World After 1945-1Beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Distinct from the history of the Earth (which includes early geologic history and prehuman biological eras), world history comprises the study of archaeological and written records, from ancient times on. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.[2][3] However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which is followed by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Agricultural Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[4][5][6] Agriculture advanced, and most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism continued in some locations, especially in isolated regions with few domesticable plant species;[7] but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation.

Name :- Nishtha P KherStd. :- 9th Div :- ASubject :- Social ScienceTopic :- World After 1945 - 1

L.P.Savani International

U.S. Ends WWII with Nuclear Bomb Attacks Against Japan (1945): The U.S. unleashes nuclear weapons upon the world by bombing Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Japan to end WWII.Beginning of Indonesian War of Independence Against Dutch (1945): The Dutch lose control over most of Indonesia to the Japanese. When the Japanese withdrew upon their defeat in WWII, Indonesia declared independence from the Netherlands, leading to a 4-year war in an attempt to re-establish control over Indonesia. Embargo on Spain (1945-53): In an effort led by the Allied Powers, the United Nations placed a trade embargo on Spain for its part in aiding Germany and the Axis Powers in WWII. This resulted in economic and diplomatic isolation, badly hindering Spain's economy. The embargo was lifted in 1953. Spain would continue to suffer from economic and political unrest until the 1960s, upon which the economy enjoyed a boom.Italian Monarchy Ends (1946): After WWII, Italian King Emmanual III attempted to resurrect the monarchy. When the matter was put to a popular referendum vote, the monarchy was abolished.

Beginning of the First Indochina War in Vietnam (1946): Pitting France and the Vietnamese National Army against the communist Viet Minh, who was supported by the USSR and China.Greek Civil War (1946-49): Tensions had been running high between the Pro-Democracy and Pro-Communism parties in Greece since 1942, leading to periodic violence. War broke out in 1946, as the communist faction waged guerilla warfare against the elected, pro-democracy government (an election boycotted by the Communist party). The communist guerillas were supported by surrounding communist regimes, including the Soviet Union, Albania and Yugoslavia. The democratic government forces were aided by the U.S. With the victory of the government in power, Greece became a west-leaning nation, joining NATO (anti-communist military coalition led by the U.S.) in 1952. The vigorous, anti-communist disposition of the goverment would lead to the military coup in 1967.

The United Nations Charter• The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the international

organization called the United Nations.[1] It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries. (Poland, the other original member, which was not represented at the conference, signed it two months later.) It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council—the Republic of China under Chapter II of the United Nations Charter (and currently by the People's Republic of China), France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later replaced by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, and the United States—and a majority of the other signatories.

• As a charter, it is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its articles. Furthermore, Article 103 of the Charter states that obligations to the United Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations.[1][2] Most countries in the world have now ratified the Charter.

Cold War• The Cold War was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers

in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in Warsaw Pact). Historians have not fully agreed on the dates, It was "cold" because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan that the two sides supported. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences over totalitarian communism and capitalist democracy. A deliberately neutral grouping arose with the Non-Aligned Movement founded by Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this faction rejected association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led East.

• Causes

The Soviet Union wanted to spread its ideology of communism worldwide, which alarmed the Americans who followed democracy.The acquisition of atomic weapons by America caused fear in the Soviets.Both countries feared an attack from each other adhering to mutual mass destruction.The Soviet Union's action of taking control over Eastern Europe was a major factor for US suspicions.The US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.America was annoyed by the Soviet Union's actions in the part of Germany it had occupied.The Soviets feared that America would use Western Europe as a base to attack it.

Effects• Both the United States of America and the

Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles.

• The military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed.

• It led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam War and the Korean War.

• The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weaknesses.

• The Berlin Wall was demolished and the two German nations were unified.

• The Warsaw Pact disintegrated.• The Baltic States and some former Soviet

Republics achieved independence.• America became the sole superpower of

the world.• Communism collapsed worldwide.

Distrust Among Power & Blocs• The Soviet Union and the United States slowly started to show their distrust for the other. Some of the ways this presented

itself included:• Big 3 Alliance:• During their Second World War alliance, Britain and the United States had been closer friends than either was with the Soviet

Union. The Soviet Union had asked the United States and the Allies to start a second front during the War, which they did with D-Day in 1944. Stalin, however, felt that they waited longer than necessary so that the Soviet Union would be weakened by Germany. This planted seeds of distrust.

• The Atomic Bomb:• The Soviet Union was not included in the American/British creation of the atomic bomb during the Second World War. They

felt they were doing their part in the alliance and did not like being left out of something so important. This helped to further cement distrust.

• The Marshall Plan:• This distrust was further stretched when the United States created the Marshall Plan in 1947 to help rebuild Europe. The

United States would provide assistance to any country as long as they closed off any large communist movement in their country.

• Needless to say, Stalin was against it and thought it would just encourage capitalism to prosper in these places, so he and the other communist countries did not accept. The Soviet Union would later create the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in 1948 instead, redrawing Eastern Europe’s economies so that they followed that of the Soviet Union.

World divided in military blocs• Western Bloc• The Western Bloc or Capitalist Bloc[1] during the Cold War refers to the countries allied with the

United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and its allies. The latter were referred to as the Eastern Bloc, a more common term in English than Western Bloc. The governments and press of the Western Bloc were more inclined to refer to themselves as the "Free World" or "Western World." "Western Europe" is a controversial term used to refer to democratic countries in Europe during the Cold War, but the concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media.

• Cold War• See also: Cold War, Anti-Communism, Eastern Bloc information dissemination and Propaganda in

the Soviet Union

• The divisions between the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc grew, due to their mutually hostile policies the period was marked by Anti-Sovietism and second Red Scare in the Western Bloc. McCarthyism brought persecution to the United States of anyone accused of disloyalty, including many left-wing policy followers. In Europe, many countries that were not communist, often had strong support for the communist or socialist parties, such as the French Communist Party or the Socialist Party (Portugal). Many opted to implement elements of the socialist system such as the welfare State, e.g. Folkhemmet. Scandinavian countries created economic systems based on democracy and socialism.

• Eastern Bloc• The Eastern Bloc was the former communist states of Central and Eastern

Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.[1][2][3] The terms Communist Bloc and Soviet Bloc were also used to denote groupings of states aligned with the Soviet Union, although these terms might include states outside Central and Eastern Europe.

Partition & Unification of Germany• The formal unification of Germany into a politically and

administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the de facto transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organizations of states occurred far earlier, via alliances formal and informal between noblemen— but also fitfully as self-interests of parties hampered the process over nearly a century of aristocratic experimentation from the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) and the consequent rise of nationalism over the span of the Napoleonic Wars era.

• Problems of reorganization• Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no

way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did, such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population.[13] Furthermore, this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular come-back at Waterloo. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics.[14]

German reunification• German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) is

a term of history. Unification means making two or more parts as one. The German reunification is the unification of the two parts of Germany.

• After the Second World War, Germany had been divided into two countries. One was the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), also called "West Germany". The other part was the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also called "East Germany". The German reunification was on October 3, 1990, when East Germany again became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

• During the Cold war (1945 – 1989)• After World War II, Germany was divided into 4 occupation

zones by the 4 allied forces, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union (Russia) in 1945. In 1949 the French, British and American zones were made joined into the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as "West Germany", while the Soviet zone was made into a separate state known as the German Democratic Republic, or "East Germany".

Naming

There is debate as to whether the events of 1990 should be properly referred to as a "reunification" or a "unification". Proponents of the former use the term in contrast with the initial unification of Germany in 1871. Also when the Saarland joined the West German Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957, this was termed the Small Reunification. Popular parlance, which uses "reunification", is deeply affected by the 1989 opening of the Berlin Wall (and the rest of the inner German border) and the physical reunification of the city of Berlin (itself divided only since 1945). Others,[who?] however, argue that 1990 represented a "unification" of two German states into a larger entity which, in its resulting form, had never before existed (see History of Germany).

For political and diplomatic reasons, West German politicians carefully avoided the term "reunification" during the run-up to what Germans frequently refer to as die Wende. The official[1] and most common term in German is "Deutsche Einheit" (in English "German unity"). German unity is the term that Hans-Dietrich Genscher used in front of international journalists to correct them when they asked him about "reunification" in 1990.

Foreign support and opposition

For decades, Germany's allies had stated their support for reunification; Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, who speculated that a country that "decided to kill millions of Jewish people" in the Holocaust "will try to do it again", was one of the few world leaders to publicly oppose it. As reunification became a realistic possibility, however, significant NATO and European opposition emerged in private.[16]

A poll of four countries in January 1990 found that a majority of surveyed Americans and French supported reunification, while British and Poles were more divided. 69% of Poles and 50% of French and British stated that they worried about a reunified Germany becoming "the dominant power in Europe". Those surveyed stated several concerns, including Germany again attempting to expand its territory, a revival of Nazism, and the German economy becoming too powerful. While Britons, French and Americans favored Germany remaining a member of NATO, a majority of Poles supported neutrality for the reunified nation.[17]

Fundamental Changes in International System

• The International System of Units, known as the SI, is used throughout the world to express the results of measurements in almost all aspects of modern society, from advanced science and technology, via precision manufacturing to daily life. The roots of the SI go back to the Metre Convention signed in 1875 by 17 countries and now consisting of 55 signatories, but being applied in almost all countries of the world. The Convention established the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM), a diplomatic body of representatives of each member state which meets usually every four years and has the authority to decide on any changes or extensions to the SI. In October 2011, the CGPM adopted a resolution [1] paving the way to a major revision of the SI.

• The building blocks of the SI are the seven base units: second, metre, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. In recent years, possible new definitions of the base units were intensively discussed among specialists. In the course of the planned changes, especially the unit of mass, the kilogram, which is the last remaining unit defined in terms of an artefact, should be based on fundamental physical constants. The responsible committees of the Metre Convention have worked out a detailed proposition for the new SI which includes new definitions for the base units kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole.

Rise of independent nations in Asia and Africa

• A positive result of the world war 2 was that it ended inperialism / dictorship in europe. With that a host of countries in asia and africa came up. Although ever fore world war 2, freedom movements had already started in different countries.

• Asia who were under foreign rule. These freedom movements became more powerfull during the war. During and after war dominance of imperialistic countries started proceding. Whereas in asian countris freedom movements started becoming more and more persistent

• India achieved independence in 1947 after long freedom movement. Owing of the war, britain had to accept burma’s demand on independence thus in 1948 burma also became independent during world war 2, srilanka which is situated in the south of india also had started efforts to achive independence.

• Intially, britain tired to satisfy their demand by allowing them. Colonial self rule

• But as their movement became independent in 1949, indonesia was freed from the clutches of the netherlands in the case of indonesia the united nations played an important role during these years in the fas eastern asian countries such as laos, cambodia, vietnam etc.