermal

Residual Waste

Thermal Treatment

Landfill

Two main technical alternatives for treatment… … of residual waste in Austria & other Central European countries

B Biological + Thermal

Mechanical Treatment

dividing in ´wet/small´ and ´dry/large´

Residual Waste

Biological „Inerting“

Landfill

(+ some utilization for landscaping etc.)

Thermal Treatment

with energy utilization

Landfill

~ 3 %

⅓

⅔~ 3 %

MBT applied in rather rare cases.

~ 50 %

19

Thank you

for your attention,

I hand over to Florian …

Implementing a successful bio-waste recycling policy requires an integrated approach involving all levels of stakeholders to agree on a common

understanding the is necessity and the important role of ALL parties:citizens, municipalities, waste collectors, composting plants, consultants,

authorities and its experts, legislators throughout the state hierarchy, farmers, landscapers, gardeners, scientific community …

20

21

That‘s not all … remarkable organic waste production [Austria]

Bio- & green waste from households 1,04 Mt 117 kg/Inh

Commercial Catering Waste 0,13 Mt 15 kg/Inh

Total Bio-waste 3,81 Mt 430 kg/Inh

Municipal Sewage Sludge 25% dry matter 0,94 Mt 106 kg/Inh

Resources for composting 4,75 Mt 537 kg/Inh

Garden & park waste (public greens) 0,44 Mt 50 kg/Inh

Home & community composting 1,50 Mt 169 kg/Inh

Animal By-Products 0,65 Mt 73 kg/Inh

Manure 0,05 Mt 6 kg/Inh

Mixed MSW: 1.696.000 t = 40% = 192 kg/Inh Separate collection: 2.608.000 t = 60% = 296 kg/Inh

MSW from housholds and similar institutions: 4.322.000 t = 490 kg/Inh

23% of TOTAL MSW

38% of sep. collection

45% of total recycling

The important role ofsource separated bio-

waste in recycling[Austria]

Waste Management Plan 2020; Data from 2018

Compost Biogas Total

Number of plants402

22,000 INH/plant

151 553

Treated bio-waste & sludge 1.25 Mt 0.69 Mt 1.94 Mt

kg/INH 142 kg (66%) 73 kg (34%) 215 kg

Average treatment/plant 3 100 t 4 150 t

23

8.8 mio inhabitants

Composting & Biogas Plants

→ 284 composting plants = 70% participate in the Quality

Assurance Scheme of the Compost & Biogas Association

Austria / KBVOe

Biogas plants in Austria

75% of ALL BIOGAS plants process energy crops and manure only!

PR – Concept KBVOe

25

Standard srticker, flyers, postcars and in order to reduce impurities in the biowaste collection scheme!

Development of

Separately Collected Biowaste

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1,100,000

ton

s Biowaste Ordinance

enacted

Biowaste Ordinance

set into force

⚫ The regulatory driver for introducing separate collection and recycling of

biowaste

Source: F. Amlinger; national waste statistics and Waste Management Plans

26

Feedstock in AD in Austria

Huge differences in Provinces and Districts !Status Report 2019; Austrian WMPl.

28

132

51

170163

108

91

140

77

44

Specific quantities of Bio-waste [kg/Inh*a] … 2017

Separate collection and recycling of biowaste

create green jobs … Example Austria

⚫ In case of waste Incineration …

➔ … only 10 to 20% of working places would

be created for the same amount treated

Composting

AD

Total WPs

1 019

752

Tons / WP

1 318

TOTAL

645

Relative

56,1 %

41,4 %

Biomass Inc. 45

1 816

2 222

1 100

2,5%

WPs Tons/WP

WP … full working place

Biomass Inc. … Incineration of

wood chips from source

separated woody bush and tree

cuttings

Source: Assessment by ARGE Kompost & Biogas Österreich; 2014 29

30

100% C

[CO2]

compost 30-45% C

55-70% C

Aerobiccomposting

biogas

75-85% C

digestion residue 15-25% C

100% C

CH4/CO2Anaerobicdigestion

Biowaste collection scheme

⚫ Households receive 10 litre

buckets with 52 certified

compostable bags as liners,

provided by the association.

Price for the Bio-Bags is included in

the waste fee)

⚫ Kerbside / door-to-door

collection at

every house.

⚫ Delivery of the bio-

waste directly to the

composting plant.

Collecting system for biowaste

15 Liter paper-biobags

useful with a metal holder

15 Liter corn-starch-biobags

with the „AirMax“ bucket

80 Liter biobags for

little garden waste

46 Liter biobins for groceries

→ numbered bags for backtracking in case of

abuse is a helpful instrument further clearing

Quality management

by controlled transfer

Bio waste analysis 2018

9,3 tons of biowaste

19 kg (0,2%) of contaminant materials

City of Graz model:

Transport to 18 Agricultural

On-Farm Composting Plants

City of GRAZ

< 81 km

> 19 km

Inhabitants (Inh) 322.000

Population density 100 - 2.250/km²

Transport to composting plant

Shredding * Separating * Mixing

On-Farm Composting

Folie

StreptomycetenActinomyceten Aspergillus niger

Coprinus - species

Thermoactinomycesvulgaris

The operator must have an in depth understanding of the complex microbial processes during composting

Typical fungal DRY STABILISATION zones during thermophile decomposition

Folie

On-farm composting

OPEN WINDROW composting

Foto: Urs LandmanagementFoto: Urs Landmanagement

Foto: Amlinger

Quality Assurance for compost

National / European / International

QAS for compost

4 t h 5 - D a y P r a c t i t i o n e r S t u d y T o u r & T r a i n i n g C o u r s e

Compost (150.000 tpa) and biogas (25.000 tpa) plants of the City of Vienna

The practice of separate collection of all types of bio-waste: Organisation, responsibilities, partners, economics, information & education work

Open windrow composting of food waste, garden& park waste, quality approved sewage sludge

Innovative separation techniques for impurities (plastics, metals, glass, stones)

Biogas plant – bio-methane fuel production and CO2 recovery, digestate use

Composting: Quality & process management and monitoring, with and without aeration

Inter-municipal cooperation for recycling

Mechanical-Biological Treatment of residual waste

Strategic, economic & regulatory framework Technical standards for composting & AD

Product quality standards Public relations and stakeholder involvement

Agricultural cooperation in decentralised collection and on-farm composting

Biology of composting: key learnings in HUMUS production

Hygiene & odour management, documentation, monitoring & reporting

Compost / digestate markets und use compost substrate production

"This Tour is an excellent combination of theoretical concepts and technical visits, especially knowing the path they

have taken in Austria to make the valorisation of organic waste a state policy. Very happy to have done it.” Liz Peralta

(Argentina) “I strongly recommend to anyone wanting to get a proper understanding on composting and organic

recycling to learn from Florian – he has so much to offer.” Donavan Farrel, goORGANICSwa, Composting Plant

(Australia) "Your course exceeded my high expectations and I enjoyed every moment. For me it represented excellent

value for my time and money." Angus Johnston, Principal Consultant, Jackson Environment and Planning Pty Ltd,

(Australia) "A very important practitioner course to attend for waste management professionals, dont miss the

opportunity to attend this program and enjoy the sights in Austria. Not to mention Florian is an excellent Course

Coordinator!" Paul Selvam Devadoss, CEO Robin Paul Group (Malaysia) The biowaste study tour is well worth it,

providing theoretical background and on-site visits to see the value of organic waste being realised as well as

interaction with experts from around the world, sharing their experience [Shauna Costley, MoE – Rep. of South Africa]

43

Florian Amlingerf.amlinger@kabsi.at

www.eu100ngo.net

www.kompost-biogas.info