Government of Mongolia

Ministry of Infrastructure Development

City Government of Ulaanbaatar

The World Bank

MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJECT PHASE 2

Environmental Impact Assessment

Sinclair Knight Merz

Constiltinn Fnninpprq

Australia October, 1996

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GOVERNMENT OF MONGOLIAMINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

m CITY GOVERNMENT OF ULAANBAATART H E W O R L D B A N K

MONGOLI A <

UIRBAN SEvRVICESvREUABILITAllTON PP H A S E '- - -

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATION PROJECT - PHASE 2

Sinclair Knight Merz Mayor's OfficeConsulting Engineers Municipality of UlaanbaatarAustralia Dept.l of Cnstruction & Planning

Jigjidjav Street 4,Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Tel, Fax: 976-1-312194

E-Mail: Musp@magicnet.mn

11 October, 1996

Mr Edouard MotteThe World BankDivision EAS EUWashington DCUnited States of America

Dear Mr Motte

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

I have pleasure in submitting to your two (2) copies of the above named report.

The report is being translated into Mongolian and will be distributed in Ulaanbaatar.

The Environmental Impact Assessment has been prepared for two components of the project inaccordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Nature and Environment (Moringiin DavaaSolid Waste landfill site and Hailaast Reservoir site).

I look forward to receiving comments from you on the report.

Sincerely,

fsky(Tam Leader)

Enclosure

Copy -

Mr Byamba, General Manager - Ulaanbaatar MunicipalityMr P Cassell - Sinclair Knight Merz, Australia

J:\JOBS\WP\1A00236\L0236MDl.DOC

Table of Contents

Part A - Solid Waste Landfill: Moringiin Davaa

Part B - Water Reservoir: Hailaast

Part A - Solid Waste Landfill: Moringiin Davaa

Al. Executive Summary ........................................................... .A1.1 Summary of Key Elements .................................................................... f

A2. Introduction ........................................................... .

A2.1 General ............................................A2.2 Approvals Process ..........................................

A3. Description of Proposal ........................................ 1C

A3.1 Site Location ........................................ 1 CA3.2 Property Description ................................................ 1 CA3.3 The Proposed Use of the Site ........................................ 1(A3.4 Planning Context ........................................ 1(A3.5 Alternatives ......................................... 1 (A3.6 Concept Design of ransfer Stations ......................................... 1 (

A4. Operation of the Landfill ......................................... 1A4.1 Volumes of Wastes Disposed ......................................... 1A4.2 Types of Wastes Accepted at the Landfill ........................................ 1A4.3 Landfill Life ......................................... 1A4.4 Method of Landfilling ........................................ 12A4.5 Placement of Waste ........................................ 1 4A4.6 Method of Rainfall Runoff Control ........................................ 14A4.7 Sequence of Filling ........................................ 1 EA4.8 Number of Lifts ........................................ 1EA4.9 Final Landform and Rehabilitation of the Site ........................................ 1

A5. Existing Environment ........................................ 16

A5.1 Soils and Geology ........................................ IEA5.2 Climate ........... 1 eA5.3 Flora .iEA5.4 Fauna .17A5.5 Hydrogeology .17A5.6 Water Quality .17A5.7 Noise and Air Quality .1A5.8 Archaeology and Cultural History .1A5.9 Land Use. 1EA5.lO Visual Amenity. .1A5.1 1 Existing Traffic Situation .1

A6. Site Hydrogeology .19

A6.1 Surface Drainage .19A6.2 Sub-surface Drainage .19

2

A7. Solid Waste Composition and Recycling Strategies ............................................... 20

A7.1 Solid Waste Composition .................................................... 20A7.2 Recycling Strategies .................................................... 20A7.3 Cover Supply .................................................... 21

A8. Surface Water Management ............................................... 23

A8.1 Introduction .................................................... 23

A9. Leachate Control ............................................... 24

A9.1 Leachate Generation and Control .................................................... 24A9.2 Leachate Management Strategy .................................................... 24

Al0. Mitigation of Potential Air Pollution from Landfill Gas ............................................. 25

A10.1 Landfill Gas .................................................... 25Al0.2 Passive Release of Gas .................................................... 25A10.3 Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect .................................................... 25

Al1. Impact and Mitigation of Increased Traffic Generation ............................................ 27

Al 1.1 Road Network .................................................... 27Al 1.2 Summary .................................................... 27

A12. Other Impacts ................................................ 28

A12.1 Noise .................................................... 28A12.2 Visual Amenity .................................................... 28Al2.3 Water Quality .................................................... 28Al 2.4 Dust and Odour .................................................... 28A12.5 Flora and Fauna .................................................... 28

A13. Risk Assessment ................................................ 29

A13.1 Construction .................................................... 29A13.2 Operation .................................................... 29

Al 4. Environmental Management Plan ............................................... 31

A14.1 Staffing and Equipment .................................................... 31Al 4.2 Training and Reporting Procedures .................................................... 31Al 4.3 Reception of Waste at the Landfill .................................................... 32A14.4 Waste Characteristics .................................................... 32A14.5 Compaction .................................................... 33Al 4.6 Cover .................................................... 33A14.7 Vegetation .................................................... 33Al 4.8 Signs .................................................... 34A14.9 Security Gates and Fencing .................................................... 34Al 4.10 Dust Control .................................................... 34A14.11 Mud Control .................................................... 35Al 4.12 Pest Control .................................................... 35Al 4.13 Lifter Control .................................................... 35A14.14 Fire Control .............................. ; 35Al 4.15 Odour Control .35A14.16 Gas Control ................................ - 35Al 4.17 Stormwater Control .36A14.18 Leachate Control .36Al 4.19 Post Management Plan .36Al 4.20 Safety.................................. 36

A15. Environmental Management Plan .38

3

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FiguresB3.1 Locality PlanB3.2 Site PlanB5.1 Geotechnical Details

References

Appendix I

Mongolian Government Resolution No 165 - Restricted Area; Bio - Complex

Appendix 11Correspondence Received

Appendix III

Geotechnical Test Results and Test Pit Locations

Appendix IVMinistry of Nature and Environment - Environmental Impact; Summary Assessment

Appendix VWater Quality Test Results

5

Al. Executive Summary

A1.1 Summary of Key ElementsThis Environmental Impact Assessment concludes that a new sanitary engineered landfilllocated at Moringiin Davaa is the most environmentally sustainable option for solid wastedisposal for the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar.

The facility would replace the three existing landfill operations at Dari Ekh, Ulaan Chuluut, andMoringiin Davaa (to the North of the proposed site). The new landfill would commence operationin 1999/2000 and would accept domestic, commercial, and industrial refuse. The advantages ofthe proposed site over the existing sites and other alternative landfill sites are as follows:

1. It is located downstream of the city area and the city water supply intake areas

2. The site drains towards the south-west away from any catchments used for waterintakes

3. The site allows easy diversion of rainfall runoff and interception and collection ofleachate

4. The site contains soil and rock aggregates suitable for road building and generalconstruction work and therefore some of the landfilling costs could be offset by thecommercial sale of these quarry products

Contractor's vehicles, approved commercial tipping vehicles, private vehicles, and approvedscavengers will have access to the landfill tipping face. The site has operated as a quarry forroad construction materials. Approximately 10% of the site has been worked previously for suchpurposes.

Two transfer stations are proposed for construction in Ulaanbaatar, one in the industrial area andone in the Bayanzurkh area. These transfer stations will accept refuse from contractor's andprivate vehicles. Recycling facilities will be provided at the transfer stations.

Alternative sites and technologies have been considered.

Alternative landfill sites have been considered, however Moringiin Davaa is the only site whichdoes not violate any of the exclusion criteria used in assessing the suitability of landfill sites.

Alternatives to landfills have also been investigated in the solid waste study. These alternativesinclude pit burning and incineration. Overall it was concluded that an engineered landfill would bethe most cost effective and environmentally sensitive solution.

The proposed landfill will have a long life.

The landfill will have a total void volume of 3.9 million cubic metres, of which 3.4 million cubicmetres will be refuse. Assuming that the refuse is not compacted, this will provide a life of some 10years. If the refuse is compacted, using a purpose-built landfill compactor, then the landfill willhave a life of around 25 years. Current refuse generation rates have been adopted for predictingthe landfill life. The impacts of increasing population and increased recycling will generally cancelout. These volumes and lives will ensure that the landfill mound will only be taken to a heightcompatible with the surrounding topography.

The landfill operation can be integrated with quarrying activities.

Geotechnical drilling and testing indicates that materials suitable for both road building andgeneral building construction work, in particular sandstone gravels and loam are present over mostof the site. These materials are a valuable resource and they can be excavated and stockpiled foruse by the City or for sale to contractors thereby offsetting some of the operating costs of the

6

landfilling operation. The quarry would be operated such that a sloping base will eventually beprovided throughout the quarry area. This is a requirement for effective leachate management.

The basic landfilling operation is as follows:

* intercept and divert upstream surface water catchments around the proposed landfillingarea

* excavate soil and rock to grades which allow the interception and collection of leachate

* prepare the walls to provide stable perimeter batters

* place incoming refuse in compacted 3 metre lift thicknesses supplemented with theprovision of daily soil cover

* shape and seal the completed landform to effectively shed rainwater

* develop a vegetative cover over the completed landform to control erosion

The site would be developed in 10 stages. This would allow for timely and cost effectiveinstallation of a leachate collection systems and also stormwater diversion requirements.

The site geology has been investigated by borehole drilling across the site.

Five boreholes were drilled on the site ranging in depth from 4.2 to 6.0 metres (see Appendix l1l).

Infiltration tests were carried out on the various soils and gravels indicating infiltration rates of 0.5to 35 metres per day. The sandstone mass is considered impermeable. The site would beprogressively developed through 10 stages. As one stage is being used for landfilling, futurestages will be excavated to provide cover material and also gravels and loam for commercial sale.The base of the future stages will be excavated in accordance with the development plan.

Surface water will be diverted around the landfill,

Diversion drains will be constructed to divert rainwater runoff around the landfill area. The onlyrainwater flow on site will therefore be that failing directly on the site This reduced volume ofrainfall runoff will be managed in the following ways:

* preparing and filling the overall site in 10 stages such that rainfall falling on yet unfilledareas will be shed directly off site without contacting waste

* each progressive staged filling area will be at the head or top of the overall landfill area

* each progressive staged filled landform will be shaped to shed surface water

* intermediate and final soil cover will be used to shed surface water away from the waste filloperational area

* each stage will be progressively bunded to divert rainwater runoff.

The existing environment is already disturbed.

Impact on flora and fauna will be insignificant. There is now very little vegetation on the site. Thesite is already disturbed in terms of vehicles and excavation activities.

Cover material requirements.

The required quantity of cover material is around 200,000 cubic metres. This compares with theestimated volume of topsoil of approximately 35,000 cubic metres. The balance of cover materialwill be will be sourced from the sandy gravels and loam gravels of which there is more than

* required on site..

Leachate control will ensure that no surface or ground water downstream of the landfill iscontaminated as a result of the landfilling operations.

7

Leachate from beneath the site will be eliminated by ensuring that at every stage of the landfilloperation, drainage is provided both laterally and longitudinally across the site. Lateral movementof any leachate will be encouraged by grading the base of the site to central valley andintercepting this seepage in leachate drains. These drains will lead to a leachate interceptiondrain at the toe of the landfill area. Any leachate reaching this interception drain will be diverted toa treatment pond for anaerobic treatment, aerobic stabilisation, and evaporation. Groundwaterquality will be monitored before and after the operation commences.

The landfill will be serviced by transfer stations.

Refuse will be deposited at the transfer stations in the city area and then transferred to the landfillsite by 30m3 compactor trucks. There will be opportunities for recycling at the transfer stations asbins for specific recyclable materials will be provided and there would be no restrictions on accessto the transfer stations with the exception of hazardous and special wastes such as toxic materials,hospital wastes and general industrial wastes not suitable for recycling or landfill disposal.

An environmental management plan has been developed for the site.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covers all phases of the proposed development frompre-construction to rehabilitation. The main element of the EMP is a checklist for the operator andmonitoring systems particularly for emissions such as leachate and stormwater runoff.

Community inputs

Concerns have been expressed by the Bio-complex Company which relies upon a specific areaaround the complex being suitable for grazing stock without pollution of the catchment waters orsoils. The Municipality has received approval from Environment Control Department ofUlaambaatar for the siting of the landfill within the Restricted Area' which had been defined inGovernment Resolution No 165.

8

A3. Description of Proposal

A3.1 Site locationThe proposed site at Moringiin Davaa is located approximately 26 kilometres by road south vtest ofSuhkbaatar Square in Ulaanbaatar on the Altanbulag road. Figure A3.1 - Locality Plan showsthe location of the site in relation to the central business district of Ulaanbaatar.

The proposed site is approximately 70 hectares in area.

A3.2 Property DescriptionThe property has no legal description at this time. Mongolian Government Legislation consistingof the Land Law of Mongolia (April, 1995), and the Resolution of the Mongolian Government No143 on Implementation Measures of the Land Law (August 8, 1995) were to be followed byimplementing regulations and by-laws to be approved by the local administrations throughout thecountry. These implementing regulations are currently being drafted.

A3.3 The Proposed Use of the SiteThe site is proposed to be used for the disposal of domestic, commercial and industrial wastes bysanitary landfill method. Associated uses on the site will include provision for the housing of plantand equipment, staff amenities, and other facilities normally associated with large landfills.

Hard rock extraction and gravel and soil excavation will be undertaken during the filling of the sitewith refuse. Therefore the landfill has been designed to accommodate the workings of the quarry.

A3.4 Planning ContextThe proposed site does not come under any land use planning regulations. The site has operatedas a quarry and there are several quarries within 1 kilometre of the site. Otherwise the generalarea is used for grazing purposes.

A3.5 Alternatives

A3.5.1 Alternatives to Landfill MethodologyA sanitary landfill is the most cost-effective system of solid waste disposal for most urban areas indeveloping countries, (Ref. 1). Alternative systems such as composting and incineration cost 2-3times and 5-10 times more respectively.

CompostingComposting is a very basic and natural biochemical process which breaks down the putresciblefraction of a waste stream. It has potential for reducing the quantities of domestic waste fordisposal at a landfill if a large proportion of compostable material is found in the solid waste. In thecase of Ulaanbaatar the proportion of compostable material is relatively small and therefore thisalternative is not an option.

IncinerationIncineration of waste would considerably reduce the volume of waste for landfilling. A large facilitywould be needed to burn waste material, thus converting carbon and hydrogen compounds tocarbon dioxide, water, and other residues.

10

, ne negative side of incineration is the need to sort the waste stream prior to burning as not allwaste material can be burnt. The most significant disadvantage is the generation of exhaustgases (some potentially harmful gases). Also, specialist knowledge is required to operate andmaintain an incineration facility which adds considerably to the cost of this alternative. For thesereasons incineration is not considered a viable option for Ulaanbaatar

A3.5.2 Alternative Landfill Sites Other sites that were considered were the existing landfill sitesat Dari Ekh and Ulaan Chuliuut and areas nearby to those sites but in different rain catchments asshown in Figure A2.1-General Locality Plan. All of these alternative sites were excluded for thefollowing reasons, to a greater or lesser degree:

* continuing soil and water contamination impossible to stop without major expensiveremedial works

. increasing impacts on nearby residential areas in terms of dust, odour, noise, andappearance

* access road construction very costly due to difficult terrain and extra length

* increasing heavy traffic through minor roads in residential areas.

The Moringiin Davaa site presents an excellent opportunity to combine two noxious industrieswithin the one site with minimum impact, and largely with a beneficial outcome. Quarryingactivities would create a large depression at the site, however with the establishment of anappropriately engineered landfill the depression can be filled and the site eventually restored totopography which conforms to areas nearby.

A3.6 Concept Design of Transfer StationsTwo transfer stations are proposed for construction in the Ulaarhaatar area as shown on FigureA2.1-General Locality Plan. The transfer stations would receive waste from all areas of the citywith the exception of hazardous wastes, hospital waste, and industrial waste unsuitable forrecycling or landfill.

Figure A3.2-Transfer Station shows a concept layout suitable for location within the city area.The transfer station includes:

* separate roads for transfer trucks and private vehicles

* bitumen sealed internal roads

* gatehouse

* elevated general rubbish dumping area for private vehicles

* recycling area

* low-sided roll on/roll off bins for recyclables

* weigh - bridge site as possible future installation

11

s AS

MONGO LIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJECT

Govemment of Mongolia ir Knight Merz, Australiaw 2 ]. 2 g. 47, . . Municipality of Ulaanbaatar The World Bank Date

_____________________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Date:MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept.1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION

FIG NoLOCALITY PLAN A3.1

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MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJECT

Govemment of Mongolia Isinciair Knight Merz, AustraliaMunicipality ot Ulaanbaatar The World Bank _____

Date:MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept.1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION

FIG NoTRANSFER STATION A3.2

A4. Operation of the LandfillThe City of Ulaanbaatar is currently served by three solid waste landfill disposal facilities; Dari Ekh,Ulaan Chuluut, and Moringiin Davaa (different area from that proposed in this report). The new siteat Moringiin Davaa will ultimately be the main waste disposal facility for Ulaanbaatar acceptingmunicipal wastes for c isposal including domestic and commercial wastes.

A4.1 Volumes of Waste DisposedEstimates of the amounts of solid waste generated in apartment and ger areas are shown in TableA4.1 and Table A4.2 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal: Apartments and Ger Areas.These estimates are based on assumptions of the collection capacity of the solid waste CollectionContractor: General Maintenance Company. Other factors such as the payment of the collectionlevy by residents, the level of indiscriminate dumping, and collection truck availability will influencethe quantities of solid waste disposed at a given time. For the purposes of estimating truckcapacities, an amount of 6700m (2010 tonne) per week (uncompacted) has been used. Thisamount has also been used in calculations of the Moringiin Davaa site capacity with an assumedcompaction factor of three hundred percent. This compaction factor would result in a density ofabout 900kg/m3 which is considered conservative in terms of volume calculations.

A4.2 Types of Waste Accepted at the LandfillItems unacceptable for disposal at the proposed landfill, Moringiin Davaa are:

e dangerous goods such as explosives

* radioactive wastes

* * hazardous wastes such as toxic chemicals

* large volumes of liquid wastes

* hot loads at greater than 500 C

Other wastes that may be acceptable at the proposed Moringiin Davaa landfill but should beaddressed separately include:

* asbestos

* 'sharps' from hospitals, veterinary, and research or other places

* dead animals

* pathogenic wastes

These wastes which will be addressed separately will be disposed in accordance with acceptedstandard World Health Organisation procedures.

Hazardous and toxic wastes will be limited to the receipt of empty pesticide containers andasbestos. The area where asbestos is deposited is to be identified with the date of deposition,quantity, origin, and name of contractor.

Animal carcasses and obnoxious wastes wii be tipped in front of the landfill face and coveredimmediately. These wastes should not be placed on the base of the landfill. 'Sharps' will bedisposed of in an area set aside for pesticide container disposal.

Disposal of large quantities of liquid wastes and soluble chemical wastes will not be permitted.Grease trap wastes should be tankered to the sewage treatment plant and discharged to anunmixed unheated tank. Grease will rise to the surface-and form a crust. Solids such as peelingsand scraps will settle to the bottom. The water fraction will be drained to the sewage treatmentplant inlet works. When the sludge and grease layers build up to excessive levels, the sludge and

12

GENERATION RATES APARTMENT AREASDistrlct Population Solid Waste generated Solid Waste generated Population SlWaste generated S/Waste generated

1995 at 0.0025m3 1perJday at 0.0013 m3/perJday 2010 at 0.0025 m3/perlday at 0.0013 m3/per./day(alter removal of glass

cans bones etc)

per week per year per week per year per week per year per week per year

Han-Uul 28324 496 25775 258 13403 38120 667 34690 347 18039

Sukhbaatar 50954 892 46368 464 24111 68577 1200 62405 624 32451

Chingeltel 30459 533 27718 277 14413 40994 717 37304 373 19398

Bayanzurkh 53129 930 48347 483 25141 71505 1251 65069 651 33836

Songino-Khairkhan 51753 906 47095 471 24490 69653 1219 63384 634 32960

Dayangol 92550 1620 84221 842 43795 124560 2180 113350 1133 58942

Totals 307169 5375 279524 2795 145352 413409 7235 376202 3762 195625

Population Figures - Municipality, Solid Waste Section

H

GENERATION RATES GER AREASDistrict iPopulation Solid Waste produced Ash Solid Waste produced Population Solid Waste produced S/Waste produced

1995 at 0.002m3 /per./day(Winter) at 0.0012 m3/per.lday 2010 at 0.002m3 /per./day(Winter) at 0.0013 m3/per./day

and .001m3/per/day (Summer) (assuming ash waste 60% and 0.001m3/per/day (Summer)of total & 20% of initial volume)

per week per week per year per week per year per year per week per week per year per week per year

_________ winter summerHan-Uul 26152 366 183 15377 220 7030 38033 532 266 41532 346 17997

Sukhbaatar 31446 440 220 18490 264 8453 43005 753 301 54788 391 20350

Chingeltel 60736 850 425 35713 510 16326 77890 1363 545 99232 709 36858

Bayanzurkh 49091 687 344 28866 412 13196 61014 1068 427 77732 555 28872

Songino-Khairkhan 71921 1007 503 42290 604 19332 66361 1161 465 84544 604 31402

Bayangol 21288 298 149 12517 179 5722 27526 482 193 35068 250 13025

Totals 260634 3649 1824 153253 2189 70058 313829 5359 2197 392896 2856 148504

Population Figures: Municipality, Solid Waste Section

grease will be pumped out and taken to the landfill for disposal. The sludge/grease mixture shouldbe covered as quickly as possible. New by-laws including regulations will be required to beenacted by the Municipality in order to properly control and regulate these activities.

A4.3 Landfill LifeTable A4.3-Landfill Volumes outlines the capacity of the site in cubic metres of total void space,volumes of co, er material required, finally the void space available to accept waste.

To complete the final landform illustrated in Figure 4.1-Final Landform, a total insitu wastevolume of approximately 3.4 million cubic metres is available. This is equivalent to approximately1.1 to 1.4 million tonnes for "uncompacted" waste (using a dozer to spread and compact) and 2.5to 3.1 million tonnes for waste compacted using a large purpose built compactor. The differencebetween compaction rates influences the life of the landfill. That is, the use of a purpose builtcompactor instead of a dozer would increase the life of the landfill from approximately 10 years to25 years.

Table A4.3 Landfill Volumes (M)3 (approx.)Stage Total Void Cover Material Solid Waste

1 250,000 32,000 218,000

2 300,000 38,000 263,000

3 750,000 96,000 654,000

4 550,000 70,000 480,000

5 500,000 64,000 436,000

6 500,000 64,000 436,000

7 300,000 39,000 261,000

8 450,000 58,000 392,000

9 150,000 20,000 130,000

10 150,000 19,000 130,000

Total 3,900,000 500,000 3,400,000

A4.4 Method of LandfillingPrior to the commencement of filling with waste, the area will need to be progressively prepared asfollows:

* intercept and divert upstream surface water catchments around the proposed filling area

* excavate soil gravels and rock to grades which allow the interception/collection of leachate

* prepare the walls to provide stable perimeter batters

* place incoming refuse in compacted 3 metre lift thicknesses supplemented with theprovision of daily soil cover

* shape and seal the completed landform to effectively shed rainwater

* develop a vegetative cover over the completed landform to control erosion

The base of the quarry should be excavated in accordance with the grades shown on Figure 4.2-Quarry Base Excavation.

13

MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJ ECT

Govemment of Mongolia Sinclair Knight Merz, AustraliaMunicipality of Ulaanbaatar The World Bank _

Date:MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION

FIG NoFINAL LANDFORM A4.1

The walls of the landfill area should be excavated to the profiles illustrated on Figure 4.3- QuarryWall Profiles. The method of excavation shall be such as to provide stable batters. Any looserock should be scaled down to avoid the possibility of falling rock spalls.

Where the total depth of excavation exceeds 9 metres and an appropriate 600 slope, bencheshave been included to catch falling rock spalls and to improve the stability of the rock faces. Thewidth of the benches shall be 3 metres which will allow access by a small tracked machine toremove accumulated debris.

The base of the landfill area should be cleaned down to the impermeable sandstone layer. Allwaste delivered to the landfill should be spread by a dozer or purpose built compactor into layersnot exceeding 0.6m thickness and compacted continuously during spreading within an overall liftthickness not exceeding 3m.

The quarry/landfill should be progressively excavated in the sequence shown on Figure 4.4-Quarry Excavation Sequence such that the base of the landfill site is prepared in advance of thefilling operations.

A4.5 Placement of WasteAll waste delivered to the landfill should be spread by a dozer or purpose built compactor intolayers not exceeding 0.6m in thickness, and compacted continuously during spreading within anoverall lift thickness not exceeding 3m.

A4.6 Method of Rainfall Runoff ControlRainfall runoff will be controlled by intercepting upstream runoff waters and diverting them aroundthe landfill area.

On site rainfall wiil be controlled by:

. preparing and filling the overall site in 10 stages such that rainfall falling on yet unfilledareas will be shed directly off site without contacting waste

e each progressive staged filling area will be at the head or top of the overall landfill area

3 each progressive staged filled landform will be shaped to shed surface water

- intermediate and final soil cover will be used to shed surface water away from the waste filloperational area

* each staged filling area will be progressively bunded as shown on Figure 4. 5- Stage 1Filling Sequence.

A4.7 Sequence of FillingThe filling sequence should be such that the following criteria are satisfied:

* waste to be placed progressively from the top or "head" of the catchment towards theeventual final outlet

*- * allow the progressive shedding of surface water as the landforms are built and evntuailymerge

* allow the diversion of rainfall runoff around the various stages of filling

* . allow a reasonably coordinated approach by the two key operations at the site - Quarryingand landfilling

14

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MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJECT

Govemment of mongolia Sincair Knight Merz, AustraliaMunicipalt of Ulaanbaatar The World Bank

Date:MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION ______

FIG NoQUARRY BASE PREPARATION A4.2

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MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJECT

Govemment of Mongolia I Sinclair Knight Merz, AustraliaMunicipality of Ulaanbaatar I The World Bank Date:

_ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Date:MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION

FIG NoQUARRY WALL PROFILES A4.3

MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATION

PROJECTGovernment of Mongolia inli Knight Merz, A-ustratia

Municipality of Ulaanbaatar 7Te World Bank_________Date:

MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept.1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION______

FIG NoQUARRY EXCAVATION SEQUENCE A4.4

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at~~~~~~~~Gvrmn of& Mogoi -T.ini Kngh .r xAxstralia

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MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJECT

Government of Mongoiia 0 inclair Kight Merz AustraliaMunicipalty of Ulaanbaatar The World Bank Date:

MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept.1996

LANDFILL INVESTIGATIONFIG No

STAGE 1 FILLING SEQUENCE A4.5

Through an examination of the site and contour plans, a quarry excavation sequence has beendeveloped (Figure A4.4 - Quarry Excavation Sequence) which achieves the above aims.

Stage 1 will allow access to both road gravels and some intermediate cover material. Stage 2 willrequire the removal of a substantial volume of clayey loam material which will be needed duringthe landfill operation in Stage 1. The progressive mining and filling of Stages 1 through 4 leavesthe lower central area free as a drainage outlet. A central drain will be constructed to allow freedrainage of all the upper stages to the outlet drain which is the major drainage path for the sitedraining a total catchment of some 312.5 ha in a north westerly direction to the Tuul River. Aseach stage reaches its '"inal" shape it will be covered with the clayey loam material and shaped toallow the shedding of surface water to the perimeter of the landfill area.

A4.8 Number of LiftsStage 1 will involve placing waste fill in 3 metre lifts from about EL 1315 to EL 1330 that is about 5lifts in all. Initially the landfilling will commence from the north eastern end of the site. As thelandform is raised, it will be easier to develop an access road to the northern side of the site andramp down to the filling area. The timing of these internal roads cannot be predicted as it dependsupon quarrying activities, landfill development, temporary stockpile locations, and many otherfactors. The landfill supervisor will be able to determine the correct timing for internal access roadrelocations. The balance of the stages will commence at the sandstone base following quarryingoperations but at various stages it will be clearly easier to prepare access roads/tracks around theperimeter of the site and access the raised fill areas from the elevated perimeter area.

A4.9 Final Landform and Rehabilitation of SiteThe final landform contours are based on several assumptions:

. the maximisation of the capacity of this landfill site is consistent with the surrounding* topography

* provision of final gradients of 6% minimum following final settlement

* filling 1 m above the final predicted design levels to allow for settlement

The overall design philosophy of the final landform is to provide a well drained, domed landformwhich will shed water and minimise leachate production. The shape is topographically consistentwith the surrounding landscape and once grassed will conform to the local rural setting as ageneral pasture/grazing area.

The ultimate landform has not been finalised, however the proposed rolling/hilly topography iscompatible with the surrounding area.

Because of its location remote from the residential area of the city, the simplest end usage of thesite would be as a livestock grazing area consisting of open grassland. With the progressive re-establishment of grasses over the completed landfill, the area could be used for cattle/sheepgrazing. This would require a final capping of 600mm thickness of inert clayey soil with the upper150mm of the capping consisting of topsoil.

Restrictions on future development of the waste filled area are largely economic as the inherentproblems of settlement, bearing capacity, and corrosion can be overcome technically, but atsignificant extra cost above conventional devolopment costs. Because of the very long life of thisproposed landfill, there is no necessity to place restrictions on its final development apart fromaccurately recording its progressive actual areal axtte,t and depth.

There are legal implications regarding the quarry operation aspect of the landfill. The landfilloperation relies on the appropriate preparation of the base by the quarry operator. If the quarryoperation is undertaken by a quarry contractor, then a legal contract should ensure the operationof the quarry in accordance with the staged preparation for the landfill as outlined in this EIA.

15

A5. Existing Environment

A5.1 Soils and GeologyThe proposed landfill site is located in undulating country between the relatively flat lowland belowEL 1230 to the north west and the relatively steep hill region above EL 1460 to the south east.

Within a radius of about 2km the ground surface level varies from less than EL 1230 to in excessof EL 1420. The highest point on the subject site is at EL 1371 with the major portion being lowerthan EL 1320. The site is gently undulating to steep and is roughly rectangular in shape withapproximate dimensions of 1000m (north east-south west) by 600m (north west-south east). Thesite falls generally from the north east to the south west at grades of between 3% to 20% but overthe majority of the site the gradients are between 4% and 8%. Part of the site has been disturbedwith the excavation of the loose weathered sandstone rock, presumably as a roadbase material.

The geological description of the site is summarised as Cainozoic era, Quaternary period, fan,talus, valley deposit, clay sand, and pebble to boulder (sub-rounded to sub-angular). The baserock is sandstone and. is considered impervious except where faults and crevices may existalthough this is considered highly unlikely (Geological Institute, Ulaanbaatar). Test drilling over the siteby the Geotechnical Institute confirms a relatively uniform thickness of topsoil, sandy gravels, andsand/loam gravels at an average of 4.5m overlaying the base sandstone. Details are shown inAppendix IlIl Geotechnical Test Results.

The proposed use of the overlaying gravels, loams, sands and rock for road and generalconstruction materials will need further detailed testing to determine the extent and relevantproperties of each of the different materials. The existence of nearby quarries for roadworks andconstruction materials is however a good indication that the soil and rock materials on theproposed site are suitable for such purposes.

A5.2 ClimateThe study area is characterised by the following:

Average annual temperature: -3.50C varying from -24.60C in January to 16.60C in July.

Average annual rainfall : 240 mm. 80% falls from June to August

Average annual humidity : 69%

Average wind speed : 2.3 metre per second from the south-east in winter and fromthe north in summer. Winds of 10-15 metres per second andhigher occur about 15 days per year.

Average Soil Temperature : -290 in January and 200 in July

Snow Cover : Stable cover from November to April Average thickness13.5cm

A5.3 FloraFor the purpose of this environmental assessment the Moringiin Davaa site is classified as asection of the Dahuirian-Mongolian region of flora and topographic division, on a forest-steppe

16

region of Mongolia. From a site inspection on 9th September, 1996, the following plants wereidentified on the site:• Vegetation covering about 10% of the area including salsola pestifer, rutifolia, macrocephala,

semlly-Dragon head and also little leaf peashrubs.. Ravine slopes - sparse areas of dracunculus, Altaia Heteropappus, chamaerhodos* On the southern hill - peashrub, needle grass, scabrous cleistogenes and hardy sedge,

cinquefoil, prostrate summer cypress, undulate rhubarb.* On the top of the hill - hardy sedge, needle grass, silver cinquefoil, Altaian heteropappus,

fringed sagebrush, about 10% of this area includes thin hairy sandwort, wormwood, Altaianchamaerhodos and thyme.

* North hill. 10-15% of this area is covered with little leaf and warawleaf Peashrubs. Alsoracemose blue grass, swampy wormwood, thyme, spiny Russian thistle, daguirian asparagus,smelly Dragon-head.

* Middle section of north hill - plant covering 10% mostly little leaf peashrub, needle grass,fringed sagebrush, foot shaped sedge, heteropappus, prostrate summer cypress, large bractiris, swampy wormwood and thin hairy sand wort.

* Top side of north hill - mostly Lenen Fescue, sedge, thin hairy sand wort, fringed sage brush,Altaian Heteropappus and chamaerhodos, occasional waraleaf peashrub.

* Top of north hill - Plant covering 5% consisting of occasional warawleaf peashrub, occasionalthin hairy sand wort, Lenen Fescue, fringed sagebrush, Altaian chamaerhodos, Lenen Fescue.

A5.4 FaunaMoringiin Davaa is included in a zone where five types of mammals, fourteen types of birds andthirty three types from six families of insects are found. These are listed hereunder:

Item Mammals Birds1 Corsac Fox Black Kite2 Daurian Souslik Hooded Crow3 Phodopus sungorus Northern Raven4 Narrow skulled Vole Eurasian Rook5 Bradtis Vole Domestic or Rock Dove6 Blue Hill Pigeon7 Shore or Homed Lark8 Black-billed Magpie9 Greater short toed lark10 Red-billed Chough11 Tree sparrow12 House sparrow13 Northern skylark14 Bank swallow or sand martin

A5.5 HydrogeologyAccording to the geotechnical investigation no groundwater exists at the site down to six metres(refer Appendix IlIl - Geotechnical Test Results ). The nearest ground water was locatedapproximately 1.5 km downstream from the site (in a south-westerly direction) at an existingborehole. The Tuul river is approximately 3.5 kilometres from the site in the direction of the runofffrom the site towards the river.

A5.6 Water QualityWater quality testing has been conducted near the proposed landfill site and at sites downstreamof the existing sites of Dari Ekh as shown on Fig A2.1 General Locality Plan and Fig A3.1

17

Locality Plan. The test results are presented in Appendix 5 Water Quality Results. Insummary none of the water samples are suitable for drinking water in accordance with bothMongolian and World Health Organisation standards. The samples taken from the locationsdownstream of the existing landfill sites of Dari Ekh and Ulaan Chuluut are contaminated withheavy metals Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium and are very dangerous for human consumption.The sample from near Moringiin Davaa is uncontaminated however Ammonium and Nitritecompound levels are above acceptable levels.

A5.7 Noise and Air Quality

Existing noise levels and air quality are typical of a semi-rural environment.

A5.8 Archaeology and Cultural History

No features of archaeological or cultural history significance were located at the proposed site.

A5.9 Land UseGrazing is the main agricultural activity. Quarrying activities are being undertaken within a 0.5kilometre radius south west of the site. The Biocomplex Company is situated approximately twokilometres from the site to the north and a military barracks is situated approximately 2.5kilometres to the north west. Also there are electric power transmission lines running from northeast to south west across a section of the site and from north west to south east within onekilometre of the site.

A5.10 Visual AmenityThe landscape of the area is predominantly rural. Existing quarrying activities are visible from themain road. Only a small part of the proposed landfill site is visible in a north easterly directionfrom the main road.

A5.11 Existing Traffic SituationThe Ulaanbaatar - Altanbulag Road, although being one of the major arterial roads connectingUlaanbaatar with the Central Aimag, it is a relatively lightly trafficked roadway which providesaccess for the Biocomplex Company and the adjoining residential area, the MilitaryBarracks(although this use is reducing) and to the chicken 'factory' at Altanbulag. It also providesaccess for other through traffic to and from the Central Aimag.

Traffic flow information has been obtained from the Traffic department, Ministry of Infrastructure.The information provided shows that this road was designed for 1000 to 3000 vehicles per day.The predicted increase in the level of traffic due to the landfill/quarry use is about 100 vehicles perday when all traffic has been diverted from the existing landfill sites to the proposed site (10%increase max.).

The majority of vehicles already using this road are heavy vehicles associated with quarrying,industrial and agricultural activities, therefore the additional traffic will be consistent with currentusage. No upgrading works of this road is proposed.

18

A6. Site Hydrogeology

A6.1 Surface DrainageThe site is located within a catchment area as illustrated in Figure A6.1 - Catchment Areas.

There are no external catchments flowing through the proposed site. The major externalcatchment into which the site drains adjoins the site at its south east. This catchment isapproximately 312.5 hectares in area and it runs off into the lowland area adjacent to the TuulRiver.

The intersection of the site drainage with the above-mentioned main adjoining catchment isimmediately to the south west of the site. During the geotechnical investigation, drilling at thislocation indicated no ground water to a depth of six metres below surface level.

Diversion of rainfall runoff around the landfill site can be achieved with the construction of relativelyminor perimeter earthworks diversion drainage.

A6.2 Subsurface SeepageEssentially, the undeveloped site is underlain by variable depth of sandy gravels and sand/loamgravels which become weathered sandstone with depth and finally sandstone bedrock.

Five boreholes were drilled between the seventh and the eleventh of August, 1996 at thelocations shown on Figure A6.2 - Locations of Boreholes to depths of 4.2 metres to 6 metres.Representative samples of the overburden were taken and tested in the Geotechnical InstituteLaboratory for classification, testing (plastic properties) and infiltration testing (refer Appendix 3 -Geotechnical Testing).

0 Table 6.1 - Infiltration Tests

Material Description Depth Range Infiltration (metres per day) CommentLoam/Sandy Gravel 0.4-2.7 30-35 relatively lowLoam/clay/sandy gravel 0.6-4.7 0.5-0.62 very lowClay/loam/sandy gravel 4.9-6.0 0.1 almost impermeable

0

19

I-

MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJ ECT

Government of Mongolia I Sinclair Knight Merz. Australia_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Municipality of Ulaanbaatar IThe World Bank __________

_ 2 t. . 3: 4 Azm. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Date:. . ~~~~MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept.1996

LANDFILL INVESTIGATION. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FIG No

CATCHMENT AREAS A6.1. , .. 2. ,7 .6Mncplt fUanatrThWrdBn ae

A7. Solid Waste Composition and Recycling Strategies

A7.1 Solid Waste CompositionA detailed audit of the waste stream has not been undertaken. Typical waste stream data hasbeen obtained from the Ministry of Nature and Environment and is presented in Table A7.1 - SolidWaste Stream Composition.

A7.2 Recycling StrategiesIt is expected that the waste volumes generated in Ulaanbaatar city will grow in the near future.With this growth there will be an increased recognition for the need of the preservation of naturalresources and the increasing costs of waste disposal.

It is generally accepted that controlled, engineered sanitary landfills will continue to be the mostsuitable and economic disposal method for the foreseeable future. However, the identification ofsuitable sites within economic travelling distance from the city area will become more difficult tofind.

In order to reduce waste volumes it is generally accepted that the recycling of various wasteproducts is essential. The Ministry of Nature and Environment has a stated policy of reducing thevolume of the city waste by 50% by year 2000.

To date recycling activities have been entrepreneur based with little or no Governmentinvolvement. They have concentrated on those products for which there exists a ready marketeither locally or nearby (eg. Beijing). The emphasis has been on bones, metals, paper andcardboard, and glass. Other specific items such as batteries are also part of the solid wasterecycling market. Much of this recyclable material is sorted and collected by scavengers atapartment waste collection points at the bottom of garbage chutes. The amount of waste recycledfrom apartments in this manner is not insignificant and is estimated to be around 50% ofapartment waste where formal collection areas are provided. There are also a number of smallbusinesses which specialise in collecting, receiving, and selling to larger recycling/reprocessingcompanies either locally or in Beijing such products as batteries, brass, aluminium, and otherproducts.

Highly mechanised and automated solid waste sorting facilities have been implemented in severalcountries including Germany and The United States. These facilities, generally termed MaterialsRecycling Facilities (MRF), should only be seriously considered after extensive research has beenundertaken into all relevant aspects. The facilities are high initial and high operating cost itemsand require many specific inputs such as suitable siting and infrastructure, relevant commercialand technical skills, capacity to fulfil the marketing requirements and so on.

Some preliminary estimates of costs associated with MRFs, based upon a capacity to process20,000 tonnes of product per year (80 tonnes/day or approximately 15% of incoming solid waste)are:

1. Construction costs - $15,000 to $46,000 per tonne of daily capacity (Ref. 3). Assume $26,250for this exercise. This with interest on risk capital at a conservative rate of 15% p. a. equatesto $22/tonne of recycled product processed.

2. Operation and maintenance costs are reported to be (Ref. 3) between $28 and $34 /tonne.

Therefore the total cost could be as high as $62/tonne or $1.3m. This does not include and costsassociated with land acquisition and rates and taxes. A cost to operate such a facility would be ofthe order of $1.5m. Such an investment requires a very cautionary approach even in areas withmuch more evolved recycling infrastructure than Mongolia and for that reason, they are notconsidered an option in Ulaan-baatar's solid waste strategy now or in the near future.

20

A,1996

Composition of solid waste of Ulanbaatar (by 5 year average)

Components ApaIIGtS Ger hwolol Indumrywi"udoantion Road, square Suburb ama_ To1adVolume, m3'TI0001 Velumoe, m31'000) % Mun. me'(cOO) ¶% Volmu, m'EODOI 96 Volume. m3c'OOO) 96 Volume, mn'r000)

I IOs 4.3 5.16 .5 33.15 14.8 45.E8 2.5 0.46 2L.5 8.6 10.6 93.252 Wood 3.8 4.56 2.1 S.19 2 6.2 0.2 0.04 12.4 4.96 2.7 23.953 Pap 35_ 35,4 42.48 0.4 1.56 41.6 128.96 4.9 0.91 2.2 0.88 19.89 174.794 Cam 8.4 10.08 6.8 26.52 0.1 0.31 - 1,2 0.48 4.25 37.39_ Glasses 0.25 0.3 1.4 5.46 0.05 0.15 3.8 0.71 0.6 0.24 0.78 6.866 Colair & packg 13 15.6 1.6 6.24 - I 2.48 21.847 Falric 5.5 6.6 11.4 44.46 3.6 11.6 0.05 0.01 025 0.1 7.09 62.338 Canto _iron 0.3 1.17 2.1 OE4 0.23 2.019Al AIDIII __1.05 4.09 _ 1.2 0.48 0.5O 4.57

10 oltdm US 00, 0.1 9 0.7 0.28 0.05 0.4711 nOma 7.5 9 16.7 65.1J3 _ 154 6.16 9.14 80.291 Ash _, 21.i 83.85 _ _ 18.5 7.4 10.38 91.26

13 3Buin atesiw I.5 23.25 16.8 6.72 3.41 29.9714 IvesEock wacLrs 11.4 44.46 . 5.06 44.4615 Rubber 2.8 3.36 0.4 1.56 I 3.1 0.1. 0.02 0.1 0.04 D. 92 8.0816Plasic 5.3 6.36 0.05 0.19 1.3 4.03 0.05 0.01 0.25 0.1 1.26 10,6417 Clay 1.75 . 7.8 30.42 3.8 11.78 6J.8 1_ .8 3.5 1.4 6.66 585.18 Othet 12 14.4 8.55 33.36 24.25 75.18 19.6 3.63 3.3 1.32 14.58 127.89

Totol 1b 12 10 3S 10 31 10 18. 10 4C 10 878.

Source: Nawxe and Environmen n Mongolia; Ministry of Nana=e and Enviromnen Goemrment of Mongolia, 1996.

CD

One of the major components of Ger area solid waste is the ash generated from the burning ofcoal and timber during the winter months. The proportion of this ash is as high as 60% of the Gerarea waste generated over the winter months and the disposal of the ash is one of the majorproblems faced by these residents.

The recycling of this ash waste for use in the manufacture of products such as lightweightmasonry concrete building blocks or fuel briquettes has been investigated on previous occasionsand some research has also been done in conjunction with this project. A local concrete buildingblock company was approached in relation to the use of this ash waste for building blocks andfuel briquette manufacture. This company had previously used coal ash waste from powerstations in the manufacture of light weight cellular concrete blocks however this source of ashsupply was discontinued because the ash quality was variable in terms of moisture and unburntcoal. Laboratory and pilot plant testing of the Ger area ash waste has been arranged and thepreliminary results indicate that the ash is very suitable for use in light weight masonry blockmanufacture. The ash would replace about 20% of the silica sand currently used.

This option for ash recycling therefore appears to show the greatest promise when compared withalternatives such as disposal by burial in pits or the continuation of the present system wherebymost of the ash waste is disposed indiscriminately in nearby gullies and ravines. If this buildingblock and fuel briquette recycling option proves to be technically viable, the Municipality shouldthen take the initiative by calling tenders for private companies to collect the ash waste fromspecified collection points within the Ger areas and transport it to their depot/factory. A contractwould then be prepared on the basis of a payment (if any) per cubic metre collected. Somearrangements could be made to ensure that the consistency and volumes of ash placed in thecollection containers is as generally agreed in the contract. Municipal employees such as Hoorooleaders could be involved in this matter.

Other ways in which the Municipality could actively promote recycling activities are:

- by issuing licenses to companies or persons to purchase, receive, store and sell recyclablewaste materials. To encourage such enterprises, suitable land could be made availablewith attractive lease arrangements such as a 5 year term renewable subject to satisfactoryoperations of the business (in accordance with specific conditions set out in the leaseagreement). In this manner the Municipality could better encourage, control, and regulaterecycling operations at the Ger area level.

* With the construction of transfer stations the Municipality could contract to companies orindividuals the rights to sort, collect and remove from the transfer station certain recyclablematerials in accordance with specific conditions such as the number of employees allowedon the site, the hours to be worked , the areas to work in, the materials to be scavenged,and the methods of operation.

The goal of a 50% reduction of the waste stream volume cannot be achieved under the presentcollection and disposal arrangements. Strategies such as the above-mentioned recyclingrecommendations will be necessary to achieve the major reductions in the solid waste volumescurrently being disposed at the landfills

A7.3 Cover Supply

A7.3.1 Intermediate /Daily CoverEach day's waste should be covered with soil following compaction of the waste.

Tha- on site loamy soils are suitable as a cover during dry and wet weather, although Swrdgravelly soil made need to be added in heavy rain conditions for trafficability.

A 7.3.2 Final CoverThe final cover areas having a final gradient of 6% minimum should consist of clayey materials.The depth of final cover should not exceed 600mm.

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A 7.3.3 AvailabilityBased on the quarry/landfill development and preparation outlined in Figures A4.1 and A4.2 , thevolumes of topsoil and loam and clayey materials for intermediate and final cover construction areas summarised in Table A7.3

Topsoil is considered to consist of any soil with a relatively high organic content or which willbecome contaminated with grass or other organic matter while being cleared from the site. Thetopsoil lay3r across the site varies from nothing where erosion has exposed the weatheredsandstones and gravels to about 700mm in thickness. Careful removal of vegetative matter fromoperational areas prior to topsoil removal would halve the volume of 'topsoil' to about 25,000 m3 .

Loam/clay soils required for intermediate and final cover purposes would be about 200,000 m33 .When compared to the volume of cover materials available(Table A7.3 below) there is sufficientmaterial available on site to create the final landform (Figure A4.1).

Table A7.3 - Cover Materials Available

Cover Material Description Volume Available

Topsoil 25,000

Sandy Gravels 1,000,000

Loam sandy gravels 150,000

Clay sandy gravels 50,000

Total 1 ,225,000m3

22

A8. Surface Water Management

A8.1 IntroductionThe surrounding area is undulating ccuntryside with grades varying from 4 to 8% generally withsome steeper areas towards the hill tops. The proposed site is well drained and there are noexternal catchments running through the site.

One external catchment drains the site, as follows:

Catchment E located to the east of the site. The catchment is some 312.5 Ha in area and3.80 km in length.

(Refer to Figure A6.1 for catchment and topography details)

Table A8. 1 - External Catchment CharacteristicsArea (ha) Slope(m/km) Length of Catch. (m) Time of Conc. (min.)

312.5 46.05 3800 57.6874

Table A8.2 External Catchment Flows for Q2,Q5,Qlo,and Q100 EventsRecurrence Interval 2 5 10 100

Rainfall Intensity 22 29 40 65

Coefficient of Runoff 0.48 0.57 0.6 0.72

Flow (m3/s) 9.174 14.36 20.85 40.658

To carry the 100 year flow generated by catchment E a trapezoidal channel 2.0m deep, 3.Om wideat the base with side slopes 1 in 4 will carry the required 40.65 m3/s. This creek bed level variesfrom EL 1275 at the eastern end of the landfill site to EL 1260 at the western end of the site. Toensure no contamination of this rainfall runoff water, the extent of excavation in the landfill shouldbe limited to EL 1280 at the south east corner of the landfill and EL 1265 at the north west corner.

The landfill site catchment area is 60 hectares and 800 metres in length. The time ofconcentration is 11.7 minutes, intensity is 90mm/hr, coefficient of runoff is 0.72, and the 100 yearflow is 10.8 m3/s. This flow must be diverted around the perimeter of the landfill site(approximately 50% on each side). The 5.4m3/s flow can be carried in trapezoidal channel 0.6mdeep, 2.Om wide at the base with side slopes of 1 -in 4.

23

* A9. Leachate Control

A9.1 Leachate Generation and ControlLeachate is the liquid by-product of microbial activity within a solid waste landfill together withdissolved and suspended solid matter eluted by both groundwater and surface water percolatingthrough the landfill mass. Sanitary landfills located in relatively arid areas such as Ulaanbaatarhave minimal potential for leachate generation and therefore an impermeable lining of the landfillarea with clay or other material is considered unnecessary .

Due to the low levels of precipitation, a leachate drainage pipe network under the refuse is notneeded. The leachate may be collected with the provision of an earth bund/dyke at the toe of thesite and a gravel trench with a leachate interception pipe. Treatment of the collected leachate by astorage/evaporation pond to achieve anaerobic decomposition and aerobic stabilisation will besufficient. If at any time the lagoon storage volume is insufficient, the leachate may be tankeredaway to the sewage treatment plant or recirculated back to the landfill. Discharge of the treatedleachate to the nearby surface water runoff system would only be acceptable if the leachate wastreated or diluted to such a level that it would meet the water quality standards of the receivingwaters.

A9.2 Leachate Management StrategyThe basics of the management strategy are:

• elirminate lateral movement of the leachate by grading the base of the quarry/landfill to acentral area

- reducing the volume of leachate generated by using filling, shaping, compaction, andcovering procedures which severely restrict direct rainfall entry

* reducing the volume of leachate generated by intercepting and by-passing all upstreamsurface water around the fill area in surface drainage channels

* intercept all leachate at the toe of the landfill area and treat in a storage /evaporation pondof approximate dimensions 30m by 20m by 1.5m deep (with clay lining or plasticmembrane lining)

* tankering any treated leachate excess to storage/evaporation pond capacity to the sewagetreatment plant or recirculating to the grassed areas over the completed areas of thelandfill for removal by direct evapo-transpiration.

A Typical layout of a leachate storage/evaporation pond is shown on the attached Figure A9.1.

24

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MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONe-ii/'dit- t. /al7/: - PROJ-ECT

Govemnment of Mong-olia ncair Kight Merz, uastralia-Municipality of Ulaanbaatar TheVorld Bank

D ate'.MORINGIIN DAVAA Sept1996LANDFILL INVESTIGATION

FIG NoLEACHATE STORAGE A9.1

AIO. Mitigation of Potential Air Pollution from Landfill Gas

A10.1 Landfill GasGases found in landfills are composed mainly of carbon dioxide and methane but can includeminor amounts of ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and oxygenas well as many other trace constituents.

Aerobic decomposition continues to occur until the oxygen in the air initially present in thecompacted wastes is depleted. Thereafter decomposition will proceed anaerobically producingmainly methane.

The gas production rate and composition is a function of many parameters such as land fillmoisture, content, age, and biodegradability.

Biological activity is directly responsible for methane generation from landfilled organic wastes.The biological decomposition phase takes place in three stages that are not distinctly separated.

The presence or absence of oxygen is the principal stage-determining factor. When solid waste isinitially deposited, oxygen is trapped in the fill materials by the landfilling operation. While thisoxygen is available, organic wastes are decomposed into C02 , water, residual organics and heatby aerobic micro-organisms. Aerobic decomposition occurs relatively quickly. C02 content canreach 90%. Some carbon dioxide dissolves into any available water, resulting in decreased pHlevels, while the balance remains in the gaseous phase.

The oxygen consumed by aerobic micro-organisms is not generally replaced, due to the presenceof a low permeability soil cover. This results in a gradual decrease in the aerobic micro-organismspopulation and a corresponding increase in the facultative micro-organism population which aretolerant to oxygen but do not depend on it. The characteristic products of this second stagebiological decay are carbon dioxide and partially degraded organics, including organic acids whichcause a further reduction in pH levels.

As all of the available oxygen is consumed, the anaerobic methane forming micro-organismsbecome dominant. The methane forming bacteria are relatively slow, producing water andmethane with very little production of heat. This group of micro-organisms efficiently decomposesorganic matter, including organic acids, into gaseous end products, mostly methane. Thereduction of organic acid content and the lower production of carbon dioxide promotes an increasein the leachate pH to near neutral values.

As it is not anticipated that there will be any large scale tree regeneration program (only grass andsmall shrubs) associated with the final rehabilitation of the site, the passive release of landfill gasthrough a 600mm thick soil cover will be acceptable.

A10.2 Passive Release of GasAs mentioned above a minimal thickness of 600mm soil cover will allow grass and small shrubs togrow over the rehabilitated landfill site.

Upon the completion of a specific area of the landfill, rock filled, wire mesh wrapped, vertical wellsof about one metre diameter spaced about 0.'1 ha can be installed to allow passive release of anylandfill gases.

A10.3 Global Warming and Greenhouse EffectThe biodegradation of organic matter within a landfill produces mainly methane and carbon dioxidegases, both of which are 'greenhouse' gases in that they let the warming rays of the sun penetratethe earth's atmosphere and thence tend to restrain that warmth from passing back into space.

25

However, the organic mater which is concentrated in landfills will biodegrade in any case, likely ata faster rate under aerobic conditions (in air) than under the anaerobic conditions (without air) thatexists within a landfill once it is placed, compacted and sealed.

The volume of methane and carbon dioxide that is produced in landfills is a fraction of one percent when compared to that produced by volcanoes, deep sea geysers, fossil fuel burning, forestburning, industry, cattle, warming of the northern hemisphere tundra and so on.

The net effect of the production of methane gas and carbon dioxide gas in landfills with respect tothe environment is negligible.

If the composition of the solid waste changes such that the increased generation of such landfillgases becomes an environmental problem, then flaring of the gas with the installation of gas ventscan be achieved with the drilling of boreholes and installation of perforated pipes within gravelpacking in specific areas of the landfill upon their completion.

.

26

All. Impact and Mitigation of Increased Traffic Generation

* A11.1Road NetworkThe Ulaanbaatar - Altanbulag Road is an arterial road that services the areas south-west ofUlaanbaatar and it forms part of the major access route for the proposed landfill site. The road issealed with two lanes about 3.5 metres in width and gravel shoulders exist but are very narrow insections. The existing road between Nisekh and Moringiin Davaa will need to be widened toaccommodate the safe passage of two heavy vehicles passing in opposite directions. Thiswidening could be in the form of providing formal gravel shoulders of sufficiently high standard tosupport the occasional use by heavy traffic. The anticipated traffic increase due to thequarry/landfill operation is about 100 vehicles/day. The major impact of these extra vehicles willbe dust and noise especially in the residential areas of Nisekh and the Bio-complex. There is asection of the road through the Bio-complex area that requires re-sealing prior to the operation ofthe extra traffic to the landfill site in order to reduce the anticipated dust generation. The noisegenerated by the extra traffic will be at the same level as the existing traffic and therefore nomitigating action is required.

A11.2 SummaryThe major traffic impacts of this proposal are concerned with dust generation and safety to all roadusers due to the increased level of heavy traffic. The following works would be required:

* Seal existing sections of road where seal has been lost especially in the Bio-complexarea

( Construct gravel shoulders of sufficient width and strength for the occasional use ofheavy vehicles.

27

A12. Other Impacts

A12.1 NoiseNoise levels are expected to increase marginally above those presently experienced at the nearbysand/loam quarry currenty operating. Equipment associated with the new quarry/landfill willgenerate some extra noise with the use of heavy plant such as bulldozers, and the largercompactor transfer trucks.

A12.2 Visual AmenityThe proposed site is well located from a visual perspective. Due to the local topography the site isvisible only from a limited number of locations. The proposed quarry/landfill will be less visuallyintrusive than the existing quarry and landfill developments in the area. The final landfill shapewill be topographically consistent with the surrounding countryside and once grassed will conformto the local rural setting.

A12.3 Water QualityThe potential impact of the landfill operation on water quality in the adjoining watercourse andultimately the Tuul River System is negligible. The low rainfall and flow through the landfill masswill result in very little leachate generation. Any leachate that is generated will be intercepted via agravel trench/drain and diverted to the storage/evaporation pond. The sizing of this pond will besuch as to accept the runoff generated from the landfill catchment during a ten year return storm.This is considered conservative as the actual leachate generation will be at a considerably lowerrate than this calculated runoff. The storage/evaporation pond will be sealed with plastic liner toprevent any infiltration into the surrounding soil and if there is any possibility of the pond capacitybeing insufficient then a recirculation pumping system will automatically pump the leachate back tothe landfill for direct evapo-transpiration on grassed areas.

A12.4 Dust and OdourThere are no residences within close proximity of the landfill. The nearest habitation is the militarybarracks which is over two kilometres direct distance from the landfill site.

The predominant wind direction for the area is from the north west. Therefore any possible dustand odour nuisance will not be detected in that area.

Odours will be minimised by ensuring that only the smallest practicable working face is used (tominimise the volume of exposed refuse), and that the site is well profiled to avoid water ponding.Refuse will be covered daily in accordance with good practice, to further lessen odour generationpotential.

Dust would be controlled by regular watering of roads, stockpiles and other disturbed areas.Progressive revegetation of the refuse mound batters will reduce the dust export from the site.

A12.5 Flora and FaunaThe impact on flora and fauna wiv!" confined to that area as shown on the final landform FigureNo. A4.1.

28

A13. Risk Assessment

A13.1 ConstructionThe construction phase for the proposed Moringiin Davaa landfill is the quarrying operation thatwill be undertaken prior to and during the landfill operation. Potential hazards during constructionare limited to those typical of any earthworks construction site. The potential environmentalimpacts during the construction phase are erosion of soil and dust emissions.

A13.2 OperationA number of risks exist within the operation of the landfill to personnel and to the environment. Therisks to personnel are covered by the normal safe practices for earthmoving works with theadditional precautions when covering the specialist areas for:

* asbestos

* medical 'sharps'

In these instances, specialist protective clothing should be worn. Also a vermin and insect anddisease vector proof enclosure is required for staff amenities for meals, etc.

The risks to staff and the environment include:

i rodents, vermin, flies, birds, etc.

* odour emissions

_ . noise

* fire at the landfill face either accidental or mischievous

* leachate being unusually contaminated and migrating

* drift of sprays used to control disease vectors

* wind blown debris

* vehicle collisions and other accidents

* gas control

The EMP addresses the main issues in detail. Measures to minimise the other risks are asfollows:

Fire: Surface fires may be sprayed using water from the leachate evaporation pond if there issufficient water available. If there is insufficient leachate available, The fire may be 'suffocated'by covering it with soil, or if it is too large to fight, it should be left to burn itself out. A subsurfacefire within the refuse mound will require excavation to expose the combustion and then treat as asurface fire.

Leachate Contamination and Migration: As described in the report, the possibility of leachateformation is very small. Signs prohibiting the disposal of toxic wastes will be erected at the landfilland at the transfer stations. Any deposition could lead to a problem when combined with stormwater runoff or flooding. Leachate is a risk, but does not represent a hazard unless the leachatecan migrate from the landfill mound. Prior to leachate producing an environmental hazard, it must

29

exit the mound either via surface springs or by entering the ground water system. The leachate, ifproduced will not infiltrate the sandstone bedrock and the leachate interception and treatmentproposed will prevent any groundwater contamination.

0

30

A14. Environmental Management Plan

IntroductionThe purpose of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to outline the methods to be usedand necessary actions for the proposed Moringiin Davaa landfill to comply with current andpotential future environmental regulations.

The EMP addresses the various stages of landfill development including the construction,operation and decommissioning and rehabilitation. It can be read in isolation from the EIA and itforms part of the Operations Manual which should be prepared prior to the commencement of thelandfill operations.

A14.1 Staffing and EquipmentThe landfill gatekeeper will be responsible for checking all loads at the landfill. There will also be arequirement for 2 gatekeepers at each of the transfer stations.

The General staffing and responsibilities will be:

* dozer operator or

* compactor operator

• gatekeepers (at landfill and at transfer stations)

* water cart operator/general hand

• recycling/scavenging staff

* Site Foreman, responsible for all landfill operations on a daily basis, to implement the EMPand supervise daily operations

* Manager - Waste Management Section, senior officer to whom the site supervisor reports.

- Environmental Health Officer, Municipality responsible for quality assurance of alloperations including EMP overview.

Facilities on the site will include a gatehouse and a compound for the storage of equipment andfacilities including vehicles and fuel.

14.2 Training and Reporting procedures

The Site Manager will provide a monthly report to the Manager, Waste Management on all aspectsof the EMP, including complaints and monitoring results. A formalised structure and trainingprogram should be developed whereby staff will be trained to undertake the Site Foreman's andthe Manager's roles in their absence. The training would extend to all landfill operating staff toensure their understanding of the EMP requirements and how the EMP affects their dailyoperations. A complaints register would be established at the landfill site to ensure that landfillusers have an opportunity to lodge their complaints.

The complaints register serves two purposes:

1. It identifies problems unseen cr .eg!e'ted by the landfill staff and will ensure the problem isrecognised and necessary action taken.

2. It enables the public to voice their concerns and to have them fully documented.The complaints register applies to many aspects addressed in the EMP, such as noise,odour, dust, mud, visual impacts, litter, water quality and so on.

31

A14.3 Reception of Waste at the LandfillThe following data is to be obtained from all vehicles entering the site carrying waste:

* time and date

* . vehicle registration details

. name

* type of waste

The gatekeeper will observe the type of waste entering the landfill site. If the refuse containsunacceptable material, the gatekeeper will require the unacceptable material to be removed fromthe load for dumping elsewhere, or reject the entire load and have the vehicle move off site.

The following information should be recorded following the receipt of any special wastes:

. quantity

* nature of waste

* date of receipt

. waste disposal site (location and level/lift to be noted on the base plan)

A14.4 Waste CharacteristicsThe following waste types will be accepted at the landfill:

- domestic solid waste as collected by the Municipality or contractor's vehicles on aregular basis

_ . acceptable commercial and industrial waste collected by contractors

* inert construction and demolition waste eg. concrete, timber, masonry

shredded vehicle tyres

The wastes that may be accepted on site but should be addressed separately include:

. asbestos

sharps' from hospitals, veterinary, and research or other places

dead animals

dry sewage sludge

l low level, radioactive waste, as determined by the approval conditions of the landfill

Items unacceptable to the landfill will include:

* dangerous goods such as explosives

• high level radioactive wastes

* hazardous wastes such as toxic chemicals

* large volumes of liquid waste

* toxic substances such as acids

* hot loads at greater than 50°C

32

A14.5 CompactionPoorly compacted wastes create many problems including more litter, odour. more leachate,damage to vehicles because of poorly compacted internal roads, and unnecessary consumption ofvaluable space.

To achieve optimum compaction, the following procedures should be adhered to:

* each layer of refuse must be less than 0.6 m thick. If the layers are thicker, the density willnot increase with additional passes

* each layer of refuse should receive a minimum of three passes of a dozer; for best resultsfive passes are required.

* the width of the working face should be kept to a minimum, but this will depend on howmany vehicles are at the landfill

* each lift should be between 2-3 metres in height

* all refuse should be tipped at the bottom of the face and be pushed up

If a tracked bulldozer is used to compact the waste, the tipping face should be kept to slope of 1 in3. This high slope will help the tracks break up and cut the waste as the dozer climbs up the face.

If a compactor is used to compact the waste, the tipping face should be kept relatively flat at 1 in 8or 1 in 10. The compactor does not need the steep slope to break up and cut the waste. Themuch heavier weight of the compactor is best at compacting waste if the face is at a fairly flatgrade.

A14.6 Cover

After refuse has been compacted it should be covered daily to minimise odours and the ingress ofwater into waste, to contain litter and to reduce the risks of fire and food sources for pests andvermin.

There are many materials suitable for cover material, including:

* material excavated from the site

* excavation material from building sites

* crushed and broken concrete from building demolition

If the material is to be used for final cover, it must provide a stable, impermeable, permanent,barrier to water, odour, pests, and vermin, and not be easily eroded. The best material is a sandyclay, with some gravel to provide reasonable trafficability when wet. The daily cover on the faceshould be 150-200 mm thick and must be spread only after the face has been well compacted.On the outside batter and face of each landfill section, the cover must be carefully chosen andplaced. The final cover layer must keep the waste in, water out and allow plants to grow..

A14.7 Vegetation

On completion of the final cover for each lift, the surface should be adequately prepared by placingtop sAil Similar vegetation to the existing landfill site should be planted. It is critical that a!'exposed batters are revegetated progressively upon completion of earthworks, as the vegetation:

* stabilises the batters against erosion

. softens the general appearance of the operation

33

A14.8 SignsAdequate signs need to be in place to inform who has access to the site, where key locations are,and the fundamental rules of the operation.

A sign at the entrance to the landfill should include:

* name of the Municipality

* name of the landfill

* name of the contractor operating the landfill, if not the Municipality

* who does/who does not have access to the landfill

* hours of operation

* emergency contact phone number

* directions to tipping face

* wastes that are accepted

* materials that are not accepted

* speed limit (usually 1Okph)

A sign near the tipping face should include:

* directions on where to tip

. instructions to follow operators directions

A sign near the entrance to the transfer stations should include:

* directions on where to deposit waste

* recyclables collected

On the landfill and access roads temporary signs must clearly mark the roads, direct vehicles andindicate tipping locations.

A14.9 Security Gates and Fencing

A security fence, 1.8m high will be installed around the site. This fence should be checked weeklyfor vandalism.

Inspections by the litter patrol will be necessary during windy weather. The litter patrol will advisethe Site Foreman of any fence damage.

A14.10 Dust Control

Dust control is achieved by spraying water on access roads, open dirt areas and stockpiles toreduce the amount of dust emitted. Dust control is especially needed when dry and windy

* conditions prevail.

34

The runoff collection pond will provide the primary source of water for dust suppression.Otherwise water availability will be difficult, however as there are no residents or other buildings inthe general area, dust control will not be a major problem in the near future.

A14.11 Mud ControlMud adhering to vehicles will be removed in a wheel wash prior to vehicles leaving the site. Awheel wash consists of a shallow basin which removes the dirt from the tyres. The basin can bemade of concrete and can be profiled to enable a small wheeled machine with a front blade toclean out the mud.

Al 4.12 Pest ControlIt is anticipated that pests such as insects, rodents and other vermin will be effectively controlledby compaction and covering techniques which will be used on the site. By limiting the exposedworking area through compaction and daily coverage of wastes, the availability of food andprotection for birds and rodents is severely restricted.

Birds are commonly a major pest problem at all landfills. If bird numbers are a problem, the SiteForeman should arrange for pest control spraying. Similarly, if vermin numbers increase, a baitingwill be instituted.

Al 4.13 Litter ControlLitter control is to ensure that the sit e is generally clean and tidy. A moveable litter fence 1.8 mhigh should be placed immediately adjacent to the landfill face. The length of the fence dependson the length of the tipping face but should be long enough to encourage any changes in winddirection.

The boundary fence is to keep trespassers out but it also helps to keep litter within the site. Anylitter found outside the site should be removed.

0 AA14.14 Fire ControlThere should be no open fires deliberately started on the site. In the event of a fire, water fromthe leachate storage lagoon can be used in conjunction with a tanker truck.

A14.15 Odour Control

Odour can occur from four main sourceslandfill gas

* putrescent waste

* the working face particularly during wet weather

* impounded leachate ponds

Landfill gas is addressed in Al 4.16 below. Large volumes of putrescent waste will not be allowedon the site unless appropriate controls have been instituted at the waste generation source. Thiswould include spray systems and more frequent collection of waste.

The working face odours can only be limited by minimising the area of exposed refuse, andcovering as quickly as practicable.

Leachate ponding should be avoided by correct profiling Af Jthe site and other leachatecontainment systems.

Al 4.16 Gas ControlThe details of gas formation and generation are presented in Section A10 of the EIA. It is notanticipated that there will be any significant gas formation and generation based on thecomposition of the solid as detailed in Table 7.1 Solid Waste Composition. If there is sufficient

35

gas generation then passive release can be achieved with rock-filled vertical wells about 1 metredia. constructed in specific areas of the landfill.

Al 4.17 Stormwater control

Monitoring of the stormwater quality within the site above and below the working area should beundertaken in association with the monitoring of the surface and ground water downstream of thesite. Parameters analysed should include: electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, total dissolvedsolids, suspended solids, turbidity, nitrogen, bicarbonate, chemical oxygen demand, standardoxygen demand, standard water analysis, iron, total, zinc, chromium, lead, mercury, cadmium, andcopper.

Internal runoff contamination from cover stockpiles and disturbed areas can be minimised byprogressive revegetation of completed areas. The stability of local diversion channels should alsobe checked on a regular basis and maintained to prevent contamination of runoff.

A14.18 Leachate ControlThe principal means of minimising leachate formation by good site management techniquesinclude:

• Good compaction and covering of wastes which acts to limit infiltration into the landfill

* grading of the site (particularly exposed areas) to not less than 6% which helps runofffrom the site and limits infiltration

* The filling sequence will be from "upstream " to "downstream", intercepting anddiverting clean water around progressively completed waste areas.

Leachate quantities will be monitored at the storage/evaporation pond and tested regularly toassess its quality. This testing is necessary to determine if the liquid is suitable for irrigation.

Al 4.19 Post Management PlanThe Post Management Plan has been incorporated into each section of the EMP so it is aprogressive process.

The ultimate land form and use of the site has not been finalised, however the proposed rolling hilltopography will be compatible with the existing area.

A14.20 Safety

Working on a landfill can be dangerous, particularly when precautions are not taken. The mostfrequently reported hazards are:

1. Direct exposure/contact with hazardous substances, ie. leachate, acids, bases, dusts,infections, wastes, etc.

2. Accident through collisions of heavy vehicles

3. Inadequate maintenance of technical equipment

4. Accidental contact with sharp pointed objects

Constant supervision of the site is required to ensure that vehicles are in the correct place and areable to tip satel> and reverse safely.

Inhalation of dust is an important health consideration

It is proposed that all staff undertake training programs thereby ensuring transfer of responsibilitywhen people are on leave.

First aid kits must be provided on site and properly maintained. Several staff members should betrained in First Aid and a Safety Officer appointed.

36

Aew~~~~~~#

- LA~~ENDy ~ MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATION

PROJ ECT- ~~~Gove~mment of Mongolia ISlnci-air -iiight Merz, Australria ~

7e.1,Fg,,511 4eFy// Municipality of Ulaanbaatar IThe World Bank _______

a' Sep~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Dte: 996

HAILAAST RESERVOIRFIG No

LOCALITY PLAN B3.1

MONGOLIA: URBAN SERVICES REHABILITATIONPROJ ECT

Govemment of Mongolia Sinclair Knight Merz, AustraliaMunicipality of Ulaanbaatar The World Bank Date:

Sept.1996HAILAAST RESERVOIR

FIG NoSITE PLAN B 3.2

A15. Environmental Management Plan

.

Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Moringiin Davaa landfill. Summary Table

38

Element Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective ActionObiective

1. Compaction To ensure that To achieve maximum 1. Daily inspections by the 1. Ensure thatrefuse is properly airspace for the Site Foreman subsequent lifts arecompacted. landfill and to properly compacted.

* minimise the 2. Weekly unannouncedenvironment impact. visual checks by the 2. Check maintenance

Manager. and operation ofcompactor, eg. that at

3. Audit of the landfill least three passes ofairspace used (based on the compactor are beinga halt metre contour completed over a refusesurvey). Compare the layer less than 0,6mactual landfill airspace thick, with a lift height ofused to the theoretical less than 3 metres.airspace required (at thetarget compaction rate for 3. If the required in-situthe recorded mass of refuse density is notrefuse accepted into the being achieved with thelandfill during previous above operation,audit period) compact with heavier

roller (eg. 40 T proofroller) with 20 passes ineach direction. Thisshould only be done ifabsolutely necessary toovercome settlement,airspace orenvironmentaldifficulties as a finaloption.

2. Daily Cover To ensure 1. To provide at least 1. Daily inspection of 1. If cover is not beingadequate daily 150mm of suitable cover thickness, applied daily, Sitecover cover on a daily basis grading/structure and Foreman to notify

frequency of placement. operator of required2. To prevent refuse frequency.being blown from the 2. Daily appraisal of litter,working face. pests and odours to check 2. If pest numbers are

if the thickness and increasing due to poor3. To keep water and frequency of the daily cover, increase theall pests and vermin cover is adequate. thickness or the qualityout of the refuse. and compaction of the

cover.

3. If water is leachinginto the refuse, the claycontent or thicknessshould be increased.

4. If trafficability ispoor in wet weather,

increase the gravelcontent of the cover.

5. Ensure cover hasbeen well compactedand graded to at least a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5% slope.

3. Final Cover To apply a final To ensure a minimum 1. The Site Foreman is to 1. Increase quantity andcover that will thickness of monitor the final cover quality of cover asprevent air and continuous ara auring ojacement. necessary.water pollution and impermeable cover atsupport vegetation. all times, and 2. Monthly inspection of 2. Supplement with

supplement with an the completed sections of topsoil or mulch andappropriate growing the landfill mound to revegetate to enhancemedium. check cover integrity, cover stability in the

during the life of the long-term.operation on the site.

3. Maintain stormwater_ 3. Annual inspections of runoff systems.

39

Environment l Management Plan for Proposed M ringiin Davaa landfill. Summary TableElement Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective Action

Objectivethe cover integrity postclosure, eg. ensurerainwater runoff is stillbeing managed to avidcover erosion.

4. Vegetation To ensure that the To revegetate the 1. Monthly moni'oring to 1. Plant more tolerantsite is sufficiently final landform with check the progress of trees and shrubs.vegetated to satisfy native plants and planted trees, shrubs andenvironmental trees, in accordance grasses during the 2. Increase amount ofrequirements and with the end use operating life of the landfill mulch cover.end use plans. plans.

2. If irrigating with 3. Increase amount ofleachate, confirm that the top soil cover.leachate quality is suitablefor the planted species. 4. Increase watering on(refer to the leachate new plantings. Ceasemonitoring program) irrigating leachate if the

plant stress is resulting.3. Annual post closureinspections, with 5. If the vegetationadditional inspections continues to sufferfollowing identification of stunted growth or die-vegetation stress, such as off, the speciesafter bushfires. selection will be

assessed.

6. If vegetationcontinues to fail,undertake an agronomicassessment of thevegetation and soil todetermine the requiredmanagement elements,such as fertilisationrates or soilameliorants.

5. Signs To enhance all To keep the site 1. Staff should make sure 1. Substandard signsaspects of the functioning in a that all signs are in good shall be fixed orlandfill operation, manner that increases condition. replaced.including safety and productivity throughenvironmental people and refuse 2. Daily inspection of 2. Signs shall be keepperformance. being in the correct direction signs. up to date with the

place. current working on site.3. Irrelevant signs

3. Monthly inspection of should be removed andgeneral signs. new signs installed

where required.6. Security 1. To keep No unauthorised 1. All staff are to be alert 1. Ask trespassers toFence trespassers from personnel to be for trespassers. leave, if refusal see Site

entering the site. allowed on site. Foreman.2. Weekly inspections of

2. To serve as a the fence by the Foreman. 2. Repair any fencebackup litter fence. defects immediately.

3. Report any ongoingvandalism to the fenceto the Site Foreman.

7. Dust Control To prevent 1. Excessive dust is 1. Daily appraisal of dust 1. Water the sourceexcessive dust from not to be recorded at generation via inspection. area of the dust.being generated on the boundary of thesite. site. 2. Following a history of 2. Moisten dust

complaints and when producing substances2. Dust levels within winds speed is more than (eg. fly ash) prior tothe site will not be 15 m/sec the dust is to be delivery and promptlygreater than the monitored as outlined in cover them once on site.required safety level. the detailed EMP.

8. Mud Control To prevent mud Mud shall not be 1. Inspections of access 1. Mud to be cleaned offfrom leaving the deposited onto public roads and public roads by public roadssite. roads. Site Foreman during and immediately.

40

Environment l Management Plan for Proposed M ringiin Davaa landfill. Summary TableElement Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective Action

Objective

after wet weather.2. Wheel wash to be

2. Gate keeper to monitor inspected and cleanedthe wheel wash for when out as necessary.cleanout is .equired.

3. Place bindi igmaterials eg. sawdust inmuddy areas to preventbogging.

4. If mud continues to amajor problem, considerimproving access roadsby providing a stablewet weather surface orupgrading the wheelwash.

9. Pest Control To responsibly To limit pests, such as 1. All operational staff are 1. Improve compactionmanage the pest flies, vermin, birds to actively observe if pest of the refuse and cover.numbers. and rodents to numbers are increasing.

acceptable numbers. 2. Place additional coveras required.

3. Ensure promptcovering as required.

4. Undertake fly controlspraying as necessary.

5. Commence rat baitingand other poisons.

_ 6. Corrective action forbirds is the subject of acurrent study.

10. Litter To keep site and Minimise litter 1. Daily appraisal of 1. Place litter fence onControl surrounding areas formation and prevent amount of litter on site downwind side of

clean, tidy and free litter from leaving the and in buffer areas. working face.of litter. site.

2. Litter fences are to becleaned on a dailybasis, boundary securityfences every secondday.

3. More frequentcovering of refuse onwindy days.

4. Improved compactionof working area.

5. Increase thefrequency of cleaningthe litter fences ifrequired.

6. Increase the. frequency of general

litter patrols.11. Fire Control No fires to be on Minimise the risk of 1. All staff to be on the 1. Small above ground

site. fires on site. alert for fires, or signs of fires: use on sitefire. equipment eg. water

^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tanker.2. Staff are to advisepatrons of the No 2. For larger above-Smoking policy. group fires, assess level

_______________ ________________I_ of the fire - for medium

41

Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Moringiin Davaa landfill. Summary TableElement Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective Action

Objectiveto major fires call localfire brigade.

3. Subsurface fireswithin the refuse moundwill require excavationto expose thecombustion forsubsequentextinguishing.

12. Visual To isolate the To ensure that landfill 1. Monthly inspection of 1. Bunds to be installedBarriers landfill from public bunds are installed at the barrier extent, mound in accordance with the

viewing to the the correct time and construction and development plan forgreatest practicable that mounds and associated moundlbuffer the landfill.extent. buffer areas are vegetation where

maintained. appropriate.

2. Inspections of buffer 2. Additional vegetationand barrier vegetation to be planted in buffersfollowing bushfires or and on sight moundsother acts of God. when necessary.

3. Increase the height ofthe sight barriers ifpracticable to shield thepublic's view.

13. Odour To prevent No offensive odour to 1. Daily appraisal of odour 1. Locate the source ofControl offensive odour be recorded at at the site boundary. the odour and cover as

emissions from the perimeter boundary. ('Smell' test by the Site soon as possible. If it issite. Foreman prior to entering a previously worked

the site proper, and area of the site (diffuseparticularly the working source), then additionalface.) cover may be requiredIf ongoing complaints are to limit odour escape.received, then theManager, Waste 2. A truck carryingManagement will also suspected odoursappraise the odour. refuse is to be directed

to that part of the landfill2. The Site Foreman is to where the refuse can beensure that the width of buried immediately.the working face is keepto a minimum. 3. Reprofile the landfill

to avoid ponding.3. Operators are toensure that refuse is 4. If necessary adeposited in the correct detailed dour studylocation and the could be undertaken.appropriate action istaken, eg. immediate, 5. If landfill gas is theburial of condemned food. odour source, flare or

reuse the collected gasprior to venting toatmosphere.

14. Landfill Gas To be responsible To collect the gas and 1. Site Foreman to 1. If the gasControl to manage landfill manage it so as to monitor the health of the concentration remains

in accordance with avoid explosion risks, revegetation on a monthly within the explosivethe requirements of vegetation imDacts basis. range, notify thethe time. and odour complaint! I Manager, Waste

Management and theCouncil Safety Officer.

2. Prevent access to theaffected part of the siteif it cannot be safetyvented.

3. If the flora is stunted

42

Environment l Management Plan for Proposed M ringiin Davaa landfill. Summary TableElement Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective Action

Objectiveor dying, replant smallerspecies or thicken thelocal cover. SeeVegetation.

15. Internal Minimise Ensure best practice 1. Weekly inspections of 1. Check litter fencesRunoff contamination of approach to local stormwater drainage are located suitably toManagement internal runoff maintaining water system, to check that all control litter entering

quality of internal disturbed areas drain to runoff flows.runoff. the collection pond.

2. Minimise areas2. Monitor stormwater disturbed eg. acceleratequality within the site revegetation process.above and below theworking area. 3. Reduce erosionUndertake this monitoring potential in diversionin association with the channels and bunds byexternal catchment revegetating to limitmonitoring program and sediment intrusion intousing the same runoff flows.parameters.

4. Enlarge, desludge orrelocate the collectionpond at the west exit.

5. Desludge allcollection channels anddrains leading into thestormwater pond.

16. Internal Prevent Ensure runoff quality 1. Undertake the above 1. Investigate leachateRunoff contamination of is similar to runoff tests on an annual runoff control system to ensureManagement internal runoff from water quality entering basis, until the that leachate surfacePost Closure rehabilitated areas. site. complementary leachate springs are not flowing

testing confirms that the into the surfacelandfill is benign. drainage system.

17. Leachate To minimise No leachate leaving 1. Monitor leachate 1. Ensure goodMinimisation amount of leachate the site. production rates at compaction and

produced. storage /evaporation coverage of refuse.pond.

2. Ensure diversion of2. Inspect downstream of internal stormwatersite for leachate seepage flows.on a weekly basis andfollowing wet weather. 3. Ensure minimum final

grade of 6%.

4. Acceleraterevegetation ofcompleted areas thislimiting infiltration.

5. Install collectionand/or treatment systemfor management ofexcess leachate, suchas pumping to irrigationareas.

18. Safety To operate the site To operate in a safe 1. Monthly statistics 1. Ensure that thein accordance with working environment. recording accidents. accident cannot bethe appropriate repeated.Safety standards 2. Investigate the cause ofand Government any accidents that may 2. Train staff in anyRegulations. have occurred. skills that may have

been identified aslacking.

I__________________________________ ____________________________________________ 3. Train junior staff to be43

Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Moringiin Davaa landfill. Summary TableElement Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective Action

Objectiveable to takeover safetyresponsibilities whenother members of staffare absent.

44

B1 Executive Summary

1B1.1 Summary of Key ElementsThis Environmental Impact Assessment concludes that only minor controls a,e requiredparticularly during the c onstruction stage to ensure that the proposed reservoir at Hailaastis environmentally sound

The Project proposes to construct a water supply reservoir on a hilltop on the northern side of theHailaast Ger area. Construction of the reservoir and the transmission pipeline from the North East(Dari Ekh) reservoir is programmed for 1997. The main environmental impacts are during theconstruction stage and these can be controlled

The site geology has been investigated by borehole drilling across the site

A borehole was drilled at the site to a depth of 3.30 metres which was 400mm into bedrock.

The existing environment is already disturbed

There is now virtually no vegetation on the site, and the site is already disturbed in terms ofvehicles and foot traffic therefore the impact on flora and fauna will be insignificant.

Balanced earthworks construction proposed

The cut and fill construction will require minimal importing of fill material or the export of spoilmaterial from the site

An environmental management plan has been developed for the site

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covers all phases of the development frompreconstruction to operation and maintenance. The main element of the EMP is a checklist forproblems relating to construction and operations particularly for soil erosion/silt run off.

45

B2 Introduction

B2.1 GeneralThe Project, on behalf of the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar proposes to build a concrete water supplyreservoir at Hailaast approximately 7 km to the North o& the city.

The reservoir would be constructed in 1997 and would be operational in 1998. A second similarreservoir is planned for construction in 2002.

B2.2 Approvals ProcessRefer A2.2

46

B3 Description of Proposal

B3.1 Site LocationThe proposed site at Hailaast is located approximately 7 km by road north of Ulaanbaatar by road.Fig B3.1 - Locality Plan shows the location of the site in relation to the central business district ofUlaanbaatar.

The proposed site is approximately 0.12 ha in area.

B3.2 Property DescriptionThe property has no legal description (refer to clause A3.2)

B3.3 The Proposed Use of the SiteThe site is proposed to be used for the construction and operation of a concrete water reservoir.In addition, pipelines to and from the reservoir with necessary valves will also be installed.Figure B3.2 - Site Plan shows the reservoir and pipelines proposed for construction.

B3.4 Planning ContextThe proposed site does not come under any land use planning legislation. There are no dwellingson the site or within 200 metres of the site and no involuntary resettlements are necessary.

47

B4. Construction and Operation of the ReservoirThe reservoir will be constructed in reinforced concrete and it will be buried with a minimum of 1.0metre thickness of soil cover for insulation. The cut and fill earthworks will ensure that there is norequirement for importing earthworks or exporting spoil material from the site. The maincomponents of the reservoir are shown in Figure 84.1.

B4.1 Reservoir Size and CapacityThe reservoir dimensions will be 24 metres long by 14 metres wide by 4.3 metres high. Thecapacity will be approximately 1500 cubic metres. It is proposed that this storage capacity will beincreased to 3000 cubic metres with the construction of an additional identical reservoir whenrequired by Ger area population demand.

B4.2 Final LandformThe final landform on completion of construction will be very similar to that existing prior toconstruction. No part of the reservoir will be visible with the exception of the tops of the ventilationpipes. The proposed cut and fill construction is shown in Figure B4.2.

B4.3 Reservoir OperationThe reservoir operation consists of the receipt of water via the transmission main, storage for upto 24 hours and the distribution to the Ger areas of Dambadaarja, Chingeltei, Hailaast, Denjiin,and Zuraght. The transmission of water from the pumping station will be controlled automaticallyby telemetry with electrode sensors set at pre-determined levels to start and stop the pumps. Inthe event of failure of the telemetry system, and the continued running of the pumps, excess waterwill flow out the overflow pipe into the outlet drain. This drain leads to an existing scoured gully.The outlet of this drain will be provided with concrete and rock scour protection.

The site will be enclosed with a 1.8 metre high chainwire fence and a security guard will be postedat the site in a guard house at all times to prevent unauthorised entry to the reservoir compound.

The reservoir will require cleaning from time to time to remove the silt build-up and to clean theinternal walls. This requires emptying the reservoir by allowing the level to drop to the bottomwater level and then opening the scour valve to completely drain the reservoir to allow access bymaintenance staff. These operations will not result in any silt or other matter being deposited intothe outlet drain. Any silt or other matter will be removed by truck from the site.

48

B5 Existing Environment

B5.1 Soils and GeologyThe proposed reservoir site is located in hilly country. The hill is at the southern end of a ridge,either side of which the Ger areas of Hailaast and Chingeltei are situated. The reservoir position isapproximately 40 metres to the south of the hill top and the top water level (TWL) will be EL 1470(Approximately 9 metres below the top of hill level) The finished level of the soil cover over thereservoir will be a further two metres higher than TWL at EL 1472. The hillside gradients are 14to the south, 19 to the west and 15.6 to the east.

The geological description of the site is Paleozoic Carboniferous - 2.9 metres of eroded shaletogether with sand and gravel overlay the basement rock which is dense shale. Test drilling overthe site by was carried out by the Building Design Institute and details are provided in Figure B5.1- Geotechnical Investigation.

B5.2 Climate in Hailaast

The climate description is based on the data of Takhilt meteorology station which is located about2 km from the proposed Hailast water reservoir. The average temperature of January is -21.6 0C -the absolute minimum temperature is -46.0°C and the annual average is -1.3 "C. The monthlyaverage of the warmest month, July is +1 6.7C and the absolute maximum is +35 C.

From mid May daily average temperatures are generally above 1 0°C. From mid October dailyaverage temperatures are generally below 00C. Total daily average air temperature above IC is+20.07'C, total daily average air temperature below 'C is -27.020C .

Average soil temperature in January is -270C with an absolute minimum temperature of -500C. InJuly the average soil temperature is +23C with an absolute maximum soil temperature of +60°C.

The annual average depth of precipitation is 260mm, and 94% of this occurs in the period fromApril to October. The duration of precipitation is highly variable.

Stable snow cover usually begins in November, however it be as late as October. In spring fromlate March to early April the snow melts. The average number of snow days is 110 per year. Theaverage thickness of snow is 10-13 cm but sometimes it can reach 20-30 cm.

The average wind speed is 1.8 m/s. The predominant wind direction is from the north-west with40.3% frequency. The maximum recorded wind speed is 28 m/s. The annual average number ofdays with wind more than 15m/s is 10 days, however it can reach 30 days. The annual averagenumber of dust days is 30-35 days and snow/wind days is 12 per year.

49

B5.3 FloraThe following vegetation is found within this site - thin hairy sand wort, Chinese stellera,heteropappus, fringed sagebrush, changed wormwood, large headed wormwood etc, thread leafcrazy weed, Lenen fescue, hardy and foot shaped sedge, Altaian chamaerhodos, tarragon,warawaleaf Peashrub, Gobian thyme.

The hills between Hailast and Chingeltei aie located in a medium section of the Daguural-Mongolian region for flora and topographic classification. The Hailast hill is located on the northside of Ulaanbaatar and is classified as a lower hill of eroded rock.

The hillside classifications can be summarised as follows.hl- hill downside. This area grows thin hairy sand wort, Chinese stellera, heteropappus, fringedsagebrush, changed wormwood, largehead wormwood etc. .h2- middle section of hill. The plant cover is generally less than 10% and consists of fringedsagebrush and thread leaf Crazy weed.h3- top side of hill. The plant cover is less than 10% and includes Lenen Fescue, hardish and footshaped sedge, fringed sagebrush, Chinese stellera, heteropappus, Altaian chamaerhodos andtarragon.h4- top of hill. The plant cover is less than 10%. The little vegetation that grows in this topographicclassification includes warawleaf Peashrub, but the main types are thin hairy sand wort, tarragon,Gobian thyme and Altaian chamaerhodos .

Uncommon and rare plants are not indicated.

According to the above list of plants ( for Moringiin Davaa and Hailaast ) there are 40 species from16 plant families. None of these plants are included in the Mongolian Red Book (of rare orendangered species).

B5.4 Fauna

There are no indications of mammals at the site.

The proposed water reservoir area is located on an elevated site. The soils of the area are derivedfrom eroded rock and have pebble and sand filling.

The fauna was defined approximately. There are no mammals. Five species of birds and 17species of insects (from 4 families) were identified as listed below.Birds:1. Hodded Crow2. Domestic Rock Dove3. Tree Sparrow4. House Sparrow5. Black KiteInsects:1. Tenebrionidae1.1. Blaps reflexa1.2. Melaxumia rugibrous1.3. Anatolica allicola2. Coleoptera2.1. Pallasiola absinthi2.2. Scytosoma pygmaea3. Carabidal-Rnauth3.1. Harpalus amplicollis3.2. Harpalus blevicornus3.3. Taphoxenus refleximargo

50

4. Meloidae4.1. Lytta caraganae4.2. Mylabris dashdorzi4.3. Epicauta mongolica5. Curculionide

B5.5 Noise and Air Quality

Noise and air quality values are typical for an undeveloped hilltop located above a ger areasettlement.

B5.6 Archaeology and Cultural History

No features of archaeological or cultural history significance were indicated for the site.

B5.7 Land UseThe main use is residential at greater than 200-300 metres from the site when slopes aresufficiently flat to allow building. Where the slopes are not too steep grazing is livestock isundertaken

B5.8 Visual AmenityThe landscape of the area is predominantly residential. The site is clearly visible from manylocations in the vicinity.

B5.9 Existing Traffic SituationThere is no constructed road to this site. Some vehicles are driven over the hilltop as a short routefrom sections of Hailaast to Chingeltei. A bitumen sealed access road is proposed for constructionin Year 2 (1998) of the project.

51

*~~~~~~~~~~/' I .Ss/e..'

/4 7.

W r5-e1 14. -7A,,74

/4'?!.

/.."s, 7 ~ ~ 7Z~zzz

991/ 4gst.

£.6-R:0w. >^E MONGOL-A: URBANi SERICS REHABILITATIO

/ I

PROJECT^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Govemment of Mongoiia Sinclair Knight Merz, Australia

_Municipality of Ulaanbaatar |The Word Bank D

Sept.1996HAILAAST RESERVOIR FGN

w ~~~~~~~~~~~~GEOTECHNICAL DETAILS B 5.1

g6.. ....l . ...# . 6~

B6. Site Hydrogeology

B6.1 Surface DrainageAs the site is on a hilltop there is no catchment and therefore no surface water runoff.

B6.2 Sub-surface SeepageFrom the geotechnical investigation, the average thickness of weathered shale is 2.9 metres. Noseepage into this layer is anticipated as this would indicate reservoir leakage.

52

B7 Other Impacts

B7.1 NoiseNoise levels will increase during construction with the operation of earthmoving equipment. This isexpected to last about four months.

B7.2 Visual AmenityThe completed reservoir will be buried with the exception of the tops of the ventilation pipes. Asecurity fence and a guard house will be erected on the site. The visual amenity could beimproved with the planting of suitable shrubs and trees.

B7.3 Dust and OdourThere will be some impact of dust from the earthmoving plant and machinery during theconstruction phase. Odour problems could arise if the effluent from the construction camp is notproperly disposed. A standard pit latrine with insect screens and venting will be sufficient for thispurpose.

B7.4 Soil Erosion and Silt RunoffSoil erosion and silt runoff during construction operations can be prevented with the use of silttraps such as hay bales to prevent any erosion or loss of silt material from the site. This item willneed to be closely supervised by the contractor foreman and checked by the Construction ProjectManager.

53

B8 Environmental Management PlanThe purpose of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to address the various stages ofconstruction and operation of the reservoir. The EMP can be read in isolation from the EIA and itforms part of the operations manual which should be prepared prior to commencement of thereservoir operations.

54

Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Water Storage Reservoir,Hailaast: Summary Table

Element Policy Performance Monitoring Corrective* Objective Action

Soil To ensure no No erosion on Contractor to 1. Contractor toErosion / erosion or silt site or adjacent provide Soil fully restoreSilt Runoff runoff from site to Site shall erosion and silt- any effects of

occurs. occur as a runoff erosion and siltresult of prevention run-off.reservoir management 2. Hay bales toconstruction plan Prior to be placed inoperations commencement drainage gullies

of construction to prevent anyworks erosion / silt

run-off.Dust and To prevent Excessive Daily appraisal 1. Water theOdour excessive dust / dust/odour not of dust/odour source area of

odour from being to be recorded generation via dust.generated from at Site inspections 2. Ensure thatSite boundaries Contractors

latrine operationis sanitary andto be upgradedto necessarystandards.

Traffic To prevent All traffic and Contractor to be Any complaintsexcessive noise plant to operate provided with regarding out ofto residential only during Government hours workingareas working hours regulations to be

regarding investigated.allowable Emergencyworking hours works to be

excepted.Safety All construction To operate Monthly 1. Ensure that

works to be in within a safe statistics the accidentaccordance with working recording cannot bethe appropriate environment accidents repeated.safety standards 2. Train staff inand Government any skillsregulations identified as

lackingSecurity a) Construction a) No a) All staff to be 1. Ask

Site to be unauthorised alert for trespassers tosecurely fenced persons allowed trespassers? leave.at all times on Site 2. Report any

ongoing.Vandalism

55

Element Policy Performance Monitoring CorrectiveObjective Action

b) Operation of b) No b) Security 1. Trespassersreservoir to be unauthorised guard to be to beunder secure persons to be provided at Site apprehendedconditions at all allowed into on 24 hour/day and the mattertimes. compound at basis. referred to

any time police2. Ensure thatmethod of entrycannot berepeated

0

56

Reservoir To limit erosion of Erosion of USAG staff 1. Concrete /overflow existing gully to existing gully monitor rock works toerosion occur as a result not to be overflow drain limit erosion0 of reservoir increased outlet at any 2. Repair /

overflow excessively time overflow improveduring reservoir /scouring occurs concrete /rockoverflow/ erosionscouring protection.operations 3. Provide hay

bales silt trapsas required.

57

References

1. Contreau-Levine S., 1996 Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria -Transportation, Water and Urban DevelopmentDepartment, World Bank Infrastructure Notes;Washington, USA.

2. Environmental Assessment, 1991 Operational Directive 4.01: EnvironmentalAssessment; World Bank Operational Manual

3. Glen J., 1991 Sorting the Mix at Materials Recycling Facilities;Biocycle', Pages 30, 35, 36, and 68.

4. Japanese InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA), 1995 The Study on Water Supply System in Ulaanbaatar

and Surroundings

58

Appendix I Mongolian Government Resolution No 165 - Restricted Area Bio-Complex

O'

*'~~~~~~~~~~~~~5

GOVERNMENT OF MONGOLIA RESOLUTION

No. 165

23th Sept, 1994 Ulaanbaatar

Ref: Restricted area

This resolution prepared for implementing 5th item 5th paragraph of third part ofMongolian livestock genetic lund anid health lrotectoni law. Mongolian GovernmentDecrees .

1. to consider as restricted zone 20 ha of land owned by Bio..complex and cenitralveterinary chemist and pharmacy control state laboratory, wxhich provide productionand survey using infectious, bactenrun and viriuses

2. to order to Mr. Uuld ( Minister of F&A) and to Mr. .Baajwijav (Mayor) to sAt uprestrictioTs detailed boundaries of Bio complex aind Centraf.veterinary chemist andphaimady control state laboratory;

3 to approve stateimnts of resiricted zone and provrde foI1o. by Bio complex aiwdCentral wterinary chernist anrd pharmacy contr6l state laboitory with4them;

?Mongoliari,Governm-iit Prime Ministr-- PJa.ai

Miistcr ofMinisty ofFoodandAgricu ' . - Ts.4l1.d

..0, -. '

* Appendix 11 Correspondence Received

6

60

MINIS'I'RY of FOOD nd AGRICULTURE

BIO COMPLE X30 tlh May 1996 No.79 Solnginlo

Telephone 326642

To: Mr.Baasanjav Mayor of city.Ref: Prohibitioni ofvetcriuary

Bio complex located in Songino and it is only one institution in Mongolia wlicil providesapProximately 70 items (total cost 450-500 million tug.) animal and livestock illnesstesting, prevention, productioni and sale bio clemists.

In tbe receit ycars, according to the resolution A/5 1/12 of Ministry of food aildagriculture, Ministry of health onj the base ottthis complex tlhcre are producing l3 namesof- necessary chelnists for lhuman i-ecovcry, wfiich havc bought from forcign countries.

We are workilg ill s7ecial conditions wiih infectious bacteenum and viruses, so ourproduction environment mu. be very clean amd area slould be restricted. TlereforeMonigolian Govexnment approved in 1994, 165 resolution to establish restricted zone withspecial rles, and was given direction to Mr. Uuld (Miuistcr of F&A) and to Mr.Baasanjav (Mayor ) to set up restriction's boundaries. -

However, since 1970 Ilan-uul duurog has co]lectcd organic aad non-organic wasLe in frontof Bio conplex on distance OOm, which against Mongolian genealogy hea#t protectionlaw and Governrment resolution No. 165. Several times we tried to solve this problem, butstill have not done certain works for tlhm. Thereforeo wc consider neccssary to infonn youabout this problem for following reasons:1. taking in account Mongolian weather condition, in wind 4m/c all waste pitched incomplex fence2. After rai, a?l wastage flow down to the complex fence making mechanic pollutioin,whlich affects negatively to product's quality..It cause possi1le disease of livestock.We believe that you will help to remove disposal site, which wfll result followingteclinology process, protectioni human and livestock health,. iucreasiing food supply..

Chairman Doxjsambuu.

I(haan Uul Duureg, Chairman office

Attn: Mr. Baasanjav, Mayor of Ulaanbaatar

Date: 22 th June ,1996

Ref: Proposed landfill site in Moriugija Davaa

According to your order we sent to Moriulgiin Davaa autlhority people who madc thefoNowing summinary and calculation conceining landfllU sites..

Introduction

Date: 22 th Jwie ,1996

Due to Govemnment resolution No. 165 from 1994 the lan.d owned by Bioco'jilex wasestablished as a rcstrictcd zone ofIlie complex.

In April 1996 was set up the teniporaly board of rcstrictgd zone'and existing landfill sitewas included J' this board. SiMnce 1970 this site have used as a sanitaiyiadfill Site wherewas done coveing and trilnin! nf .tnlid iuf. lut 1 b' radw -wator Aand wviul wnstt; .uiwnes.

W doM which cause pollution of complex surrouiding. Theref6if Bio complex has sentrequest letters to Maypr's offce to replace this sit&.

Authority from Khaaui Uui du4ireg's secrctarial office, 1-uuts comipany, GMC and B3ioompnzlex members ri"oted that tiie exiting la'ndfill site cause negativc effects to qiiality ofchemists and health condition 'of hu'an and livestock Number ohivestock in tlfis areaabout 7 000. People who liveill this area have disturb thexcstricted zolne rules.

We have proposed some icsggstions to Mr.Byambai (iGelealmadiagesrof city) aInl Mr3adambaa ( Gene-al Arclhitect) based oni the.'abovc situation:

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d .:, ,.huierserl,-n

1. 1i case if the MUSRP supported by World Bank wll nuide cOapijhcusive research andestimtes anid this project will be implemented in the short tenn, the existing lhnidfill site.can be remaiaed.

2. If tiis couldnt be solvedI inlmediately landfill site of city, exisitng site in Moiiugiindavaa slhould be removd Io "Urt sair" temporari wlhcre need tu, set up road for thetrucks, to build fenic, locate duty J guard. This new site should be located jiot inore than 2kh. from existinig site and nmsi be cnyironmetally clean.According Huuts companVs calculation trimnming and coveritig by surrface existing latdfillsite will cost 3.1 million; developinig of new site will cost 0.6 rnilioni tuSg

APPENDIXNUUTS COMPANY

20th Jlune,1996 No.38 Ulaanbaatar

To: KIiAN UUI, DIST'RICT CHAIRMAN OFFICE,Ref: Estimation of Costs to close Morinlgii laIndfill site

lotal size of upper anid down 2 fields have been used by Nuuts company:50 x 80= 4000 m2

To cover up with 0,25cm: thin earth 4 000 m2 field iieed 1000 m3-3 carth,1 m3 eardl cost is'.1400 tug.

so 1000 x 1400 =1,4 million tug.

2: To press 34000 n13 collected in tde 14275 m2 field ncarby tlie site need

34000 x 50 tug.= 1,7 niillion tug.

3. Minium estimation of cost for transferng fence, tractor and auditor board neods600000 tug.

Total cost is 3700, thousand tug.

Th1e new disposal sitc is not proposed, will be used Ulaan Chuluutiin landfill se.^

Director, D.Daiandorj

Aocording to the calculationi made by GMC due to iincrcasing the distance petroleum costper truck will increase 252 tug.; if 14 trucks will transfer waste twice a day addition costof service will 1,9 million tug. ( see apnendix)

3. Solve the problem of population and livestock in this restricted area witl autlhorityinstitutions.

4. According tile Governmcjit resolution No. 165 the finial vcrsion of the limited board ofrestricted zone for Bio complex should be decided takiug into attention district'sproposals.

Wrtten by D.Baata.av

invironment control department of UMaanbaatar

Date: May, 1996 :No.55 . aJlaanbaatar_ ., . . .. . rei!epbhonc ,23Y ':

T'.Mayor!s office - . .5, ..

Rce i4plyto 3 /389 document ..

hOpOid aew Mdil siie ided to ihe is -oto o(i gplx.E s ais .

water ded area with raviiies. Bottom sid- of ravties was used 4 i sand c 1areer whi[.

was trunwed and: restored. 'W agree with idea of openinguew disposal site ifprojetwill involve expcrtise sunMaxy which wil be based on fllowigmg es conipleteusc exstig disposl site and Irestorey rocess will be;iande in b a ;SOlv daiage:probki .fuUy usage sand deposit between x'avinesi adopt new teci,ology and equipmentwhic uil notpollute nature; bet.vee.. . ' e

Chairnan -N. Auysh,av:f.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .

*~~~~~~~Clnnn ...- NAyha

i Appendix IlIl Geotechnical Test Results and Test Pit Locations

1

61

x x w *~~~L

:25 0

Gcotechnical stnnmary report In Moringlin davaa

Ulaanhbaaar, 1996

General director: B.Ariunsan

Technical leader B.DoljinExecuter: T6.Uochinkhuu

Description of area:

a/ Location: Disposal site is located in the west south side of UB about 35 kn, in east side of sand quarry ofBiocomplex. This area called Moriiin davaa. *

bl Geology: The basement of the study area is saldstone of Carbou period, which covered by gavel with sand,sandy loam, boulder of Quaterary period , as a diluviumn and eluvimn.

cl Geomorphology: Low hiUs with U formed relief. this area gcologically wzjt deformedL This area hid been cuE withiravines and covered with thing soil.

d/ Hydrogeology:. Investigation drilling work in tdis area didin't xidicae soil water, till 6.0 m1 n, August'1996!.

.'ie results of soil tesiing in this area.

. 1. All types of soil which occurs in.-tis area was tested experimentally in laborazoy. 'TIere are top soil.equally coversal territory with thing layer.

2. Diluvium gravel with sand filling occuis all territory I refcr Appendix/ There are soil witi equal contents ofcompositionsi", small humidity and with density coinditon. The compositiou of soil cont of gravel - 57,9%, saa37,0%, silt - 4,0.%, clay - 1 1%. Filtration coefficieit was definied experimntallnLas a 30-35mlday.'The category of earth work' by hand excavation is -IV, by plant excavation is'- IV, with thawing conditioix

3. Gravel with brawn colorcd sand filling is the main eleinent.of te soil and the composition of soil defined as a'gravel -70.2%, sand -24.3%. silt -3.3%5 ad clay -2.2%. Fltration coefficient is 0.5-O.625n1day. In thawing conditionthe category of earth excavation by hand is V 151 and by plas are V. Humidity limited flow is 0.171, plasicity is0.62 and limited humidity.is 0.120.

4. Eroded rock basemeut. Blue grey colored sandstone covers all ierritory of the site. The category of earth work is V5. Gravel with light orange colored clayloam filling was indicated on tdie west side of dis ar, near borehole No.2/refer appenidix 3, 6/. The soil omposition are: gravel - 70.7%, sand - 18.6%, silt - 5.1%, clay - 5.6%. in thawingcondition. In thawing condition the category of earhd) work by hand excavation is -IV, by plt excavation is - IV.

Developed by, Ts,Uchilkhuu.

.0 LAppendix IV Ministry of Nature and Environment - Environmental Impact

Summary Assessment

0

62

0Ministry of Nature and Enviroinment

No.4/852

Date: 26th July 1996Ulaanbaatar

To: Mayor s Office

We have studied the Urban Service Rehabilitation Project and prepared summary assessmentaccording to Decree No.121 of 1994 "Project's Environmeut impact assessment rules"..

We are informing that the project needs detailed environment impact assessment for waterreservoirs and development new landfill disposal sites.

State Environment Control Department O.Gonson

J*

.

Environment impact summary assessment implementation notice.

20th July 1996 Ulaanbaatar

Project No. 96059

Thle project brief description

Project Mongolian Urban Service Project

Location Ulaansbaatar

Executor of the project Municipality of'Ulaanbaatar

Project executor 's address,project description,capacity:

The total cost of the project will be 31 million US$ andMunicipality of Ulaanbaatar will be the implementing agency

-which wil cooperate with Mongolian Government, Ministryof I&astnac.ture Development and World Bank. he projectentails improving of community services, Gandan, Dari-Ekh,Denjiin, Yanuag, Nisekh, Naran, Baian kboshuu, Sbar khadand Tolgoit ger area water supply, infrastructure upgrading,improving health standards, upgrading of public bath houses,constnction of drainage, installation of water meters andreducing water wastage and leakage, number of options fordeveloping landfill disposaL sites, improvig of solid waste

L collection an4 transportation.

Assessment summary

Imnplomentation of this projcct will nuLt auAx negadvely fbr The environment, it could eliminate andreduce possible negative influences, therefore the project should be implemented.

The project needs detailed environment impact assessment for water reservoir and development newlandfill disposal sites.

Environment impact summary assessment was based on:

l.Preliminary design report, MUSRP -phase 2, voluume 1,22. Institutional and action plan,3. Finance aspects4. Municipality requist No. 3/471 to-provide project Environment impact assessmenit, dated 9 July1996

Bases of the Environment impact assessment:

1. Select onie ofproposed options for new solid waste site and water reservoir, to provide feasibilitystudy for them2. define exact location of new solid waste site and reservoir, determinate Environment impactassessment of project.

Other aspects:

1. The project need to work with organizations and their staff which control environment protectionand effective natural resource usage legislation.

2. Detailed assessment report is required to be assessed and receive fial decision concerningenvironment aspects.

Assessment made by:

Senior Offlcer L.Dolgormaa

Assessment approved and will be implemented by:

On behalf of the project implementation teamn

General Architect, MUSRP Regulatory Board member T.Jadambaa

a Appendix V Water Quality Test Results

a

63

Chemical results of water testing 1996 Table 1

Loc4ton Sourc A+K pH- Hardne.* .Main-coslions. -mgA, mg/ec - Corn .of pllut. Alkle_ - m mg_/ecv. N-+K Ca Mag Cl S04 HCO3 NH4 NO NO Fe/Fe

1 Daii Ekh SoIi¶ 378.10 7.02 4.8 2.7110.2 67f62.62 171/27. 33.7t17.76 7930.84 167.8151. 0.2 0.1 n.i nAl* 6.722 Domn sbearm of Dad Ekh Suiing 640.10 7.09 6.1 55/2.39 10615.3 9.7/0.8 37.3/1.05 89.711.87 341.615.6 0.6 0.2 n.i n.i 5.63 Ulaan chuuut Spring 453.27 7.11 4.7 33.3(1.45 68/3.4 15.91.3 3210.9 62.5/1.3 24113.95 0.5 0 n.i rd 3.68Yarna Borehol 135.80 7 1 19.0.85 140A7 3.7/0.3 7.1/0.2 13.2M.75 54.0.9 n.1 nI r 0.35 1.6

; Sand quwTy of Blo comrle_ Well 314.24 7.18 3.2 23.9/1.04 50/2.5 8.5M.7 16/0.45 65.811.37 149.5/2.4 0.5 0.1 n.1 n.l 1.76

___ _ H me_t_ _ ___ s mg

. >~~~~~~~~c Mn Ni lCu Zn Br iSr Gd _. Au H9 Pb As ISIDari Eheg2 - <0.075 <0.083 0.1 _m On.

Dnsbwmn of Dad Eldi 0.77 0.1 0.054 <a=2 MOB 0,15 .0.62 1.62 0.0B1 <0.067 0.1 nA IrLi________ _A _0736<Q033 <on 0.034 c0.0;1- 0.08 . 0.08 0.52_ .. .12_ c00073 c0 062 0.1 n.i Ini

Ymag 0.05 0.05 0.17 0.0 0.1- .D5 0.08 <0.588 n.1 _- nAi nlS__d___u _of_Bio_o_pl_D.025j003 3 0.046 0.37 0.81 1 n. <0. 8 n.1 n.li

-N-t-:-i - n -t.-n-a .d

Note: n.j - not indlcated

-~~~~~~~~ ' ! '

The specific pipes and valves which need replacement have not been identified in this Phase2 study, but it is understood that USAG have some indication of which are the weak links,and with field testing could identify specific items.

Therefore it is recommended:

* Weak pipe links and valves around the north eastern areas be gradually replaced as part of aregular maintenance program to enable ihe upper source to be utilized for general improvement ofpressures in the city network. It is understood that pipe segments at present are designed forworking pressure of 100 to 120 meters pressure, but in practice break down at around 60 to 80meters head. For valves it is not known what is the actual maximum pressure which the valvescan withstand.

Identification of the weak links, valves, etc. should be undertaken under a separate program andpossibly seek assistance from foreign donor agencies and be included with a leak detectionprogram. The weak links could include, old pipes segments, valves, and pipe joints (butt weldedsteel pipe joints, caulked joints).

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