DA WASA ADDENDUMEnvironmental Imnpact Assessment

Z DAWASAThe united RL7blik of Ttitziuli DAR WATEP & SEWEAGE AUTH El 1Y

The United Republic of TanzaniaMinistry of Water

Dar es Salaam Water & Sewerage Authority

E688

DAR ES SALAAM January 2003WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ADDENDUM

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT

Revised Aft

(January 2003)

ELMCREST- MAK PROJECT

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DA IVASA ADDENVDUAMEnvironmental Impact Assessment

ADDENDUM TOENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

DAR ES SALAAM WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Page

1. GENERAL 1

2. SUMMARY OF EIA 12.1 Background 12.2 Project Objectives 12.3 Project Description 22.4 Ambient Environmental Conditions 32.5 Socio-economic and Demographic Conditions 52.6 Public Health 52.7 Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigations 62.8 Recommendations 10

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 11

4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN 164.1 General 164.2 Consultations with Relevant Stakeholders 164.3 Local Disclosures 16

APPENDICES1. Comments and Responses on Draft EIA Report2. NEMC's Observations / Recommendations and Responses3. Draft Advertisement for Disclosure of EIA Report4. Environmental Review Summary ERS

ELAICREST- VANK PROJECT

DAIVASA ADDENDUAEnvironmental Inmpact Assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1. GGENERAL

This is Addendum to the Final EIA Report for the DAWASA Water Supply and Sewerage Project,which was submitted on 25th March 2000 having obtained and incorporated comments from allthe co-financiers and relevant government agencies such as the Vice President's Office, which arepresented in Appendix 1. Some of the comments required additional resources by the Consultantas a result they were covered under the 'Additional Assignment', which covered the World Bank'ssafe guard policies, Deepening and Segmentation of the Ponds for improved effluent quality, andExtension of sewers in Kariakoo area where onsite disposal systems do not function well becauseof overcrowded population.

On 17~h May 2002, comments from NEMC dated 30m July 2002, resulting from a workshop heldon 13 th July 2001, the participants of which were staff from DAWASA, University of Dar esSalaam, NEMC, Vice President's Office, and government Ministries. Many of the observationswere related to design and have been covered in the design report. A few observations fromNEMC however were not covered in the terms of reference of the consultancy work. Appendix 2presents the Consultant's responses to NEMC's observation related to environmental relatedissues.

This Addendum comprises: Summary of the EIA Report, Environmental Management Plan andPublic Consultation and Disclosure Plan, draft copies of which are presented in Appendix 3 and 4for action to be taken by DAWASA.

2. SUMMARY OF EIA

2.1 BACKGROUND

The EIA Report assesses the environmental and social implications of the rehabilitation andupgrading of existing water supply and sanitation infrastructure under Dar es Salaam Watersupply and Sanitation Project, DAWASA as sponsors and supported by fundings from IDA,AfDB, AFD and EIB.

The proposed programme seeks to rehabilitate the existing water supply and sewerage systemwhich do not function optimally and hence currently impose very serious socio-economic andpublic health constraints, particularly on the poorer sections of society living in unserviced andunplanned squatter communities in the urban and pen-urban areas of Dar Es Salaam. Such areasare closely associated with a high incidence of water related diseases. On environmental andpublic health grounds there is little dispute that the provision of a safe and quantitatively securewater supply for Dar Es Salaam and a reduction in levels of exposure to contaminated supplieswill bring clear benefits to an urban population of 3 - 5 million people.

The Government has already initiated important legislative reforms, and through the formation ofDAWASA has provided for the integration of water supply and sewerage under a single authority.As a Public Granting Authority DAWASA is now seeking to appoint a private operator to providewater and sanitation services to the City.

2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The central objective of the present project is to undertake preliminary work to rehabilitate theDar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authorities (DAWASA) infrastructure and associated facilitiesto a minimum working level. The proposed rehabilitation is a pre-condition that must be met priorto award of a private sector contract to operate and manage the water supply and sewageutilities for the city. Subject to endorsement of the present programme, a private operator willbe appointed to update and enhance the provision of services, and to establish a framework that

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DAWASA ADDENDUM

Enm rroninenmal Impact Assessment

can lead to significant long term improvements in living conditions for the majority of the urbanpopulation.

2.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The present project has evolved from studies, recommendations, and proposed investmentpackages undertaken between 1977 and 1995. The most recent report to outline all the projectedrehabilitation and expansion work for the Dar es Salaam Water Supply system, necessary to meetanticipated demand up to the year 2015, was carried out in 1995 and funded by the AfricanDevelopment Bank (Howard Humphreys/African Development Bank 1995).

The currently proposed works for the rehabilitation of the water supply and sewerage networkare based on analysis of detailed design recommendations under the above study supplementedby additional surveys of existing facilities under the present project. The critical areas forrehabilitation take full account of the further deterioration of the systems since the preparation ofthe original studies, and identify opportunities for:

* Qualitative improvements to treated water supply and wastewater flows* Enhanced capacity and condition of existing infrastructure* Improved security of water supply to unserviced or informally serviced areas* A reduction in existing blockages and diversion of contaminated or untreated wastewater

flows to surface water bodies and groundwater.

The proposed contract packages will be undertaken over a 3-5 year programme, and will includethe following components.

PROJECT COMPONENT FACTORS/REHABILITATION ACTXVMESWater Supply ComponentsI water Treatment Plant The rehabilitation of Lower Ruvu, upper Ruvu and Mtoni treatment piants to bnng

Rehabilitation performance and capacity up to original design levels. Includes repairs andupgrading of clarifiers, dosing facilities, and sludge treatment and disposalcapacity

2 Transmission Mains Remedial action on the transmission lines serving the above 3 treatment facilitiesaimed at leak reduction and formalisation of illegal connections. The replacement

__________________________ of 6 Kms of raw and treated water transmission line at upper Ruvu.3 Service Reservoirs Minor repairs to concrete and fittings at Kimara and university reservoirs and

__________________________ constructon of new 5,00om 3 tank for Mbezi area4 Distribubon Mains The reinforcement of an estimated 52 Kms of distnbution mains and a new

reinforcements distribution system for Mbezi area.Sewerage Components5 Sewers and Pumping Mains An estimated 14 Kms of sewers and 300+ manholes require rehabilitation

(cieaning and removal of blockages) and 10 km of sewer extension in the denselypopulated area of Kariakoo. Identification of collapsed and damaged sectons tobe determined by CCTV Control and diversion of existing flows to surface watersand public areas.

6 Sewage Pumping Stabons Repair and replacement of E. and M. equipment in 15 pumping stabons.

7 Waste Stabilisation Ponds Rehabilitation of the 9 stabilisation pond complexes including repairs to existingembankments, deepening and segmentation of cells, pipe work, desiudging,installation of membranes, fencing, and access road improvement.

8 Sea Outfall Replacement and repair of perforated and leaking sections and fenders, andextension of the outfall by 75 metres to conform to the original designspecification.

9 Buildings and Ancillary General renovation and rehabilitation of existing buildings and ancillaryfacilities infrastructure currently under the authonty of DSSD.

The location and distribution of the respective components of the rehabilitation programme areillustrated in Maps 1, 2 and 3 in Chapter One.

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DA IASA ADDENDUAlErn ironnmental Irnpact Assessnienit

2.4 AMBIENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

In the present context the project area extends from the Ruvu Basin (as the primary source ofwater supply to the urban area) to the urban and pen-urban areas of Dar es Salaam where thebulk of the proposed rehabilitation works will be undertaken. The main characteristics are asfollows:

Water Resources

On the basis of existing abstraction rates and projected urban population growth, the Ruvu waterresource alone will not be able to safely meet the increased demand from the city in the nextdecade in the absence of river regulation. GOT have initiated a number of important interventionsaimed at expansion of supplies, integrated basin management, and improved upper catchmentmanagement. Project alternatives for improved water resources management were evaluated byJICA (1994), and these have now been further refined. Current alternative water resourcedevelopment options include the development of riverside bunded storage or impoundment onthe upper Ruvu aimed at capturing peak wet season run-off, and releasing this through the dryseason.

Based on proposals under the present project to rehabilitate the existing intake and treatmentfacilities with no additional abstraction from either upper or lower Ruvu, the lower Ruvu basin hasadequate supplies to sustain current demand.

Water Quality

The two main surface water sources, the Ruvu, and Kizinga, carry a high-suspended sedimentload. The low alkalinity of raw water at the Treatment plant intakes has implications for thetreatment process, which further reduces alkalinity. Currently, because of failure of equipmentwithin the treatment facilities, the transmission pipes have been corroded and weakened inplaces by leaching of calcareous material. Low levels of treatment and equipment failure haveconsequently resulted in treated water quality that does not comply with the drinking waterstandards. This is compounded by the lack of physical, chemical and bacteriological monitoringdata due to resources constraints.

Stabilisation Ponds - Effluent Quality

Effluent quality is relevant to the current study, both because it indicates the efficiency andcapacity of the treatment/stabilisation ponds, and because the final effluent is discharged to thebroader environment.

Only Vingunguti and Buguruni ponds achieve the desired effluent standards of BOD 20mg/l andFC 1000 nos/lOOml. Lugalo and Kurasini ponds can achieve only the BOD standards and notFeacal Bacteria standards. The remaining ponds Msasani, Ubungo, University, Airwing andUkonga are unable to achieve the required effluent standards.

Ecological Factors

The 1995 EIA of the lower Ruvu water treatment plant concluded that increased abstraction fromthe Ruvu under dry season flows would have adverse effects on the mangrove forests in thelower Ruvu at Bagamoyo. Since that time the Department of Forestry have established aMangrove ecosystem Management Plan (1996) based on 10 primary mangrove zones.

The main pressures on the resource include unlicensed extraction for timber and fuel, thedevelopment of salt works and shrimp farming, and natural events. Based on current proposalsunder which enhanced abstraction is not proposed, this is not therefore considered to be asignificant area of impact.

The Marine Environment

The marine and coastal environment is the receptor of wastewater flows from the existing marineoutfall and the effluent from the waste stabilization ponds in Dar es Salaam city that represents

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DA WASA ADDEVDbAfEnv trotiniental Impact Assessment

the principal disposal route for sewage. The existing 1000-metre outfall discharges outside theharbour and on the edge of the existing deep-water navigation channel. Past investigationsconcluded that significant die off of bacteria before dispersion into the harbour area occurs, andthat repairing the outfall would improve conditions especially after high water when rapiddispersion can occur. Currently major fractures in the outfall within the intertidal zone results inwidespread contamination of the beach in the vicinity of the outfall. Further contamination occursdue to the overflow of sewage pumping stations (e.g. Gymkhana PS) and associated discharges.

Solid Waste Management

The waste management system in Dar es Salaam remains under the authority of the DCCalthough the service has been partly privatised since 1996 when contracts were awarded to 5private operators. The relative success of pnvatised services is probably limited, based onestimated formal disposal volumes discharged to Vingunguti waste disposal site.

The only existing disposal site at Vingunguti is an unlined dump site which receives mixedcommercial industrial, household and municipal waste, delivered either by the DCC and privateoperators or through 'self disposal'. Environmental management of the site is poor and directlyimpacts the local community due to proximity to a densely populated area. The site is clearly nowover capacity and operating procedures are in conflict with appropriate environmental practiceand public health interests. Illegal dumping and self-disposal account for nearly half of the dailysolid waste generation in Dar es Salaam. Recycled waste volumes are understood to be high andaccount for 7%. Based on daily records from Vingunguti site, daily disposal volume to the formaldisposal site is roughly 8% of daily solid waste generation. DCC are planning to reclaim theunused stone quarries in Kunduchi / Tegeta area in the north by converting them into landfillsites.

Industrial waste Management

It is estimated that waste output from the paint and plastics, pharmaceuticals, chemical, metaland petroleum industries comprises some 850 tonnes of solid waste, and more than 2900 tonnesof sludges. Although a high proportion of solid waste generated by these industries is eitherrecycled or transported to the disposal site at Vingunguti, the disposal route for sludges is notidentified. The processes undertaken in the above industrial sectors are associated with thegeneration of a range of pollutants including chromium, copper, cadmium, lead and zinccompounds, hydrocarbons, and halogenated solvents. A significant proportion of these sludgesand/or wastewater are either disposed of through the existing sewerage network, directly tostabilisation ponds, or through discharge to surface water bodies.

The regulation of industrial waste is the responsibility of the DCC, but existing legislation isoutdated, penalties for non-compliance low, and enforcement weak. The disposal of industrialwastewater and sludges to the sewerage system is of concern as some of the compounds act asinhibitors in the stabilisation process, and reduce the efficiency of the existing sewerage system.

Medical and hazardous waste

The treatment and disposal of medical waste in Dar es Salaam is poor. An estimated 44% ofhospitals do not segregate waste. The majority of health facilities use on site disposal methods,while 30% use off site methods. On site disposal constitutes burning and/or burying waste on thehealth facility premises, although only one hospital is currently equipped with a mechanicalincinerator, and most local brick built incinerators do not ensure that this is a safe means ofdisposal for pathogenic material.

The off site disposal route for medical waste is through collection by the municipally contractedPrivate Waste Operators followed by disposal to Vingunguti dump site. This practice is clearly alsounacceptable on environmental and public health grounds in view of the low levels of wastesegregation at source by the health facilities, and the subsequent disposal practices operating atVingunguti.

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DA WASA ADDENDUM

Environnmental Impact Assessment

2.5 SOCIO - ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS

Tanzanian per capita GDP in 1998 was US$210 and GDP growth is estimated to be between 2.7and 3.5%. Dar es Salaam provides around 19-20% of GDP although there has been some declinein this contribution since the 1980's due to the increased importance of the agricultural sector,currently contributing >60% of GDP and a decline in urban industrial development.

Dar es Salaam's rapid population growth is estimated to be 7%. The outcome of this growth hasbeen the proliferation of unplanned and unserviced areas, particularly along the transport andservice corridors (Mogorogoro and Bagamoyo Roads). An estimated 75% of residents live insquatter areas, and 65% of new housing is being built in these areas. Key squatter areas of highpopulation density include Manzese on the Morogoro Road, Temeke and Mbagala in the south,and Buguruni and Vingunguti areas along Nyerere Road.

Conditions in squatter areas vary greatly, but access roads are generally narrow and in very poorcondition, and basic service provision is frequently not available. A number of wards to be servedby the project, in Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni are primarily densely populated, unplanned lowincome areas.

In urban centres, and particularly in Dar es Salaam, a common socio economic categorycomprises male-only households, either single or joint. This forms a specific group of water users,with associated cultural water use patterns. The domestic water supply needs of this group aregenerally catered for by water vendors, due to the cultural taboo of men being seen collectingwater. These groups are obliged to pay the high prices set by water vendors In order to havewater delivered to them.

Poverty and Gender

Women in the urban areas are found to form an increasing proportion of the lowest incomegroups, and bear a disproportionate share of the cost and responsibility for householdmaintenance and child-rearing. Based on the World Bank Poverty Profile (1993), female-headedhouseholds constitute 13.1% of the urban and pen-urban population of Dar es Salaam. In Dar esSalaam, female-headed households represent a particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged group,primarily engaged in the informal sector, in activities that include food vending and brewing,which use large amounts of water and have hygiene implications. When the water supply fails,women are then dependent on water vendors for their supply. Women's expenditure generallygoes towards meeting household and family needs, including health centre and medical costs.For low-income female-headed households, this represents a particularly high proportion of theirincome.

In Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni, water collection represents a significant opportunity cost forwomen in terms of the amount of time required for its collection, and consequent loss ofopportunity for other income earning activities.

2.6 PUBLIC HEALTH

The existing health system in Dar es Salaam has shown progressive deterioration in recent yearsdue to a combination of budgetary and resources constraints, and an expanding urbanpopulation.

Statistics derived from DCC and JICA (1997) indicate that a number of clear and serious publichealth trends have emerged during the 1990's:

* An upward trend from 46-62% of total diseases between 1991 and 1995* An increase in water borne and faecal related diseases from 8-12% of total diseases between

1991 and 1995. Water borne disease may now constitute between 15-20% of recordeddiagnoses in Dar es Salaam. The worst affected areas of the city are Kinondoni and Temeke,and the incidence appears to be closely related to areas with poor water supply andsanitation, where flooding is also a feature.

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DA WASA ADDEiVDUAIEnivironnmental Impact Assessnment

* The types of disease considered here are strongly associated with the conditions arising frompoor water quality, inadequate sanitation, and cross contamination of water supply (mostcommonly shallow wells) by dispersion from pit latrines and leakage within the seweragesystem.

* The low quality of life for the poorest households in the areas of Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoniis reflected in the infant mortality rate. This rate is probably in excess of 140 compared to theofficial national infant mortality rate of 85.

HI V/AIDS

Significant as water related diseases are in the context of the present project, both in relation topublic and occupational health, the health concern of overriding national and regional importanceis the prevalence and growth of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania. This has critical economic,social, demographic and cultural implications for the future of the nation.

At the end of 1997 the estimated number of adults and children infected was 1.4 million (9.42%of the population). In practice, the infection rates vary greatly between communities, agegroups, and socio-economic conditions and range between 0-61%. AIDS is now in manycommunities the principal cause of premature death.

Important high-risk groups of particular relevance in the present study include transient andmigrant labour, and specifically transport and construction workers. In the latter groups,WHO/UNAIDS (1998) report that in the 1991-93 period HIV infection rates were estimated to bebetween 22-31%. This high level of infection is i.a. associated with sexual behaviour amongworkers (such as construction workers for development projects) housed in all-maleenvironments, spending extended periods away from their families.

2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

As is indicated below, the likely impacts arising from the implementation of the current projectare limited and there are very strong environmental and public health grounds for the proposedrehabilitation of the Water supply and Sanitation system of Dar es Salaam to proceed.

2.7.1 Water Supply Interventions

The existing water supply conditions in Dar es Salaam are characterised by insufficient supply tomeet existing demand, and water quality that fails to meet either domestic or international waterquality standards due to limited operational maintenance within the existing treatment facilities,leakage, and cross contamination of supplies. In quantitative terms, unaccounted for losses tothe system represent 50-60% of treated water entering the transmission pipelines supplying Dares Salaam; this is attributed to the widespread use of informal connections within un-servicedcommunities, most notably on the Upper Ruvu transmission line route, and the extensive leaksarising from this practice. Losses are further compounded by flood damage to the pipelinecrossings on a number of rivers, and corrosion in some sections. Further extensive leakageoccurs within the distribution system in the city.

On the basis of surveys undertaken during the present assessment the water supply componentis not expected to generate any negative social impacts. Despite encroachment by individualhouses on to the transmission line buffer zone, these do not occur in the vicinity of proposedrehabilitation works.

Identified impacts in the 1995 study arising from increased abstraction included:* Potentially adverse effects on downstream mangrove and aquatic ecology due to low

flow conditions, and further concerns relating to the disposal of treatment sludge alsounder low flow conditions.

* Constraints imposed upon the system by bivalve (molluscs) settlement in the intakestructures that potentially influences flow capacity.

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DA V,AS,l ADDENDUM

Eni ironmental Impact Assessment

The concerns regarding aquatic ecology are not considered applicable to the present project,which does not propose any expansion of abstraction as proposed in the 1995 study. Theconcerns regarding bivalve settlement will be addressed through modified design specifications atthe intake and improved maintenance. None of the identified impacts are therefore applicable tothe present project.

Positive Impacts

The proposed interventions will generate the following positive impacts:* Water quality will be improved to meet water quality standards through upgrading and

rehabilitating the clarifiers, filtration systems and dosing systems within the treatmentfacilities.

* Rehabilitation of the transmission lines will increase supplies through loss/leakagereduction

* Pollutant discharge from the treatment process will be discontinued resulting in improvedreceiving water quality

* The security of supply to un-serviced squatter areas that currently depend upon illegalconnections will be enhanced through formalising and repairing connections.

* The collective interventions will assist improve public health through a reduction inwaterborne disease.

Negative impacts

Adverse effects will include:* Waste generation (alum sludge) and filter backwash by the treatment facilities at Upper

and Lower Ruvu, and Mtoni, although this is a preferred option environmentally to theexisting practice of returning wastewater and sludge to the river downstream from thetreatment works.

* Construction related impacts, and specifically, short-term noise and dust impacts onadjacent receivers.

MitigationMitigation of adverse impacts associated with the water supply component under this project willbe addressed through the provision of contract conditions that:

* Include on site stabilisation of alum sludge and filter backwash in the proposed lagoonsat the water works. Define working practices,

* Specify consultation requirements* Define monitoring requirements, and actions to be undertaken in the event of non-

compliance

Sustainability of the proposed interventions will be achieved through improved operatingpractices, improved monitoring of source and treated supply, and improved resource utilisation,i.e. no additional water abstraction but sustained increase in supply through loss reduction.

2.7.2 Sewerage Interventions

The existing sanitation system in Dar es Salaam is functioning at only minimal capacity and ischaracterised by constraints that include:

* Blocked and collapsed sewers* Dysfunctional pumping stations (because of the former)* Low levels of efficiency in wastewater stabilisation ponds* Co-disposal of industrial sludge* A fractured main sea outfall discharging to the intertidal zone* Extensive leakage within the sewer system

These conditions promote widespread public health problems, and the existing sea outfalldischarges to the intertidal zone, some 75 metres short of the designed discharge point on theedge of the deep water channel, resulting in contamination of the seashore with untreated waste.

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DA IVASA ADDENDUMEn}iironmental Impact Assessment

Positive Impacts

The rehabilitation programme will improve the efficiency, capacity, and environmentalperformance of the system by:

* Dredging and deepening the stabilisation ponds, and where appropriate sub-dividingthem into additional cells to improve retention time and contaminant neutralisation.

* Reducing leakages and pipe fractures throughout the system (and thereby assisting inreducing sewage contamination of populated areas)

* Repairing and extending the sea outfall to comply with original design specifications, andcorrespondingly reducing contamination of the beach area.

* Reducing the frequency of blockages by solid waste through provision of incinerationfacilities in the pumping stations for disposal of screenings.

* Limiting the deposition of solid waste by households through replacement of 300 man-hole covers.

Negative impacts

Adverse environmental effects associated with the proposed rehabilitation programme are largelyconfined to impacts associated with the construction programme (dust/noise/access/excavation)and to the generation of an estimated 62,000 M3 of spoil arising from the de-sludging of theexisting stabilisation ponds

The most important and indeed only significant impact arises from the transport and disposal ofthe dredged materials from the stabilisation ponds. The City's only existing waste disposal site atVingunguti is already over capacity, and both disposal and operating practices at the site areenvironmentally unacceptable. DCC will have to commission the new proposed landfill sites atthe disused stone quarries in Kunduchi / Tegeta areas.

It is anticipated that noise and dust related impacts will affect encroaching squatter communitiesin the vicinity of Kurasini ponds, and some short term restrictions on one of four access routesduring the construction phase of the rehabilitation programme.

MitigationSpecific locations in Ilala District that would provide an acceptable disposal route for the spoilgenerated under the present project are available and un-utilised, but the endorsement of theDar es Salaam City Council is required before this can occur. Clearly, this is a matter of somepriority that must be resolved before the proposed rehabilitation works on the stabilisation pondscan commence, since there is a need to identify a location for the secure and contained disposalof these potentially contaminated sediments

The impacts of noise and dust are to be mitigated through adoption of contract provisions thatdefine working practices, work programming, and modified design criteria, complemented by aclearly defined consultation process with community representatives, and compliance determinedthrough a routine monitoring programme. Non-compliance with the terms of the agreementwould invoke penalties on the part of the contractor.

2.7.3 Poverty Alleviation, Gender and Public Health Interventions

Poverty Alleviation

The current decline in urban industrial development has implications for poverty levels in urbanand pen-urban areas of the project. Existing living conditions for the urban poor arecharacterised by rapid population growth, leading to a proliferation in unplanned and unservicedareas. Squatter colonies typically suffer from a complete lack of services, (particularly watersupply), from over-crowding, high dependency ratios, and lack of access to income earningopportunities. Dependency on water vendors for supply during acute water shortages, withassociated high rates, is a constant feature of daily life.

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DA WAS,i ADDENDUMEnvironnmental inipaci Assess,neni

Gender

Women generally bear a disproportionate share of responsibility for water collection, andassociated costs, in terms of time and expenditure. Opportunities for economic returns fromwater are rare for women, e.g. as commercial water hauliers, as this is a male monopoly. Femaleheaded households in urban and pen urban areas of Dar es Salaam are particularlydisadvantaged, being responsible for supporting their families, and dependent on primarilyinformal sector activities for their livelihood. These activities, such as beer brewing and foodprocessing, often use large quantities of water.

HIV/AIDS

The high incidence of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam reflects the high-risk behaviour associated withurban environments and is one of the highest nationally. Important high-risk groups of particularrelevance here include transient and migrant labour, and specifically transport and constructionworkers. For the implementation of the present rehabilitation programme, large numbers ofconstruction workers will be recruited and hired. This has potentially serious implications forHIV/AIDS infection rates.

Positive Impacts

It is anticipated that the proposed rehabilitation works will generate the following positiveimpacts with regard to poverty alleviation:

* Strengthened community management capacity through improved and secure watersupply in low income, high density areas (Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni)

+ Enhanced economic and income generating opportunities e.g. water kiosk operation,small businesses, food processing, etc.

* Regulated water tariffs replace high water vendor charges in times of water shortages* Improved family health as a result of improved quality and supply of domestic water will

result in reduced expenditure, in terms of money and time, on family health by women+ Time savings through the increased capacity of delivery and a secure water supply* For low income female headed households, reduced expenditure/time on water collection* For girl children, release from water collection enabling school attendance

Negative Impacts

Short-term negative impacts are anticipated on water vendors, as a result of their displacementto areas as yet unserved.

As a result of construction work, the transmission of STDs (including HIV/AIDS infection) bytransient labourers, impacts disproportionately on women living in communities in the vicinity,since infection rates for women is almost twice that of men.

Mitigation

Mitigation of adverse impacts associated with the improved water supply provision on specificoccupational groups will take the form of programmes for alternative activities to replace lostincome earning opportunities, e.g. displaced water vendors.

Contractual arrangements will be made to incorporate awareness campaigns, provide on sitehealth services, and provide for the distribution of condoms and treatment of STD's. Suchpreventative measures are seen not only as being the most cost effective approach to limitinginfection among construction workers and their partners, but has a significant effect on the localcommunities in the vicinity of construction camps. Successful awareness campaigns such asundertaken by AMREF in Tanzania will be incorporated, targeting construction workers and at-riskgroups. An important criterion in planning the recruitment and hiring of workers forimplementation of the present rehabilitation programme will be to incorporate such preventativemeasures during planning, construction and recruitment and to reinforce these provisions as acontractual condition to be implemented by the contractor.

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DA VAS,i ADDENDUMEnvironmental Impact Assessnment

2.7.4 Resettlement Framework

A Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared for families and properties that may getaffected by the project. The existing situation nevertheless shows that only a few families andproperties may get affected by the project components CP 2 Transmission Mains and CP 4Kurasini Ponds. A Resettlement Action Plan will be prepared once the designs are complete andprior to construction.

2.8 RECOMMENDATIONS

The proposed rehabilitation works represent an important opportunity to address pressing basicservices for Dar es Salaam, currently in urgent need of rehabilitation. The short-term impactsduring rehabilitation are considered minor in relation to the potential benefits of a secure watersupply and improved sanitation for Dar es Salaam. Fundamental weaknesses remain with theexisting institutional and legislative framework that has limited effective environmental regulationand compliance. In addition, there are aspects of the existing sewerage system, and extraneousissues, such as waste disposal practices, that have some bearing on the efficiency andsustainability of the long-term programme. There are a number of specific issues that thereforejustify further investigation. These include:

* Long Term Sewerage Services

Improved water supply's major negative impact is the increased wastewater generation and itsdisposal. Present situation already demands about 100 km of sewer extension, in areas whichare currently served by onsite disposal system - septic tanks / soak pits which function undersatisfactorily. Priority ranking allowed 10 km of sewers to be to be installed in this project.Further investment is necessary to install more sewers and studies are necessary for futurerequirements. This will assist decision-making in relation to the further expansion of thesewerage network into currently un-serviced areas of the city.

* Waste Management

Existing waste management services in the city are of concern. The partial privatisation of theservice has had only limited success, and a high proportion of areas are dependent on self-disposal or burning. Waste management is important for a number of reasons. Firstly is the verylimited residual disposal capacity at the existing Vingunguti dumpsite, in addition to questionsregarding the environmental acceptability of present operating practices. The existing site in thevicinity of a heavily populated area, is a receptor for contaminated materials. Secondly, in theabsence of an effective waste management service, a significant proportion of solid waste isdisposed of to the sewerage system. This is a primary cause of blockages within the system, andit is evident that following rehabilitation of the sewers as proposed under the present project, thesame solid waste disposal practice will continue unless alternative disposal routes are madeavailable to un-serviced areas.

There is an urgent and immediate need to Identify a suitable disposal route for sludge excavatedfrom the stabilisation ponds. DCC must therefore commission the new proposed sanitaly landfllsites at Kunduchi/ Tegeta consistent with environmental and public health objectives. (EugeneChannon (ADB EIA Specialist) durng his vist was shown these new sites and DCC are planning tocommission them soon.)

* Institutional Strengthening of Environmental Management

Environmental management and regulation is seriously constrained by the absence of clearlydefined environmental legislation, achievable and measurable standards, and the subsequentabsence of a clear operational framework for monitoring, enforcement, and management activity.Untreated industrial effluent discharges to surface waters impose impacts directly on theenvironment, and flows to the sewerage system act as inhibitors to the efficiency of thestabilisation ponds., The high incidence of serious contagious viral and bacterial diseases fromwaste flows from health centres necessitates a higher level of accountability in the pre-treatment

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DA WASA ADDEiVDUMEnvironnmental Impact Assessment

and secure disposal of hazardous materials. There are a number of key actions required toimprove the management of the environment:

(a) The proposed Environmental Protection Act must be implemented by Government to provideclear effluent and emissions compliance standards, and corresponding mechanisms forenforcement of such controls.

(b) A dedicated institutional framework is required to oversee the implementation of the Act, andwith a clear mandate to undertake monitoring, enforcement and other managementfunctions.

(c) The establishment of an environmental monitoring programme is an essential ingredient fordetermining the pressure on resources, trends in environmental quality, and compliance withthe regulatory provisions. It provides the mechanism for determining the likely effects ofalternative future development strategies.

(d) For industries served by sewerage system, effluent discharged standards must be enforced.Many industries will therefore have to install pre-treatment processes or install recyclingplants, and other cleaner production units. The relevant authorities must take responsibilitiesof installing municipal sewerage system for industries, which lack them in return of theassorted taxes and levies they collect from the industries.

(e) For the Health sector there is a need to quantify waste generation and disposal routes for allclasses of material, and to establish clear compliance provisions for the secure treatment anddisposal of all hazardous materials. This would mean the identification and development ofappropriate incineration capacity and development of a secure and contained hazardouswaste disposal facility. More importantly perhaps is the need to generate awareness andaccountability within the institutions responsible for hazardous waste generation anddisposal.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The measures proposed in the previous sections represent the core findings of the present EIAand are important elements in implementing the current rehabilitation works and mitigatingpotentially adverse social and environmental impacts. The Environmental Management Planpresented in the following pages summarises the key areas of activity that will assist this process,the institutional responsibilities in overseeing the proposed activities over a defined time period,and the estimated costs of undertaking these services. This has to be supplemented byguidelines that define social and environmental monitoring provisions. The EMP is based onguidelines defined in the Operational Manual OP 4.01 of the World Bank.

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DA WASA ADDENDUAM

Environmental Imipact Assessnment

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

COMPONENT AREA OF AcTiviTY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED M IGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTRESPONSIBILITY TIMING

WATER SUPPLY INTERVENTIONSConstruction Phase Rehabilitation of water Small scale construction noise On site disposal of construction waste

treatment facilities (upper and and AQ effects. Generation of through incorporation in works -contract * DAWASA and appointed 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costslower Ruvu + Mtoni) construction waste conditions defining working practices and Contractors - PGA

monitorng.Rehabilitation of transmission Short term construction noise, Contract conditions defining workingand distribution lines dust, and plant movement in practices, remedial action, monitoring * DAWASA and appointed 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGA

vicinity of some unplanned provisions and consultation requirements sub-contractorscommunities

Replacement of informal Short term disruption to supply Community consultation on works * DAWASA / Privateconnections and leak as connections to unplanned programming and provision of alternative Operator / Appointed 2003 to 2008 Built in Project Costs - PGAreduction areas are formalized temporary supply as required Contractors / P0

Operational Phase Treatment plant operation Generation of alum sludge and On or off site disposal to approved waste Lagoonsclarifier deposits and filter disposal facility in lagoons * DAWASA / Private Operator After 2007backwash Capital costs - $

80,000Annual recurrent costs - $8,000- PO

Treatment efficiency Drinking water quality Raw and treated water qual ity monitoring Annual recurrent costsat the on-site testing and analytical facility * DAWASA and appointed After 2007 * $ 20,000 - PO- sampling and analytical protocols to be Private Operatorconsistent with international standards

* Environmental monitonng * $ 20,000 - POgroup iNEMC

Environmental Monioring Group (EMG) -established to undertake all project mondoring, data analysis and liaison -the team wll be established in consutation with the National Environment Management Council(NEMC), the monitoring parameters, frequency and distribution of sies will also be defined through discussion wdh the NEC wnh the objective of establishing a long term ambient environmental monioring programme forthe cay -EMG actvity will include training/capaciy building

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DAIVASA ADDENDUMEnvironmental Inmpaci Assessnwenl

COMPONENT | AREA OF ACTIVITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MTGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTCOMPONENT Iry SOURCE OF IMPACT OPOSED MMGATION RESPONSIBILITY TIMING

SANITATION INTERVENTIONS

Construction Phase Rehabilitation and upgrading The lack of an environmentally An appropriate location will be identified, * Dar es Salaam City Sanitary landfill disposal ofof stabilisation ponds, acceptable disposal route for site operating practices, design, and Commision (site 2003 to 2007 sludge and excavateddesludging and ex cavation of dredged and sludge matenals preparation to be agreed in consultation approval) matenals - Cost $ 930,000ponds (62,000 m3) from stabilisation with the City commission . DAWASA and contractors - Project Costs - PGA

ponds (site preparation andmanagement)

Construction activities during Short term noise, dust and odour Contract conditions defining best workingRehabilitation and Upgrading effects during construction practices, working hours, environmental * DAWASA and Contractors 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGAof existing ponds monitoring and consultation requirements * Community liaison

Group2

the secure transport and Transport impacts during peak Adoption of contractua lly agreed working Built in Project cost fordisposal of an estimated hours hours, routing, vehicle and load . DAWASA and Contractors 2003 to 2007 sludge disposal - PGA62,000 m3 of sludge / spoil management, and disposal practices

Operational Phase Treatment Efficiency Effluent Quality and Standards Influent and effluent quality monitoring at . DAWASA / Pnvate * $ 20,000 - POthe site, analytical facility, sampling and Operator After 2007testing consistent with international * Environmental Monitoring * $ 20,000 - POstandards Group NEMC

The rehabilitation of the sea Short term dispersion of effluent Works programming to minimise pipeline * DAWASA/ Contractors Project cost -Constructon Phase outfall discharge in near shore area replacement activity, contract 2003 to 2007 $ 750,000 - PGA

specifications plus environmentalmonitorinq

Sea Outfall Treatment and Effluent quality and sea and Bacteriological and water quality * DAWASA / Private * $ 20,000 - POOperational Phase Dispersion Efficiency beach pollution monitoring to determine dispersion Operator After 2007

characteristics/efficiency and baseline WQ * Environmental Monitonng * $ 20,000 - POcondibons Group NEMC

the short term potential for * Contract conditions defining * DAWASA / Contractors 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGAConstruction Phase Rehabilitation of sewers, wastewater discharge and operating practices, community

sewage pumping mains and contaminant release consultation on works programmingpumping stations via CLG, and compliance monitonng

by EMG / NEMC.

Operation Phase . potential public and * Occupational Health safeguards willoccupational health risks include specified working conditions, * DAWASA / Private Included in 0 & M

health care facilities, and provision of Operator After 2007 Recurrent Costs - Privateprotective clothing consistent with OperatorHealth and safety protocols

* Environmental Monitoring $ 40,000 - POGroup NEMC / CLG /CBOs

2 The Communiy Liaison Group (CLG) will also be established as a project vehicle for communty consultation and will be established in consultation with DCC

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DA IVA SA ADDENDUMEnvironmental Impact Assessment

COMPONENT AREA OF ACTIvITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MmGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTI I I I RESPONSIBILn Y TIMING

ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING

Existing capacity within the The EMG will be utilised to extend * EMG Central GovernmentConstructlon Phase All activities DAWASA, NEMC and Dar training and capacity within the NEMC * NEMC 2003 to 2008 Budget directed to the

EsSalaam City Council in monitoring, analysis, and the * DAWASA project(DCC) is limited by establishment of a routne * DCCresourcing constraints, and environmental monitonng network. * CBOs / NGO's DAWASA / PGA / POthe absence of defined andachievable legislabve In associabon with the NEMC it will Training, workshops andprovisions define protocols, standards, and some tools & equipment

informabon dissemination practices and reagentsapplicable to the respecbve project $ 50,000components .

Operational Phase As Above The project in associabon with the . Pnvate Operator Annual recurrent costs -Promobng sustainability NEMC will seek to utilise project . NEMC After 2007 $ 30,000 - PO

expenence In developing continuity and * DAWASAa sustainable environmental monitonng * DCC

. ~~~and management framework * CB0s / NGO's

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Monitonng of all project activities to Central GovernmentConstruction Phase As above As Above ensure compliance with contract * EMG 2003 to 2008 Budget directed to the

conditions, environmental legislation * NEMC projectand standards, and appropnate bye * DAWASA / POlaws . DCC DAWASA / PGA / PO

* CBOs / NGO'sTraining, workshops andsome tools & equipmentand reagents notincluded above $20,000.

The establishment of enablingOperational Phase Promoting sustainability As Above condibons and insttubonal capacity to + NEMC After 2007 Not included elsewhere

develop a routne framework for * DCC above. Annual costs $environmental management of projects * NGO's 20,000and programmes

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DAIVASA ADDENDUM

Environniental Impact Assessment

COMPONENT AREA OF ACTIVITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MmGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTI F RESPONSIBILITy TIMINGSOCIAL MONITORING

All Actvibes where there A range of potenbally A community Liaison Group will beConstruction Phase is the potental for social disruptive effects may established within the project. The * DAWASA / Contractor 2003 to 2008 DAWASA

impact occur in the vicinity of responsibility of the CLG will be to liaise * NEMCconstruction activibes widely with Govemment, Communibes * DCC

and NGO's to assist cooperabon * NGO's / CBOsbetween PAP's and the project. This * Dept. of Youthgroup will further assist in Women Communitydissemination of project informabon * Ward Committeesand the promobon of communityawareness.

TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE PREVENTION (HIV/AIDS)

Construction Phase The recruitment of a Past experience indicates The project will consult with NAPC and * DAWASA / 2003 to 2008 Built in the Project Costssignificant labour force to the potential for enhanced relevant NGO's (AMREF) with IEC skills Contractors by the Contractor underundertake the proposed HIV infecton rates among in defining an awareness programme * DCC Workers Camp andrehabilitation works. migrant construction for construcbon workers. Interventions * CBOs / NGO's Welfare

workers and the will include: * Dept. of Healthcommunibes in which they * Selectve recruitment of locally * NAPC Central Governmentlive - current infection resident workers, reinforced by * AMREF Budget for HIV / AIDSrates are >20% in this contract conditions * WHO/UNAIDSgroup. NAPC objectives are * Provision of health checks andto induce behaviour health service provision aimed atchange among 30-50% of reducton of STD's among workersthe mobile population by * Provision of condoms to workers2002. * Establishment of an awareness

campaign to be operated byexisting NGO's and or skilledpractiboners.

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DA WASA ADDENDUMEnvironniental Inmpact Assessnment

4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN

4.1 GENERAL

Most donors require the Sponsor to conduct meaningful consultations with relevant stakeholdersincluding the affected groups and other interested parties (NGOs and Local Authorities) about theproject's environmental and social aspects and to take their views into account.

For this DAWASA has to prepare a Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (PCDP) which shouldi. Describe local requirements for consultation and disclosureII. Identify key stakeholder groups

Ili. Provide a strategy and timetable for sharing information and consulting with each ofthese groups during various phases of the project

iv. Describe resources and responsibilities for implementing the PCDP, andv. Detail reporting and/or document of consultation and disclosure activities.

The plan therefore must define a technically sound and culturally appropriate approach toconsultation and disclosure. The goal is to ensure that adequate and timely information isprovided to project affected people and other stakeholders and that these groups are givensufficient opportunity to voice their opinions and concerns. The World Bank's guidance showthat the PCDP will entail the following

* Introduction* Regulations and Requirements* Review of any Previous Consultation and Disclosure• Stakeholders* Public Consultation and Disclosure Program* Timetable* Resources and Responsibilities* Grievance Mechanism* Reporting - Results of Consultation

4.2 CONSULTATIONS WITH RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS

The potential stakeholders include: the consumers who avail Dar es Salaam Water Supply andwill be affected by the disruptions during construction work, and communities along and aroundfacilities where rehabilitation work will take place to make the them aware of the constructionactivities. For Consultation and Disclosure, DAWASA has to compile and provide information onenvironment and social aspects of the project in a timely and culturally appropriate manner andin a form and language that is understandable and accessible to groups being consulted. Forpublic consultation procedures, reference may be made to World Bank / IFC guidelines.DAWASA will have to appoint staff responsible for this activity.

4.3 LOCAL DISCLOSURES

The Information to disclose will include the following and will also be translated in Kiswahili• Advertisement of Disclosure of the EIA Report - Appendix 3.• Environmental Review Summary (ERS) - Appendix 4.

These will be submitted to the co-financiers and the World Bank's InfoShop in Washington theprescribed days prior to Appraisal Mission or Presentation to the Board. In addition theinformation will also be sent to all stakeholders through the offices of the local authorities, WardOffices and all DAWASA offices. The advertisement will be displayed on their notice boards, andthe ERS will make available to public whenever required. An advertisement in newspaper shouldalso be inserted.

Appendix 3 gives a draft Advertisement for Disclosure of the EIA Report and Appendix 4 gives theDraft Environment Review Summary. DAWASA may amend these and prepare Kiswahilitranslation for distribution.

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DA WASA ADDENDUM -APPENDIX

Environmental Impact Assessnient

APPENDIX 1

COMMENTS AND RESPONSESON DRAFT EIA REPORT

ELAICREST- MMK PROJECT

DA WA SA ADDENDUM -APPENDIXEnvironmental Impact Assessment

CONSULTANT'S LETTER OF 15TH MAY 2000CONSULTANT'S RESPONSE TO COMMENTS FROM CLIENT AND CO-FINANCIERS

A. WORLD BANK - EIA REPORT(26.1.2000 and 3.2.2000 Jean Rogers and Arne Dalfelt)

The comments were elaborated by Mr. Dalfelt in a meeting attended by DAWASA staff and theConsultants and the consultant agreed to carry out following additional work which is due tofulfilling the new World Bank's safeguard policies requirement.

* Executive Summary* Health and HIV / AIDS Issues* Environmental Management Plan

It was also agreed that the consultant will be compensated for the additional input. The EIAreport in general was considered satisfactory for the World Bank's requirements.

B. AFD - WATER TREATMENT PLANT (CPI) TENDER DOSSIER(26.1.2000 P. Dal Bello and Martha Stein-Sochas)

AFD require following to be incorporated in the tender documents which the Consultant willamend accordingly.

1. Instructions to Bidders

* Clause 2 should state that the project shall be tax free and will not include any taxes such asimport duty and VAT.

* Clause 3 replace 3.1 (a) to state that goods and services shall originate from France or froma country of the East African Community (EAC) and that documentary evidence to this effectwill be required.

2. Bidding Data

Comments on the scope of works to follow.

3. General Conditions of Contract

AFD recommends that FIDIC 1998/99 PLANT and Design - Build Conditions of Contract be usedfor Water Treatment Plant.

4. Particular Conditions

* Sub-clause 25.5 - Source of Insurance should be from France or a country from East Africa* Sub-clause 63.5 - Under Corrupt or Fraudulent Practices, three sub clauses to be

incorporated regarding commercials costs that the contract pricce shall not include any suchcosts, the accounts can be verified by the Ministry of Economy and Finance and in the eventsuch commercial costs are found, the amount shall be repaid to the Employer/Agency.

* Sub-clause 70.7 - under Local taxation, AFD emphasizes that it will not fund any taxes andthat DAWASA will have to organize all the tax exemptions or refunds.

5. Technical Specifications and Drawings and Bills of Quantities

The amounts in the Bills should be specified in Euros and that the bidder should specify all taxesseparately. More comments to follow.

ELAICREST- AMM1K PROJECT

DA IfASA ADDENDUM -APPENDIYEnvironmental Impact Assessment

C. WORLD BANK - DESIGN REPORT AND ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATES(31.1.2000 Solomon Alemu)

1. Elaborate Situation Analysis of the Pond

In addition to the functioning of the ponds, the Consultant will also provide a physical situationanalysis of the ponds. This will complement the additional assignment on deepening andsegmentation of the ponds.

2. Methodology of Deriving Unit Cost

In the Engineers Cost Report, the Consultant will elaborate with examples the method used inderiving the unit cost for this project.

3. Confidential Cost Estimates

Copies have been submitted to the financiers.

4. Program of Works

The Consultant will submit a program of works which show how various inter-related projects aresynchronized, especially the sewerage components.

D. AfDB - DESIGN REPORT-SEA OUTFALL(31.1.2000 Kometsi Khotle)

1. Structural Rehabilitation and EIA and Costs

The over focusing of the structural repairs of the sea outfall is attributed to the requirement ofthe ToR to bring back the sea outfall to its original design. Under Additional Assignment,incremental positive environmental impacts will be assessed based on following options withcosts:

* Structural repair* Extension to deep sea* Install Diffusers

2. Design Criteria

The design criteria for sea outfall is covered in a separate volume of Appendices as follows

* Appendix 1.2 Item C is dedicated to Sea Outfall.* Appendix B gives Effluent Standards

In the Additional Assignments, these will be elaborated in context with the sea outfall design.

3. Sea Outfall Capacity

The capacities have been checked under free flow condition and submerged high tide conditions.These will be reviewed again elaborately.

4. Additional Data from Tanzania Harbours Authority

Only sea-bed sounding maps were made available from THA. Attempts will be made to obtaintidal and current data together with water quality data from THA.

i i ELVICREST- MAIK PROJECT

DA WASA ADDENDUM -APPENDILEnvironmental Impact Assessment

E. AfDB-EIA REPORT(Issued on 5.2.2000 Kometsi Khotle and Eugene Shannon)

They wanted the report to cover

Environmental Issues* mitigation costs* EIA Report presentation is not satisfactory* AfDB also require impact on Gender Issues and Poverty Alleviation to be covered

Sea Outfall Issues* quantification of environmental improvement after the sea outfall is structurally rehabilitated* sea outfall capacity queried* environmental improvements related to costs for extending sea outfall• conclusion on sea outfall is lacking

1. Sea Outfall Issues

As discussed above in Section D, that the comments on sea outfall will incorporated in theAdditional Assignment and incorporated in the Final Design Report.

2. EIA Issues

* Mitigation costs will be covered in the EMP required by the World Bank* The Report format is based on the World Bank's requirement and this was acceptable to

AfDB.* Gender Issues and Poverty Alleviation will be covered in the Additional Assignment

F. WORLD BANK - TENDER DOCUMENTS CP4 (PONDS) AND CP6 (PUMPING STATION)(15.2.2000 Alain Locussol)

All the amendments proposed by the World Bank in following clauses will be incorporated

CP4 Ponds

Volume 1 Invitation for Bids Full names of projectsInstructions to Bidders Sub-clauses 4.7, 14.1(b), 14.2, 25.2,

28.2, 30.2(c), 30.2(d), 30.3Bidding Data Sub-clauses 4.5(a), 4.5(e), 14.1, 16.1,

28.2Letter of Acceptance choose one (a) or (b)Conditions of Contract sub clause 43.5Contract Data insertionsPerformance Security &Guarantee for Advance use alternative 1 only

Volume 2 Special Specifications only related to ponds

Volume 3 Bills of Quantities typing error pg 9

CP6 Sewage Pumping Stations

Volume 1 Invitation for Bids Full names of projectsInstructions to Bidders Sub-clauses 4.7, 14.1(b), 14.2, 25.2,

28.2, 30.2(c), 30.2(d), 30.3Bidding Data Sub-clauses 4.5(a), 4.5(e), 14.1, 16.1,

ELMCREST - MMXK PROJECT

DA WASA ADDENDUM -,IPPENDLiEnvironmental Impact Assessment

28.2Letter of Acceptance choose one (a) or (b)Conditions of Contract sub clause 43.5Contract Data insertionsPerformance Security &Guarantee for Advance use alternative 1 only

Volume 2 General Specifications delete ponds scope of worksSpecial Specifications only related to pumping stations

Volume 3 Bills of Quantities pg 2 Preamble incompleteCorrect typing error pg 9

G. AfDB -TENDER DOSIERS FOR CP3 DISTRIBUTION & CP5 SEWERS AND ADDITIONALASSIGNMENT(6.3.2000 Kometsi Khotle)

The Consultant will make following amendments as requested

1. CP3 Distribution Mains

Use SBD for small works because the costs are expected to be less than the limit $ 13.5 millionand modify clauses to suit the complexity of the project.

2. CP5 Sewers

General Certain typing error in title to be corrected

Invitation for Bids the Scope whether Regional or Domestic and preference whether 7.5%or 10% and Clause 30 should be according to the procedures.

ITB to include Clause 36 Adjudicator

Bidding Data* Clause 2.1 shall include project name and AfDF No. to be made

available after the board meeting.* Clause 14.1 date shall be 15 days before bid opening and not under

Clause 20.* Clause 15.3 to be excluded.* Employer's address to include physical location* Change amounts in sub-clause 4.5a (annual turnover 2.5 times

annual cash flow), 4.5e (minimum liquid asset for 4 -6 monthscashflow) and 16.1 (bid security less than 3% of value of works)

3. Additional Assignment

* Wazo Hill and Mbezi Distribution

No objection raised provided this does not increase demand which is not the case as explained bythe Consultant. AfDB will fund distribution system and re funding of the reservoir needs to bediscussed with EIB.

* Sea Outfall

Incremental environmental gains to be assessed from various options for extensions.

iv ELA1CREST- AMK PROJECT

DA WVASit ADDENDUAM -APPENDIDX

Environnmental Impact Assessment

H. EIS - CP2 TRANSMISSION MAINS AND RESERVOIRS(28.2.2000 M. Angot and H. Goldsmith)

1. Lower Ruvu Single Main Rehabilitation

It is true that no duplicate main is proposed along the Lower Ruvu main. The specifications willbe amended accordingly to specify duplicate mains at certain river crossings only. Thespecifications will also emphasize on putting the existing main out of service during rehabilitationfor the shortest possible time so as not to inconvenience consumers. The Consultant will preparea tentative and basic procedure for rehabilitation of the existing main for the Contractors tofollow and be able to make the contractor responsible for this. This will also facilitate thecomparison of the bids on equal basis. The bidders will nevertheless also be able to providealternative method statement or proposal if they wish.

2. Internal Inspection of the Lower Ruvu Main

No swabbing is to be carried out in this because of the vulnerability of the main being single andold. Improvement in frictional losses is expected from operating the washouts and repairs of airvalves. In the same context, no internal inspection will be carried out at this stage of theproject. Internal inspection and swabbing is postponed until a new duplicate main is installed.The specifications will be amended accordingly.

3. Bidding and Contract Documents

* Funding Agency: will be amended to read European Investment Bank and not AfricanDevelopment Bank.

* Eligibility: shall be as per EIB guidelines and will include suitably qualified companiesregistered in the EU countries and other countries party to the Lome Convention.

r AAFD-EIA REPORT(7.3.2000 and 25.4.2000 Regis Maradon and Jean Noel Roulleau)

1. General Comment

As a general comment, the report is considered by ADF superficial because the report is based onpreliminary surveys and not final; and that the conclusions are allusive. However ADF did totaken into account that IDA and AfDB have classified this Project as a Category B or 2 project asthe main objective of the project is environmental mitigation in nature. Therefore, most of thespecifics and details are covered in the Interim and the Design reports. The comments shouldalso have considered the scope of the Terms of Reference of this as well.ADF comment seems to have been based on the Draft Final Report and not on the Final Report,thus all the additions in this report such as the EMP etc have apparently not been considered.

2. Ruvu River and Ecology

AFD states not enough data have been presented to prove that the river is ecologicallysustainable. We are satisfied with the flow data and the analysis given in both the JICA and theHoward Humphreys reports where detailed hydrological analysis have been carried out for thepurpose of regulating the Ruvu River and salient flow figures are given in Section 4.1.2 of our EIAReport.

3. Alum Sludge Treatment

Wastewater generated from water works includes filter backwash and sludge from clarifiers willbe treated in sludge lagoons. At regular periods the accumulated sludge will be safely depositedand the proposed landfill site indicated in the Final Report.

v EL,ICREST - XMIK PROJECT

DA WVASA ADDEN,DUU -APPENDLYEnvironm>ental Impact Assessnment

4. Construction of Pipes

AFD recommends that there should be strict monitoring during construction work Howevermeasures have been taken in the construction methodology to prevent the negative impactsresulting from pipe repairs. This has been further been detailed in the EnvironmentalManagement Plan and also emphasized in the special specifications of the construction contracts.

5. Sludge from Waste Stabilisation Ponds

The sludge in the Waste Stabilization ponds accumulates over time and every 6 to 10 years de-sludging is required. Safe disposal is proposed at the sanitary landfill sites indicated in the FinalReport.

6. Rehabilitation of Sea Outfall

Further studies of the ocean current and tidal regime were recommended before extending thesea outfall into the deeper seabed. This is also covered in the contract for Additional Services forwhich work recently commenced.

7. Water Quality and Effluent Standards

As mentioned in Item No. 1 the details of Water Quality and Effluent Standards are covered inthe Interim and the Design reports.

J. VICE PRESIDENTS OFFICE - EIA REPORT(25.4.2000 S.M. Mgeta)

1. General Comments

The VPO states that the report lacks the Executive Summary and contains discussions on theoverloaded ponds. It however appears that the VPO comments have been based on the DraftFinal Report and not on the Final Report. The Executive Summary is provided in the Final Reportand ponds are discussed in more detail in Interim and the Design reports.

2. o Scope of Work

The TvPO requests a copy of the ToR for this project and also pointed out a typing errorregarding Environmental Policy 1997. It is however emphasized that the EIA Report is submittedin accordance to IDA's requirements of a Category B project.

3. Resettlement Policy Framework

The VPO recommends that the consultant should obtain people views. This subject has howeveradequately been covered in the EIA Report. In addition, assistance was provided to the WorldBank's consultant on this subject and also to DAWASA for the preparation of the ResettlementPolicy Framework.

4. Deepening and Segmentation of the Ponds

The VPO are of the opinion that this will not improve the quality of effluent. The Consultantshave demonstrated otherwise in the Interim and the Design Report and that the performance ofponds is dependent on both the retention time and the numbers of pond cells in series. This hasall been taken into account in preparing the designs

5. Ambient Environmental Conditions

vi ELAICREST- AIMK PROJECT

DA IWASA ADDENDUM - APPENDIX'Environmental Impact Assessment

Kizinga River

The VPO comments that information on Kizinga River catchment is lacking in the Report. This,has however been covered in greater detail in the background information given in the Interimand Design reports.

* Water Quality Data

The VPO comments that the report lacks any water quality data. This however has beendiscussed in detail in the Interim and Design reports in the sections of water treatment andwastewater treatment where also sampling and testing was carried out in addition to thosecollected from records at various institutions.

vii ELVICREST- MAXI PROJECT

DA WASA ADDENDUM -APPENVDIXEnvironmnental Impact Assessment

APPENDIX 2

NEMC'S OBSERVATIONS / RECOMMENDATIONSAND RESPONSES

EL,%CREST- MMIK PROJECT

DA WASA ADDENDUM -APPENDIXEDviroriniental Impact Assessment

NEMC'S OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS OF 30TH JULY 2001AND CONSULTANT'S RESPONSES

The review of the DAWASA Water Supply & Sewerage Project EIA Report unfortunately took place afterthe consultant had submitted the Final EIA Report incorporating comments from Environmental Expertsfrom the co-financiers and Vice President's Office. To this effect the Consultant was compensated forthe incremental resources required to carry out the 'Additional Assignment'.

The review was carried out in a workshop on 13th July 2001 at Tanzania Audit Corporation and theparticipants were staff from DAWASA, NEMC, University of Dar es Salaam and Government Ministries. Itwould have been useful for the Consultant to participate in this review workshop.

Our main reservations to the NEMC's observation are that they are not fully in context with theConsultant's Terms of Reference for this rehabilitation project; and also with the co-financiers' EIAguidelines for Category B projects in absence of national EIA guidelines. The NEMC's observations admitthat some of the relevant reports were not available. The observations also imply that the participantshad not made prior reference to the reports availed to them because some of the observations made byNEMC were also earlier made by the co-financiers' experts and had been incorporated in the final EIAreport and subsequent design reports. Some of the comments are beyond the scope of this assignmentand if the Client requires them to be carried out, the Consultant will then have to deploy additionalresources and time and for which they will have to be compensated.

While the advisory role of NEMC is very much appreciated, they could have reviewed the EIA Report toassess whether the Consultant has complied with the EIA pre-requisites and safe guards policies andcould have provided expert opinion on the EIA Report. There is also some confusion between theparticipants in understanding and separating the environmental issues from the design issues. This isunderstandable because the main negative impact for improved water supply is the generation ofwastewater, and consequently the project includes the sewerage component. The participants alsoneeded to understand that project entails rehabilitation work only with very limited extension work, whichdoes not suffice fully for the demand for Dar es Salaam. Our responses below to NEMC's observationsare therefore in this context. All design related issues have been covered in various assessment anddesign reports and we do not wish to show where they are covered. Listed below are responses thathave not been covered in previous reports.

Cover Letter

Item i), ii), iii), v) Sea Outfall - Long Term Sewerage Strategic Plan: Covered in the design reports.

Item iv) Relocation and Affected Properties: Assisted DAWASA (sponsor) to prepare RPF.

Item vi) Pre-treatment before discharge to ponds : Operational and regulatory issue.

Item vii) x) Environmental Management Plan - roles of institutions and monitoring frequencyand indicators : This is compiled by the Environmental Compliance MonitoringUnit upon commencement of the implementation of the project after reviewingthe baseline conditions. The Monitoring Unit will ensure compliance.

Item viii) TAZAMA Pipeline - It is inconceivable that TAZAMA do not have an EMP for theoperational phase. NEMC nevertheless should initiate a re- evaluation of the EIAalong the whole of pipeline corridor to Zambia. We can carry this out as anadditional assignment.

Item ix) Community Awareness along the DAWASA facilities : This is an operational issuebut for the Transmission Main, a community water supply and sanitation projectis being formulated. A Disclosure Notice and ERS has been prepared andappended in Appendix 13.3.

ELAICREST- AlA 1K PROJECT

DA WVASA ADDENDUM -APPENDIXEnvironmental Imnpacr Assessment

Item xi) EIS be revised: All items that are strictly EIA related have already beencovered.

3.0 Review Comments

3.1 General Comments

iii) Population Projection: Howard Humphrey's analysis remains unchallenged todate and valid until the latest census results will be declared.

v) Legislation Review Scrutiny of Legislation is not part of the EIA.

3.2.1 Water SuDdY

xi), xiii) Legislation Review Scrutiny of Legislation is not part of the EIA.

3.2.2 Seweraae

ii) Sludge Discharge / Sanitary Landfill - Kunduchi Area: This will have to becovered in the design of the sanitary landfill to be carried out by the City Council.

i i ELMCREST- MAIK PROJECT

DA WASA ADDENDUM-APPENVDILEnvironmental Imrpact Assessmentet

APPENDIX 3

DRAFT ADVERTISEMENT FORDISCLOSURE OF EIA REPORT

DAWA4SA ~ i$' 1 '- ADDENVDUAI -APPENVDI VDAWASA Environmental Impact Assessnient

DAWASADAR WAr1P & SEWEPAGE AUThUqITY

DISCLOSURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE DAR ES SALAAM WATER

SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE PROJECT

Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sewerage Authority and the co-financiersincluding the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank,African Development Bank (ADB), European Investment Bank (EIB) and AgenceFrancaise de Developpement (AFD), propose to implement the Dar es SalaamWater Supply and Sewerage Project which entails rehabilitation of the existingfacilities and limited extension.

Construction of the project is expected to commence in June 2003 andcompletion is targeted for June 2008.

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Dar es Salaam Water Supply andSewerage Project has been completed by Elmcrest Group in association withMMK Project Services Ltd.

The EIA Report includes information on the

* Executive Summary* Introduction* Institutional and Policy Framework* Project Description* Ambient Environmental Conditions* Impact and Mitigation* Conclusions and Recommendations* Environmental Management Plan* Appendices

The entire EIA Report will be available for public review on [dates and time ofavailability]at the Public Relation Office of DAWASA along Gerezani Street. TheEnvironmental Review Summary (ESR) will be available for public review at allthe time during the implementation of the project at all the Ward Offices,DAWASA offices and the District Council offices for Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke.

Members of the public are invited to comment on the draft documents by [dateof deadlinel. Those unable to review the documents at the locations mentionedabove, please contact the Director General at DAWASA Headquarter Office alongGerezani Street or on Telephone Nos. 2131191 / 4, Dar es Salaam.

DA WASA ADDENVDUA -APPENDLl'Environmental Im,pact Assessment

APPENDIX 13.4

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW SUMMARY ERS

DA WASA ADDEADUM -APPEiVDLI< t > En}ivron,nental Impact Assessment

DAWASADAR WATIP & CEfEPAGE AUTHO ITY

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW SUMMARYDAR ES SALAAM WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE PROJECT

1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The objective of the project is to rehabilitate the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage facilities to aminimum working level to enable a Private Operator take over the responsibility of managing andoperating DAWASA. The proposed works for the rehabilitation of the water supply and seweragenetwork are based on survey, analysis and detailed design recommendations carried out recently byproject consultant and has identified opportunities for:

* Qualitative improvements to treated water supply and wastewater flows* Enhanced capacity and condition of existing infrastructure* Improved security of water supply to unserviced or informally serviced areas* A reduction in existing blockages and diversion of contaminated or untreated wastewater

flows to surface water bodies and groundwater.

The proposed contract packages will be undertaken over a 3-5 year programme, and will include thefollowing components

PROJECT COMPONENT FACTORS/REHABILITATION ACTIVITESWater Supply Components1 Water Treatment Plant The rehabilitation of Lower Ruvu, Upper Ruvu and Mtoni treatment plants to bnng

Rehabilitation performance and capacity up to original design levels. Includes repairs andupgrading of clarifiers, dosing facilties, and sludge treatment and disposalcapacity.

2 Transmission Mains Remedial action on the transmission lines serving the above 3 treatment facilitiesaimed at leak reduction and formalisabon of illegal connections. The replacementof 6 Kms of raw and treated water transmission line at Upper Ruvu.

3 Service Reservoirs Minor repairs to concrete and fittings at Kimara and University reservoirs andconstructon of new 5,000m3 tank for Mbezi area

4 Distribution Mains The reinforcement of an estmated 52 Kms of distnbution mains and a newreinforcements distribution system for Mbezi area.

Sewerage Components5 Sewers and Pumping Mains An estimated 14 Kms of sewers and 300+ manholes require rehabilitation

(cleaning and removal of blockages) and 10 km of sewer extension in the denselypopulated area of Kariakoo. Identification of collapsed and damaged sectons tobe determined by CCTV. Control and diversion of existing flows to surface watersand public areas.

6 Sewage Pumping Stabons Repair and replacement of E. and M. equipment in 15 pumping stabons.

7 Waste Stabilisation Ponds Rehabilitation of the 9 stabilisation pond complexes including repairs to existingembankments, deepening and segmentation of cells, pipe work, desludging,installation of membranes, fencing, and access road improvement.

8 Sea Outfall Replacement and repair of perforated and leaking sections and fenders, andextension of the outfall by 75 metres to conform to the original designspecification.

9 Buildings and Ancillary General renovation and rehabilitation of existing buildings and ancillaryfacilities infrastructure currently under the authority of DSSD.

The water source is Ruvu River and the water treatment works are located along the river along TANZAMHighway and road to Bagamoyo town. The two reservoirs are located at Kimara and near the Universityof Dar es Salaam. A new storage tank is proposed near Wazo Cement Factory for Mbezi area. Thedistribution system extends from Mbezi and Kimara in the north to Mbagala in the south and up toUkonga in the west. Many off takes serve the communities along the transmission mains from the waterwork to the reservoirs. The sewerage system is limited to City Centre, Kariakoo, Upanga, Kijitonyama,Lugalo, University, Mikocheni, Tazara, Airwing, Ukonga, Kurasini, Pugu Road and Tazara areas. Eacharea has sewage pumping stations and waste stabilization ponds. The City Center / Kariakoo / Upangaareas discharge into a sea outfall location at Ocean Road.

I

DAIVASA ADDEADUAI-APPEiVDIXEm ironmental Impact Assessment

2. ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES

This is a category B project according to WB / ADB's environmental review procedure because specificimpacts may result that can be avoided or mitigated by adhering to generally recognized performancestandards, guidelines or design criteria. In addition, the potential impacts are less adverse, are site-specific; and few if any of them are irreversible.

O Water ResourcesOn the basis of existing abstraction rates and projected urban population growth, the Ruvu waterresource alone will not be able to safely meet the increased demand from the city in the next decade inthe absence of river regulation. GOT have initiated a number of important interventions aimed atexpansion of supplies, integrated basin management, and improved upper catchment management.Impoundment at Kidunda and development of riverside bunded storage are considered as alternatives inthe near future. The proposed project does not propose any additional abstraction as current productionat the treatment facilities suffice current demand.

o Water QualityThe two main surface water sources, the Ruvu, and Kizinga, carry a high-suspended sediment load.Currently, because of failure of equipment within the treatment facilities, has resulted in low levels oftreatment and consequently in treated water quality that does not comply with the drinking waterstandards. This is compounded by the lack of physical, chemical and bacteriological monitoring data dueto resources constraints.

L Stabilisation Ponds - Effluent QualityOnly Vingunguti and Buguruni ponds achieve the desired effluent standards of BOD 20mg/l and FC 1000nos/100ml Lugalo and Kurasini ponds can achieve only the BOD standards and not Feacal Bacteriastandards The remaining ponds Msasani, Ubungo, University, Airwing and Ukonga are unable toachieve the the required effluent standards

o Ecological FactorsThe 1995 EIA of the lower Ruvu water treatment plant concluded that increased abstraction from theRuvu under dry season flows would have adverse effects on the mangrove forests in the lower Ruvu atBagamoyo. Since that time the Department of Forestry have established a Mangrove ecosystemManagement Plan (1996) based on 10 primary mangrove zones. The main pressures on the resourcehowever include unlicensed tree cutting for timber and fuel, the development of salt works and shrimpfarming, and natural events. Based on current proposals under which enhanced abstraction is notproposed, this is not therefore considered to be a significant area of impact.

o The Marine EnvironmentThe marine and coastal environment is the receptor of wastewater flows from the existing marine outfalland the effluent from the waste stabilization ponds in Dar es Salaam city that represents the principaldisposal route for sewage. The existing 1000-metre outfall discharges outside the harbour and on theedge of the existing deep-water navigation channel. Investigations concluded that significant die off ofbacteria before dispersion into the harbour area occurs, and that repairing the outfall would improveconditions especially after high water when rapid dispersion can occur. Currently major fractures in theoutfall within the intertidal zone results in widespread contamination of the beach in the vicinity of theoutfall. Further contamination occurs due to the overflow of sewage pumping stations (e.g. GymkhanaPS) and the untreated effluent discharges from the ponds. The pumping stations will be rehabilitatedunder this project and the ponds will be restructured to attain higher performance.

o Solid Waste ManagementThe waste management system in Dar es Salaam remains under the authority of the Dar es Salaam CityCouncil although the service has been partly privatised since 1996. The only existing disposal site atVingunguti is an unlined dump site which receives mixed commercial industrial, household and municipalwaste, delivered either by the DCC and private operators or through 'self disposal'. Environmentalmanagement of the site is poor and directly impacts the local community due to proximity to a densely

2

DA IVASA ADDENDUM -APPENDLI'Eni Ironmental Impact Assessment

populated area. The site is clearly now over capacity and operating procedures are in conflict withappropriate environmental practice and public health interests. Illegal dumping and self-disposal accountfor nearly half of the daily solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam. Based on daily records fromVingunguti site, daily disposal volume to the formal disposal site is roughly 8% of daily solid wastegeneration. DCC are planning to reclaim the unused stone quarries in Kunduchi / Tegeta area in thenorth by converting them into landfill sites.

O Industrial waste ManagementIt is estimated that waste output from the paint and plastics, pharmaceuticals, chemical, metal andpetroleum industries comprises some 850 tonnes of solid waste, and more than 2900 tonnes of sludgesAlthough a high proportion of solid waste generated by these industries is either recycled or transportedto the disposal site at Vingunguti, the disposal route for sludges is not identified The processesundertaken in the above industrial sectors are associated with the generation of a range of pollutantsincluding chromium, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc compounds, hydrocarbons, and halogenatedsolvents. A significant proportion of these sludges and/or wastewater are either disposed of through theexisting sewerage network, directly to stabilisation ponds, or through discharge to surface water bodies

The regulation of industrial waste for effluent discharge standards is the responsibility of the DCC, butexisting legislation is outdated, penalties for non-compliance low, and enforcement weak.

O Medical and Hazardous WasteThe treatment and disposal of medical waste in Dar es Salaam is poor. An estimated 44% of hospitals donot segregate waste. The majority of health facilities use on site disposal methods, while 30% use off sitemethods. On site disposal constitutes burning and/or burying waste on the health facility premises,although only one hospital is currently equipped with a mechanical incinerator, and most local brick builtincinerators do not ensure that this is a safe means of disposal for pathogenic material.

The off site disposal route for medical waste is through collection by the municipally contracted PrivateWaste Operators followed by disposal to Vingunguti dump site. This practice is clearly also unacceptableon environmental and public health grounds in view of the low levels of waste segregation at source bythe health facilities, and the subsequent disposal practices operating at Vingunguti.

c Socio - economic and Demographic ConditionsTanzanian per capita GDP in 1998 was US$210 and GDP growth is estimated to be between 2.7 and3.5%. Dar es Salaam provides around 19-20% of GDP.

Dar es Salaam's rapid population growth is estimated to be 7% and current population is estimated to bebetween 2 to 4 million. The outcome of this growth has been the proliferation of unplanned andunserviced areas, particularly along the transport and service corridors (Mogorogoro and BagamoyoRoads). An estimated 75% of residents live in squatter areas, and 65% of new housing is being built inthese areas. Key squatter areas of high population density include Manzese on the Morogoro Road,Temeke and Mbagala in the south, and Buguruni and Vingunguti areas along Nyerere Road.

Conditions in squatter areas vary greatly, but access roads are generally narrow and in very poorcondition, and basic service provision is frequently not available. A number of wards to be served by theproject, in Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni are primarily densely populated, unplanned low income areas.

O Poverty and GenderWomen in the urban areas are found to form an increasing proportion of the lowest income groups, andbear a disproportionate share of the cost and responsibility for household maintenance and child-rearing.Based on the World Bank Poverty Profile (1993), female-headed households constitute 13.1% of theurban and peri-urban population of Dar es Salaam. In Dar es Salaam, female-headed householdsrepresent a particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged group, primarily engaged in the informal sector, inactivities that include food vending and brewing, which use large amounts of water and have hygieneimplications. When the water supply fails, women are then dependent on water vendors for their supply.Women's expenditure generally goes towards meeting household and family needs, including healthcentre and medical costs. For low-income female-headed households, this represents a particularly highproportion of their income.

3

DA WASA ADDENVDUM -APPEV\DLX.Environmenral Impact Assessment

In Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni, water collection represents a significant opportunity cost for women interms of the amount of time required for its collection, and consequent loss of opportunity for otherincome earning activities.

0 Public HealthThe existing health system in Dar es Salaam has shown progressive deterioration in recent years due to acombination of budgetary and resources constraints, and an expanding urban population. Statisticsderived from DCC and JICA (1997) indicate that a number of clear and serious public health trends haveemerged during the 1990's showing an upward in trend in prevalence of water borne and water relateddiseases. The infant mortality rate is high.

HIZV/AIDSSignificant as water related diseases are in the context of the present project, both in relation to publicand occupational health, the health concern of overriding national and regional importance is theprevalence and growth of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania. This has critical economic, social,demographic and cultural implications for the future of the nation.

At the end of 1997 the estimated number of adults and children infected was 1.4 million (9.42% of thepopulation). In practice, the infection rates vary greatly between communities, age groups, and socio-economic conditions and range between 0-61%. AIDS is now in many communities the principal cause ofpremature death.

Important high-risk groups of particular relevance in the present study include transient and migrantlabour, and specifically transport and construction workers. In the latter groups, WHO/UNAIDS (1998)report that in the 1991-93 period HIV infection rates were estimated to be between 22-31%. This highlevel of infection is i.a. associated with sexual behaviour among workers (such as construction workersfor development projects) housed in all-male environments, spending extended periods away from theirfamilies.

3. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

As is indicated below, the likely impacts arising from the implementation of the current project are limitedand there are very strong environmental and public health grounds for the proposed rehabilitation of theWater supply and Sanitation system of Dar es Salaam to proceed.

Water Supply InterventionsThe existing water supply conditions in Dar es Salaam are characterised by insufficient supply to meetexisting demand, and water quality that fails to meet either domestic or international water qualitystandards due to limited operational maintenance within the existing treatment facilities, leakage, andcross contamination of supplies. In quantitative terms, unaccounted for losses to the system represent50-60% of treated water entering the transmission pipelines supplying Dar es Salaam; this is attributedto the widespread use of informal connections within un-serviced communities, most notably on theupper Ruvu transmission line route, and the extensive leaks arising from this practice.

On the basis of surveys undertaken during the present assessment the water supply component is notexpected to generate any negative social impacts. Despite encroachment by individual houses on to thetransmission line buffer zone, these do not occur in the vicinity of proposed rehabilitation works.

* Increased abstraction would have potential adverse effects on downstream mangrove andaquatic ecology due to low flow conditions.

* The disposal of treatment sludge under low flow conditions will also have adverse effect.* The bivalve (molluscs) settlement in the intake structures influences flow capacity.

No expansion or increased abstraction is proposed under this project. Sludge ponds are proposed at thewater works.

4

DA I VASA A DDENDUM -A PPE,\DILXEnvironmental lnipact Assessmnent

Positive ImpactsThe proposed interventions will generate the following positive impacts:

* Water quality will be improved to meet water quality standards through upgrading andrehabilitating the clarifiers, filtration systems and dosing systems within the treatmentfacilities.

* Rehabilitation of the transmission lines will increase supplies through loss/leakagereduction

* Pollutant discharge from the treatment process will be discontinued resulting in improvedreceiving water quality

* The security of supply to un-serviced squatter areas that currently depend upon illegalconnections will be enhanced through formalising and repairing connections.

* The collective interventions will assist improve public health through a reduction inwaterborne disease.

Negative ImpactsAdverse effects will include:

* Increased wastewater generation from improved water supply.* Waste generation at the water treatment works include sludge from clarifiers and filter

backwash, which is currently discharged to the rivers.* Short term construction related impacts - noise and dust.

MitigationMitigation of adverse impacts associated with the water supply component under this project willbe addressed through the provision of contract conditions that:

* Upgrade sewerage system and onsite disposal systems to match the increasedwastewater disposal

* Sludge ponds to stabilize the waste generated at water works.* Define construction practices - specifications.* Define monitoring requirements, and actions to be undertaken in the event of non-

compliance.

Sewerage InterventionsThe existing sanitation system in Dar es Salaam is functioning at only minimal capacity and ischaracterised by constraints that include

* Blocked and collapsed sewers* Dysfunctional pumping stations (because of the former)* Low levels of efficiency in wastewater stabilisation ponds* Co-disposal of industrial sludge* A fractured main sea outfall discharging to the intertidal zone* Extensive leakage within the sewer system

These conditions promote widespread public health problems, and the existing sea outfall discharges tothe intertidal zone, some 75 metres short of the designed discharge point on the edge of the deep waterchannel, resulting in contamination of the seashore with untreated waste.

Positive ImpactsThe rehabilitation programme will improve the efficiency, capacity, and environmentalperformance of the system by:

* Dredging, deepening and segmenting the stabilisation ponds will improve the pondsperformance efficiency.

* Repairs and replacement of pipes and installation of parallel pipes will curtail exfiltrationand overflows of sewage and thus contamination.

* Repairing and extending the sea outfall to comply with original design specifications, andcorrespondingly reducing contamination of the beach area.

* Rehabilitating pumping stations, installing screens and incinerators for screeningmaterials will improve pumping performance.

5

DA WASA ADDENDUAI -APPENDLk'

Eni ironnental Irnpact Assessment

Replacement of 300 man-hole covers will stop deposition of household solid waste whichcause blockages.

Negative ImpactsAdverse environmental effects associated with the proposed rehabilitation programme are largelyconfined to impacts associated with the construction programme (dust/noise/access/excavation)and to the transportation and disposal of an estimated 62,000 m3 of spoil arising from the de-sludging of the existing stabilisation ponds. The City's only existing waste disposal site atVingunguti is already over capacity, and the operating practices there are environmentallyunacceptable. Dar es Salaam City Council will have to commission the new proposed landfill sitesat the disused stone quarries in Kunduchi / Tegeta areas.

MitigationSpecific route for transporting sludge and disposal procedures at the sanitary landfill sites will bedevised before works on the ponds can commence. Construction related impacts will bemitigated though specifications detailing construction practice and non-compliance would invokepenalties on the part of the contractor.

Poverty Alleviation, Gender and Public Health Interventions

Poverty AlleviationPoverty exacerbated by unemployment, rapid population growth, leading to proliferation in unplannedand unservices areas is the main character of urban poor. Squatter colonies lack essential servicesincluding water supply, access road and drainage facilities.

GenderWomen generally bear a disproportionate share of responsibility as household managers and this includewater collection, anxieties resulting from poor health and waterborne diseases and the associated costs.

HIV/AIIDSThe high incidence of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam reflects the high-risk behavior associated with urbanenvironments and is one of the highest nationally. Important high-risk groups of particular relevance hereinclude transient and migrant labour, and specifically transport and construction workers. For theimplementation of the present rehabilitation programme, large numbers of construction workers will berecruited and hired. This has potentially serious implications for HIV/AIDS infection rates.

Positive ImpactsIt is anticipated that the proposed rehabilitation works will generate the following positiveimpacts with regard to poverty alleviation:

* Strengthened community management capacity through improved and secure watersupply in low income, high density areas (Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni)

* Enhanced economic and income generating opportunities e.g. water kiosk operation,small businesses, food processing, etc.

* Regulated water tariffs replace high water vendor charges in times of water shortages* Improved family health as a result of improved quality and supply of domestic water will

result in reduced expenditure, in terms of money and time, on family health by women* Time savings through the increased capacity of delivery and a secure water supply* For low income female headed households, reduced expenditure/time on water collection* For girl children, release from water collection enabling school attendance

Negative ImpactsShort-term negative impacts are anticipated on water vendors, as a result of their displacement toareas as yet unserved As a result of construction work, the transmission of STDs (includingHIV/AIDS infection) by transient labourers, impacts disproportionately on women living incommunities in the vicinity, since infection rates for women is almost twice that of men

6

DA, IVASA ADDENDUM- APPENDU

Enm ironniental Impact Assessment

MitigationMitigation of adverse impacts associated with the improved water supply provision on specificoccupational groups will take the form of programmes for alternative activities to replace lostincome earning opportunities, e.g. displaced water vendors.

Contractual arrangements will be made to incorporate awareness campaigns, provide on sitehealth services, and provide for the distribution of condoms and treatment of STD's. Suchpreventative measures are seen not only as being the most cost effective approach to limitinginfection among construction workers and their partners, but has a significant effect on the localcommunities in the vicinity of construction camps. Successful awareness campaigns such asundertaken by AMREF in Tanzania will be incorporated, targeting construction workers and at-riskgroups. An important criterion in planning the recruitment and hiring of workers forimplementation of the present rehabilitation programme will be to incorporate such preventativemeasures during planning, construction and recruitment and to reinforce these provisions as acontractual condition to be implemented by the contractor.

4. OUTSTANDING ISSUES

The proposed rehabilitation works represent an important opportunity to address pressing basic servicesfor Dar es Salaam, currently in urgent need of rehabilitation. The short-term impacts during rehabilitationare considered minor in relation to the potential benefits of a secure water supply and improvedsanitation for Dar es Salaam. Fundamental weaknesses remain with the existing institutional andlegislative framework that has limited effective environmental regulation and compliance. In addition,there are aspects of the existing sewerage system, and extraneous issues, such as waste disposalpractices, that have some bearing on the efficiency and sustainability of the long-term programme. Thereare a number of specific issues that therefore justify further investigation. These include:

Long Term Sewage DisposalImproved water supply's major negative impact is the increased wastewater generation and its disposalPresent situation already demands about 100 km of sewer extension, in areas which are currently servedby onsite disposal system - septic tanks / soak pits which function under satisfactonly Prionty rankingallowed 10 km of sewers to be to be installed in this project. Further investment is necessary to installmore sewers and studies are necessary for future requirements. This will assist decision-making inrelation to the further expansion of the sewerage network into currently un-serviced areas of the city

Waste ManagementExisting waste management services in the city are of concern. The partial privatisation of the service hashad only limited success, and a high proportion of areas are dependent on self-disposal or burning, muchof which end up in open ditches and sewers and blocking them resulting in enhanced deterioration of theroads due to flooding and contamination with sewage. The single sanitary landfill site at Vingunguti haslimited potential capacity and operational practice is unacceptable. The location is in the midst of aheavily populated area. There is an urgent and immediate need to identify a suitable disposal route forsludge excavated from the stabilisation ponds. DCC must therefore commission the new proposedsanitary landfill sites at Kunduchi / Tegeta consistent with environmental and public health objectives.(Eugene Channon (ADB EIA Specialist) during his vist was shown these new sites and DCC are planningto commission them soon.)

Institutional Strengthening of Environmental ManagementEnvironmental management and regulation is seriously constrained by the absence of clearly definedenvironmental legislation, achievable and measurable standards, and the subsequent absence of a clearoperational framework for monitoring, enforcement, and management activity. There are a number ofkey actions required to improve the management of the environment:

7

DA IfASA ADDENDUUM -APPENDIXEnvironmental Impact Assessment

(a) The proposed Environmental Protection Act must be implemented by Government to provide cleareffluent and emissions compliance standards, and corresponding mechanisms for enforcement ofsuch controls.

(b) A dedicated institutional framework is required to oversee the implementation of the Act, and with aclear mandate to undertake monitoring, enforcement and other management functions.

(c) The establishment of an environmental monitoring programme is an essential ingredient fordetermining the pressure on resources, trends in environmental quality, and compliance with theregulatory provisions. It provides the mechanism for determining the likely effects of alternativefuture development strategies.

(d) For industries served by sewerage system, effluent discharged standards must be enforced. Manyindustries will therefore have to install pre-treatment processes or install recycling plants, and othercleaner production units. The relevant authorities must take responsibilities of installing municipalsewerage system for industries, which lack them in return of the assorted taxes and levies theycollect from the industries.

(e) For the Health sector there is a need to quantify waste generation and disposal routes for all classesof material, and to establish clear compliance provisions for the secure treatment and disposal of allhazardous materials. This would mean the identification and development of appropriate incinerationcapacity and development of a secure and contained hazardous waste disposal facility. Moreimportantly perhaps is the need to generate awareness and accountability within the institutionsresponsible for hazardous waste generation and disposal.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The measures proposed in the previous sections represent the core findings of the present EIA and areimportant elements in implementing the current rehabilitation works and mitigating potentially adversesocial and environmental impacts. The Environmental Management Plan presented in the following pagessummarises the key areas of activity that will assist this process, the institutional responsibilities inoverseeing the proposed activities over a defined time period, and the estimated costs of undertakingthese services. This has to be supplemented by guidelines that define social and environmentalmonitoring provisions. The EMP is based on guidelines defined in the Operational Manual OP 4.01 of theWorld Bank.

6. REPORTING - ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

DAWASA will establish an Environmental Management Unit, which will be responsible for ensuringenvironmental compliance and monitoring public consultation who will compile regular reports which willbe made available for public disclosure.

8

DA WASA ADDENDUM- APPENDIX

Environmental Inmpact Assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

COMPONENT AREA OF ACTIVITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MITIGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTI RESPONSIBILITY TIMING

WATER SUPPLY INTERVENTIONSConstruction Phase Rehabilitation of water Small scale construction noise On site disposal of construction waste

treatment facilities (upper and and AQ effects. Generation of through incorporation in works - contract * DAWASA and appointed 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costslower Ruvu + Mtoni) construction waste conditions defining working practices and Contractors -PGA

monitonng.

Rehabilitation of transmission Short term construction noise, Contract conditions defining workingand distnbution lines dust, and plant movement in practices, remedial action, monitonng * DAWASA and appointed 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGA

vicinity of some unplanned provisions and consultation requirements sub-contractorscommunities

Replacement of informal Short term disruption to supply Community co nsultation on works * DAWASA / Pnvateconnections and leak as connections to unplanned programming and provision of alternative Operator / Appointed 2003 to 2008 Built in Project Costs - PGAreduction areas are formalised temporary supply as required Contractors / PO

Operattonal Phase Treatment plant operation Generation of alum sludge and On or off site disposal to approved waste Lagoonsdarifier deposits and filter disposal facility in lagoons * DAWASA / Pnvate Operator After 2007backwash Capital costs - $

80,000Annual recurrent costs - $8,000 - PO

Treatment efficency Drinking water quality Raw and treated water qual ity monitoring Annual recurrent costsat the on-site testing and analytical facility * DAWASA and appointed After 2007 * $ 20,000 - PO-sampling and analytical protocols to be Pnvate Operatorconsistent with international standards

* Environmental monitoring * $ 20,000 - POgroup 3 NEMC

Environmental Monioring Group (EMG) - established to undertake all project monioring, data analysis and liaison - the team will be established in consultation wih the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). themonitoring parameters, frequency and distnbution of sies will also be defined through discussion with the NEC with the objective of establishing a long term ambient environmental monitonng programme for the ciy - EMG activitywill include training/capacity building

DA WVASA ADDENDUM -APPENDIXEnvironmental Impact Assessment

COMPONENT AREA OF AcTIvM | SOURCE OF IMPACT |PROPOSED MMGATION INSTTUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTl I I | ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~REsPoNsIBILrr| TIMINGl

SANITATION INTERVENTIONS

Constructlon Phase Rehabilitation and upgrading The lack of an environmentally An appropriate location will be identified, . Dares Salaam City Sanitary landfill disposal ofof stabilisation ponds, acceptable disposal route for site operating practices, design, and Commision (site 2003 to 2007 sludge and excavateddesludging and excavation of dredged and sludge materials preparation to be agreed in consultation approval) materials - Cost $ 930,000ponds (62,000 m3) from stabilisation with the City commission * DAWASA and contractors - Project Costs - PGA

ponds (site preparaton and_ management)

Construction activities during Short term noise, dust and odour Contract conditions defining best workingRehabilitation and Upgrading effects during construction practices, working hours, environmental + DAWASA and Contractors 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGAof existing ponds monitoring and consultation requirements * Community liaison

Group'the secure transport and Transport impacts during peak Adoption of contractua lly agreed working Built in Project cost fordisposal of an estimated hours hours, routing, vehicle and load . DAWASA and Contractors 2003 to 2007 sludge disposal - PGA62,000 m3 of sludge / spoil management, and disposal practices

Operational Phase Treatment Efficiency Effluent Quality and Standards Influent and effluent quality monitoring at * DAWASA / Private * $ 20,000 - POthe site, analytical facility, sampling and Operator After 2007testing consistent with international * Environmental Monitoring * $ 20,000 - POstandards GrouD NEMC

The rehabilitation of the sea Short term dispersion of effluent Works programming to minimise pipeline * DAWASA/ Contractors Project cost -ConstNrcton Phase outfall discharge in near shore area replacement activity, contract 2003 to 2007 $ 750,000 - PGA

specifications plus environmentalmonitoring

Sea Outfall Treatment and Effluent quality and sea and Bactenological and water quality * DAWASA / Private * $ 20,000 - POOperabonal Phase Dispersion Efficiency beach pollution monitoring to determine dispersion Operator After 2007

characteristics/efficiency and baseline WQ * Environmental Monitoring * $ 20,000 - POconditions Group NEMC

the short term potential for . Contract conditions defining * DAWASA / Contractors 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGAConstnctbon Phase Rehabilitation of sewers, wastewater discharge and operating practices, community

sewage pumping mains and contaminant release consultation on works programmingpumping stations via CLG, and compliance monitonng

by EMG / NEMC.

Operation Phase . potential public and . Occupational Health safeguards willoccupational health risks include specified working conditions, * DAWASA / Private Included in 0 & M

health care facilities, and provision of Operator After 2007 Recurrent Costs - Privateprotective dothing consistent with OperatorHealth and safety protocols

* Environmental Monitoring $ 40,000 - POGroup NEMC / CLG CBOs

The Communiy Liaison Group (CLG) will also be established as a prolect vehicle for commungy consultation and sell be established in consulation wih DCC

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DA IVASA ADDENDUM -APPENDI.

Environmental Impact Assessment

COMPONENT AREA OF AcTivn- | SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MmGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTI I | | RESPONSIBILITY TIMING

ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING

Existing capacity within the The EMG will be ubilised to extend * EMG Central GovernmentConstruction Phase All activities DAWASA, NEMC and Dar training and capacity within the NEMC * NEMC 2003 to 2008 Budget directed to the

EsSalaam City Council in monitoring, analysis, and the * DAWASA project(DCC) is limited by establishment of a routne + DCCresourcing constraints, and environmental monitonng network. * CBOs / NGO's DAWASA / PGA / POthe absence of defined andachievable legislabve In association with the NEMC it will Training, workshops andprovisions define protocols, standards, and some tools & equipment

information dissemination practices and reagentsapplicable to the respective project $ 50,000components .

Operational Phase As Above The project in associabon with the * Pnvate Operator Annual recurrent costs -Promoting sustainability NEMC will seek to utilise project * NEMC After 2007 $ 30,000 - PO

expenence in developing continuity and * DAWASAa sustainable environmental monitonng * DCCand management framework * CBOs / NGO's

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGMonitoring of all project acbvities to Central Government

Construction Phase As above As Above ensure compliance with contract * EMG 2003 to 2008 Budget directed to theconditions, environmental legislation . NEMC projectand standards, and appropnate bye * DAWASA / POlaws + DCC DAWASA / PGA / PO

* CBOs / NGO'sTraining, workshops andsome tools & equipmentand reagents notincluded above $

.______________ _ .20,000.The establishment of enabling

Operational Phase Promoting sustainability As Above conditions and institubonal capacity to * NEMC After 2007 Not included elsewheredevelop a routne framework for * DCC above. Annual costs $environmental management of projects * NGO's 20,000and programmes .

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DA VASA ADDENDUM- APPENDIX

Environmental Impact Assessment

COMPONENT AREA OF AcTIviTy SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MIGATION INsrruloNAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COSTRESPONsIBILrTY TIMING

SOCIAL MONITORING

All Activities where there A range of potenbally A community Liaison Group will beConstruction Phase is the potential for social disruptive effects may established within the project. The * DAWASA / Contractor 2003 to 2008 DAWASA

impact occur in the vicinity of responsibility of the CLG will be to liaise * NEMCconstruction actvibes widely with Govemment, Communibes * DCC

and NGO's to assist cooperabon + NGO's / CBOsbetween PAP's and the project. This * Dept. of Youthgroup will further assist in Women Communitydissemination of project information * Ward Committeesand the promobon of communityawareness.

TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE PREVENTION (HIV/AIDS)

Construction Phase The recruitment of a Past experience indicates The project will consult with NAPC and * DAWASA / 2003 to 2008 Built in the Project Costssignificant labour force to the potential for enhanced relevant NGO's (AMREF) with IEC skills Contractors by the Contractor underundertake the proposed HIV infection rates among in defining an awareness programme * DCC Workers Camp andrehabilitation works. migrant constructon for construction workers. Interventions . CBOs / NGO's Welfare

workers and the will include: * Dept. of Healthcommunities in which they * Selective recruitment of locally . NAPC Central Governmentlive - current infection resident workers, reinforced by . AMREF Budget for HIV / AIDSrates are >20% in this contract conditions * WHO/UNAIDSgroup. NAPC objectives are * Provision of health checks andto induce behaviour health service provision aimed atchange among 30-50% of reducton of STD's among workersthe mobile population by * Provision of condoms to workers2002. * Establishment of an awareness

campaign to be operated byexistng NGO's and or skilledpractiboners.

iv