Work+Safety

8/8/2019 Work+Safety

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/worksafety 1/6

WORK SAFETY ABSTRACTWork safety ensures that labour conditions are healthyand safety. Also, it is a science which decreases work accidents and work illness. Today people, who are the

most important factor of production, have a lot of problems in workplaces because of technological developments. These problems cause some kinds of menaces to human health and then manipulation. Whenthe industry was inchoate, work safety hadn’t beenthought as a problem. However, when the activity areasincreased, the hazards also have increased; as a result

people required that some rules and laws. Therefore scientific researches begin and work safety occurred. If work safety is in the workplace or even tough in acountry, people will be happy and healthy. If it is not,there are illness, death, disability, money and time

wasting. This is the importance of work safety. Safetyand health management system, or safety program, canhelp you focus your efforts at improving your work environment. Whatever you call it, your plan describeswhat the people in your organization do to prevent injuries and illnesses at your workplace. Work safetycan provide with safety education and training. Animportant part of accident prevention work is theeducation of workers and supervisors concerning theimportance to them of safe conditions and practices.This is accomplished by supervisory training programs,

periodic supervisors’ meetings, employee safetymeetings, labor-management safety committees, safety

films, safety posters, safety contests, safety awards,company publications, suggestion systems, and numerous other educational devices. These increase theemployee’s interest in accident prevention and makehim safety conscious.KEYWORDSWork safety, Importance of safety, Objects of work safety, Risk, OHSAS1. RISK Risk’s dictionary definition is ‘chance of bad

consequences; or expose to chance of injury or loss’.Risk has become a term with extensive implications insociety and is used in reference to stock marketvolatility, public health and safety management, and tothe potential for failures of organizational systems.Firms manage safety by developing strategies to controlhazards and the associated risks. A simple and effectivemethod is to ‘spot the hazard, assess the risk, and makethe changes’. Tools have also been developed toquantify or prioritize risks such as the Risk Scorecardand to select appropriate interventions, for example, theHierarchy of Controls.

1.1. Accident causation modelsWhy is it that risk has been differentiated further? The



answer lies in the theories and models used to explainhow accidents happen. These show how threats aretranslated into an injury and loss. An example is thedomino theory developed in 1931. It suggests that oneevent leads to another, then to another and so on,culminating in an accident.The domino theory found that 88 per cent of accidentsare caused by unsafe acts of people, 10 per cent byunsafe actions and 2 per cent by ‘acts of God’.Interestingly, the ‘acts of God’ concept alludes thatthere may be a level of risk that is not controllable andtherefore, noncompressible. The domino theory was avery simple model based on a singular concept of risk.Accident causation models are separated into four groups.‘Structure of accident model’ identifies immediatecauses and contributing causes of accidents. Immediate

causes involve unsafe acts and contributing causes of accidents.‘Human factors in accidents model’ , assumes for example the worker error leads to equipment designfaults and limitations. Poor maintenance practices or further mistakes may exacerbate these faults, such thatthe combination of these factors with inappropriateoperating procedure may result in a safety deviation.The benefit of this model is that it indicates the need for training to enhance skills and safety consciousness

because of the two categories of risk – the risk associated with poor skills and the risk associated with

complacency. In the 1980s, a further group of accidentcausation theories was developed.These focused on individual perceptions of risk andmotivational factors, an example of which is the risk 2‘risk homeostatic accident model’ . It applies

particularly to road traffic. This model introduces thenotion of a target level of risk- that people have adegree of risk that they accept, tolerate or choose.‘The Hale and Glendon model’ explains howindividuals control risk. It suggests that the worker actsfollowing a comparison of the current situation againstthe desired situation.All of the models discussed have enhanced theunderstanding of accidents and how they occur. Amajor weakness of the models is that they do notclearly illustrate how risk is affected by businessactivity. Some current OHS literature perpetuates thisemphasis on negligence, for example, workplaceaccidents are caused by people. More accurately, theyare caused by the things they do or do not do.Equipment and machinery will sometimes fail, andincidents may occur which cause accidents, but they arenearly always traceable to some degree of human error,negligence or ignorance.1.2. The entropy model



There are two categories of risks that are present in allnatural systems including or organizations. There is aninherent or residual risk that cannot be completelyeliminated and the risk caused when systems degrade.The latter is referred to as ‘entropic risk’. Entropy is ameasure of degradation or disorganization of theuniverse.The entropy model identifies these two types of risk and explains how they are affected by the condition of system factors. It begins by creating on organizationwithin a void, independent of natural law in section.This is an ideal context in which the firm alwaysoperates with perfect safety, performance and systemfactor quality. All factors are fully and effectivelyutilized with the accident rate and level of risk equal tozero.The entropy model is a significant contribution to the

understanding of the nature of risk and its impact onorganizational systems.The concept of residual risk may cause someorganizations to be less than diligent in their efforts tomanage risk because incidents may be prematurely or conveniently attributed to inherent danger rather thansystematic weakness. This may be particularly the casein workplaces such as underground mines where thelevel of residual risk is high. Concurrently, however,

because the entropy model raises awareness of thesignificance of residual risk and its impact on safetyand performance, there is more reason for firms to be

diligent in the management of such risks.2. RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES2.1. Job safety analyses (JSA)Job safety analysis can be carried out at any time but is

particularly required prior to new wok practices beingintroduced, for example, when a firm startsmanufacturing an additional product line that involvesthe use of new technologies. These changes affectsystem factor risk levels and also the risks associatedwith the interaction of these system factors.Job safety analysis can also be carried out as part of theauditing process. When there are obvious changes inthe quality of system factors, for example, whenhazards are identified or when safety concerns areraised, JSA should be used to identify the risksinvolved and to develop remedies. In firms that actively

promote safety consciousness, any member of theorganization may initiate a JSA. Workers areencouraged to take ownership of their own safety andthe safety of others involved in or affected by theoperations of the business.Job safety analysis is the most important process inmanaging workplace risks. It should be undertaken

whenever new work practices are introduced, whennew technologies are installed and when the physicalenvironment is significantly modified. New employees



should also be taken through the process duringintroduction to increase their awareness of workplacerisks and to give them these analytical skills.2.2. Workplace inspectionsWorkplace inspections are also used to monitor andmanage risks. Firms committed to safety undertakethese reviews habitually to identify any changes in thecondition of system factors since the last inspection.2.3. Hazard inspectionsWorkplace inspections involve a general review of thefour system factors in a work area. Hazard inspections,on the other hand, specifically focus on a particular risk source. The basic underlying premise of hazardmonitoring is that there is an ’acceptable’ level of risk.There are measures to quantify this level such asmaximum acceptable concentration (MAC),

permissible exposure limit (PEL) and short-term

exposure limit (STEL). These cutoffs are based on theassumptions that exposure to levels below the definedvalue will have no long-term effects on the worker andthat short-term effects are reversible.When the hazardous condition rise above the industrystandard ‘acceptable’ level, the probability of anincident or threat to human health and safety has also3risen. The greater this rise, the greater the need for urgency to correct the condition or to modify work

practices to avoid the risk.Traditional approaches to hazard inspection have

focused on unsafe conditions in technologies and the physical environment. The entropy model suggests thathazards are also present in processes and humanresources. There is a need, therefore, to consider alsothese systems factors as potential sources of danger.For example, in the case of the mechanical fitter whowas trapped while working on the rope shovel, theinvestigation revealed that the process was extremelydangerous and pre-operational hazard inspection shouldhave been undertaken before the work was attempted.2.4. Visitor safetyThe risk management practices discussed so far havefocused primarily on protecting the health and safety of direct employees. The company is also responsible for the welfare of other individuals including visitors.Visitors are any persons who are not an employee or acontractor and include students on work experience

programs, family members, children who are in theworkplace for any reason, clients and customers.Having people on-site who have no or limitedknowledge of the risks which are present leads toadditional hazards. Wherever there is a dilution of theaverage level of competency in a work area according

to the number of people in attendance, there is anincrease in residual risk in the human resources systemfactor and greater susceptibility to entropic risk.



3. WORK SAFETY 3.1. Objects of work safetyWork safety aims that protect to employees in theoffice from occupational diseases and work accidents,and thus minimize the loss of manpower and working

hours in order to protect its production, so jobs willincrease in efficiency. These measures not only protectto workers, but also make them happy.3.2. Labor and Social SafetyWork security is related to various parts of society .States must deal with accidents directly or through

public institutions. The Ministry of Labor andSocial Security is interested about this subject. It isaffiliated: Inspector of Business, Worker Health and Safety Center, Worker Health and Head of Department,

Inspector of Occupational Safety .

3.3. Working areas of work safetyWork safety is a multi-faced science that associatedwith sociology, economics, and law. It is capitalize-onsciences like physic, economics, chemistry,engineering, sociology, chemistry, engineering etc …By the end of work, work safety returns to professionaland technical project. As a work field, work safetyincludes industry and service sectors.4. WORK ACCIDENTS4.1. AccidentsAccidents are events which are unplanned andunexpected. They may cause injuries, disabilities or death. Accidents can order as follows: ‘ home accidents,work accidents, traffic accidents, etc…’ 4.2. Work accidentsIt is an accident which occurs because of worker’s job,in a workplace.4.3. Causation of work accidentsThese are the reasons:1. If material isn’t appropriate for production,2. Environment: Temperature, humidity and lightingeffects of physical health conditions such as noise.3. People: Education and the inadequacy of

information, abstraction careless, indifference,insensitivity incompatibility, nutrition problems, familyand mental health problems.4. Configuration of production machinery is notsuitable or protective measures to be taken.4.4. Increasing of the work accidentsFactors which affect the workers negatively causeto increase the work accidents. These factors are:‘work fatigue, irrational business regime, spendingmore and continuous labor, worker's physical andmental structure etc…’The fundamentals of increasing of the work accidentsare:1. Using the old technology,



2. Conditions that are not appropriate for health andsafety,3. Deficiency of control in the accidents,44. Unexperienced employee and the new employeeswho are not educated with training programs,5. Not research the accidents why and how occur.4.5. Prevention of work accidentsPrecautions will be taken to prevent work accidents atthe same time providing the security policy that creates

jobs. Some measures must have taken :1. To eliminate unsafe conditions,2. To prevent unsafe behaviors,3. Use of good study methods4. Using to automation,5. Using the personal protector.5. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (OHSAS)5.1. Definition of OSHASAn Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) system isthe way you secure, safe and well-managed businessesto create a lead: Determine the functioning of your organization and minimize the dangers associated,workplace incidents, accidents and reduction of disability, workers' compensation and liability casesrelated to reducing the risk of legal action, if anincident or accident has been shown that the evidencenecessary to ensure.5.2. OHS trainingOccupational Health and Safety training courses aredesigned for companies which need for apply to OHSmanagement system. If you want to know how to applyOHS, control an OHS system or understand itsstandards and issues, you can find the best course for your business.5.3. OHS training benefitsOccupational Health and Safety training courses ensurethat you can understand the risk control better.Education equips the people with skills and informationwhich are necessary. OHS can increases staff morale

and pride, allows personnel to concentrate on the basisof business activities and finally increases performanceand productivity.

Work+Safety

Documents

Transcript of Work+Safety