WORLD AND RIZAL

American Civil War: Negro Slavery

Napoleon III & France : Mexico

Italy vs Austrians & France

Germans vs. France

England: world’s leading imperialist power

America: re-opened Japan (after 214)

Germany vs Spain

Hong Kong, India, Burma, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.

Pope Leo XIII

SPAIN

Latin America

Central AmericaContinued: Cuba, Puerto Rico,

Philippines

COLONIAL POWER OF SPAIN: •INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION •CORRUPT OFFICIALS (Gov. Generals)• NO PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES•HUMAN RIGHTS ARE DENIED•NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW•MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE•RACIAL DISCRIMINATION•FRAILOCRACY•FORCED LABOR•HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE FRIARS•GUARDIA CIVIL

Hong Kong, India, Burma, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.

CHURCH “Enlightened” Authority:

Education Knowledge as

Power Consultant of the

King

1) INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION

2) CORRUPT OFFICIALS3) NO PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION

IN THE SPANISH CORTES4) HUMAN RIGHTS ARE DENIED5) NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW6) MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE7) RACIAL DISCRIMINATION8) FRAILOCRACY9) FORCED LABOR10) HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE FRIARS11) GUARDIA CIVIL

INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONstruggles between the forces of despotism

(single entity rules with absolute power/ one power/ one master)and liberalism

BRIBERYNEPOTISM

CORRUPT OFFICIALS (Gov. Generals)

Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo

Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera

Gen. Valeriano Weyler

Gen. Camilo de Polavieja

penniless Spaniards came to the Philippines

Immediate appointment to higher offices: skin color

They were either relatives or protégés of civil officials and friars.

They became rich by illegal means or by marrying the heiresses of rich Filipino families.

Spain granted locals from their colonies representation in the Cortes, thus Spanish parliament government. (functions: representation, legislation, hearings or inquiries) To win the support of her

overseas colonies during the Napoleonic Invasion

the Philippine conditions worsened because: there was no means by which the

Filipino people could expose the anomalies perpetrated by the colonial officials.

Result: Propaganda Movement that led to Philippine Revolution

Result of no Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes

Freedom for Filipinos was denied

Missionaries: “All men, irrespective of

color and race, are equal before God.”

Brown-skinned Filipinos are inferior beings: subjects to be exploited

Brown Filipinos and white Spaniards may be equal before God, but not before the law and certainly not in practice.

Justice was costly, partial, and slow. Poor Filipinos had no access

to the courts because they could not afford the heavy expenses of litigation.

Wealth, social, prestige, and color of skin were preponderant factors in winning a case in court.

Justice delayed is justice denied: Juan de la Cruz (1886-1898) – 12 yrs

brown-skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos as: “INDIOS” (Indians)

Spaniards as: “BANGUS” (Milkfish)

A Spaniard, no matter how stupid he was, always enjoyed political and social prestige and superiority.

Fr. Jose Burgos: complained the

Spanish misconception that a man’s merit depended on the pigment of his skin

union of Church and State “government of friars”

tremendous political power, influence, and riches.

Condemn a filipino filibustero (traitor)

Autonomy of education portrayed by Rizal in his

novels as Padre Damaso and Padre Salvi

“POLO:” forced labor imposed on

Filipinos in the construction of infrastructures and public works

“Falla:” sum of money paid to

government to be exempted from the polo.

ABUSES: FIRST: Spanish residents,

contrary to law, were not recruited for

“polo” SECOND: Laborers received

only a part of their supposed

original stipend. Worse, they got nothing.

(Gratis) THIRD: this caused

inconvenience and suffering because :

common laborers are disturbed from their work in farms, shops,

far from homes and towns.

The rural folks became: tenants.

loss of their lands which belonged to their ancestors since pre-Spanish times

FRIARS obtained royal titles of ownership from:

the Spanish Crown. Rizal and agrarian reforms ---

Retaliation: rentals are raised

“INDOLENCE (lack of concern) OF FILIPINOS”:

Deceptions made by friars making the local folks believe that plantations are prospering because they were under their care.

Constable: “Law

Enforcement” (to serve and to protect)

Supposed to maintain peace and order in the society They don’t observe

their duty: maltreating innocent people, looting their livelihoods, raping women

Rizal directed his stinging satire against the hatred Guardia Civil,

through Elias in Noli Me Tangere.