Works Cited
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Transcript of Works Cited
Works Cited
Primary Sources:
"Adams–Onís Treaty." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Aug. 2015. Web. 20
Dec. 2015. A map of the result of the Adams–Onís Treaty between Spain and America. I
used this image on my "John Quincy Adams" subpage since Adams was the American
negotiator for the treaty and it was significant action of his prior to the 1824 election.
An Address to the People of Maryland on the Subject of the Presidential Election. N.p., 1824.
Print. This book from 1824 addressed the election of 1824's importance and specifically
mentioned how many Americans believed John C. Calhoun was the best fit for the
presidency. I used a quote from this about John C. Calhoun on my "John C. Calhoun"
subpage.
"Ameliorate Early American Voting." Daily Amelioration. Blogger, 16 Feb. 2014. Web. 11 Dec.
2015. This is a picture of voting in an election in the 1800s, one where the popular vote
was taken into consideration. I used this image on my "Context" page to provide a visual
of early voting next to my description about the progress of voting.
"Andrew Jackson." TopTenz. Big Oak Studios, 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. This image is of
Andrew Jackson, a candidate in the election of 1824 and strong opposer of the "Corrupt
Bargain." I used this image on my "Andrew Jackson" subpage in the banner and
overlapped a quote onto the picture.
"Andrew Jackson Campaign Poster." Picture History. N.p., 1828. Web. 18 Dec. 2015. This
campaign poster for Andrew Jackson calls him "a man of the people" and "the hero of
two wars and of Orleans" and makes a reference to the fact that Jackson won the popular
vote in the 1824 election, but John Quincy Adams became president. Jackson then won
the 1828 election against Adams. I used this poster image for my section about Jackson
on my "Significance" page.
Andrew Jackson was beloved of the new masses of American voters. Synonym.com. Demand
Media, 1828. Web. 19 Dec. 2015. This image is of Jackson speaking in front of a large
crowd of American voters in 1828 to promote himself and his beliefs. I used this picture
on my "Significance" page in the section about the "Corrupt Bargain" exchange helping
Jackson win the 1828 election.
"AntiCaucus." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 31 Aug. 2015. This is an image of
an anticaucus ticket for William Crawford from 1824. It contains opinions on the
unfairness of Crawford's caucus, one of which being that his caucus was made up of
personal friends, for the 1824 election. I used this picture on the "Campaign" page on my
website.
"Battle of New Orleans." HISTORY.com. A&E Networks, 8 Jan. 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. This
image is of Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, which was arguably
Jackson's most important battle during his lifetime, in which he won and boosted the
morale of many Americans. I used this image on my "Andrew Jackson" subpage.
Boller, Paul F. Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush. 2nd ed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. This book gives a detailed account of
each election from George Washington to George W. Bush. I specifically used the
information about the election of 1824 and the wellqualified candidates in my project on
my "Campaign" page, quoting an important line from the 1824 election.
"'Bonus' Bill." David Rumsey Map Collection. Cartography Associates, 8 Feb. 1817. Web. 4
Dec. 2015. This is an image of a map of the "Bonus" Bill's passage. The yellow areas on
the map are where the bill was rejected and the blue areas on the map are where it was
supported. I used this image on my "John C. Calhoun" subpage since Calhoun was the
one who proposed this bill, which was ultimately never put into place.
Brady, Matthew. Henry Clay, HeadandShoulders Portrait, Facing Front. 18501852.
HalfPlate Daguerreotype. This daguerreotype is of Henry Clay, an iconic figure in my
history day project. I used this image on my "Home" page in my slideshow of significant
pictures related to my topic.
Brown, William S. "To the Voters of Baltimore County." Niles' Weekly 1824: n. pag. American
Memory. Web. 20 Aug. 2015. This magazine article written in 1824 contains opinions
from many citizens of Jackson. It is important in my project because it provides a visual
of an official campaign document on my “Campaign” page used during the campaigning
process.
"Candidacy." The Hermitage. Andrew Jackson Foundation, 2015. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. This is an
image of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, perhaps the two most important
candidates in the election of 1824. I used this image in the banner on my "'Corrupt
Bargain'" page since both of these men were largely involved with the bargain and its
legacy.
Carter, Dennis Malone. Andrew Jackson. 1860. Painting. This is a fulllength portrait of Andrew
Jackson, painted by Dennis Malone Carter in 1860. I used this painting on my
"Candidates" page to provide a picture of one of the candidates in the election of 1824.
Clay, Henry. "Letter in Support of the War of 1812." Letter. 1812. MS. This is a letter Clay
wrote about the War of 1812. Henry Clay was a "war hawk," which was one who
supported war, and he advocated for war in this letter. I quoted some of what he said on
my "Henry Clay" subpage since that was one of the actions he performed prior to the
1824 election.
Cox, Allyn. Chief Justice John Marshall administering the oath of office to Andrew Jackson on
the east portico of the U.S. Capitol, March 4, 1829. 1973. Loc.gov. Web. 4 Dec. 2015.
This is an image of John Marshall administering the oath of office to Jackson in 1829 at
the White House. I used this picture on my "Significance" page for the section about the
"Corrupt Bargain" helping Jackson win the presidential election in 1828.
Crawford, William H. "William H. Crawford to Thomas Jefferson, 16 June 1814." Letter to
Thomas Jefferson. 16 June 1814. MS. A letter about the War of 1812, specifically the
Treaty of Ghent. I specifically quoted what William H. Crawford said about the treaty,
claiming it was very difficult to negotiate peace under the circumstances they faced. I
used this quote on my "William H. Crawford" subpage since he backed the War of 1812.
Cruikshank, Robert. President's Levee, or all Creation going to the White House. 1841. Loc.gov.
Web. 4 Dec. 2015. This painting is of a view of a crowd in front of the White House
during President Jackson's first inaugural reception in 1829. The furnishings of the White
House were destroyed by the rowdy crowd during the inaugural festivities. I used this
image on my "Significance" page for the section about the "Corrupt Bargain" helping
Jackson win the presidential election in 1828.
"Dan Wilson: Great Teachers, Great Courses." Muhlenberg College. Muhlenberg College, 2013.
Web. 1 Dec. 2015. This is a picture of Daniel Wilson, a professor of American history at
Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania whom I interviewed in person. I used
this image on both my "Interviews" and "Daniel Wilson" subpages to provide a visual of
one of my interviewees. I also quoted information describing Wilson’s occupation.
Davis, Kenneth C. Don't Know Much About the American Presidents. New York: Hyperion,
2012. Print. This book provides details about each American president and what
happened during their presidency. I used quotes from the section on John Quincy Adams
on my "Corrupt Bargain" page and "John Quincy Adams" subpage.
Document promoting the election of Henry Clay. LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 31
Aug. 2015. An image of a document written in Philadelphia on September 15, 1824,
promoting the election of Henry Clay. It is important because it is a primary source from
an actual American at the time when the election was occurring. I used this picture on my
"Campaign" page.
"Election of 1828." WhenInTime. WhenInTime, 1828. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. This is an image of
John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, and in between them there is a campaign document
from the 1828 election that ridiculed Jackson. This picture is important because it is a
collection of primary source images merged into one about the 1828 election, which
Jackson won thanks to the "Corrupt Bargain" exchange in 1825.
"Electoral College 1816." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2014. Web. 8
Nov. 2015. A map showing the states that voted for the DemocraticRepublican
candidate, Monroe, and the Federalist candidate, King, in the Election of 1816 and the
percentage of electoral votes for each. I used this image on my "Context" page as a visual
for the background information relating to this election, in which Monroe won and the
Era of Good Feelings started, leading to the Federalist Party's further demise.
"The Electoral College Vote." President Elect. James R. Whitson, 2008. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.
This map shows specifically each area where every candidate in the 1824 election was
supported; Adams pulled support from the New England region, Jackson gained most
support in the South, Clay was supported in the Ohio Valley region and western areas,
and Crawford received support from Virginia and Georgia. I used this image on my
"Corrupt Bargain" page.
"Elegant Antique Gold Frame." CNB Homes. Home Design Ideas, 2015. Web. 29 Aug. 2015.
A gold frame, which I used as a border around the four pictures of the candidates on the
"Candidates" page and as a border on my “Required Materials” page, to give my website
a classier and more authentic look for the time period of my topic.
The Era of Good Feelings. YouTube. Google, 2007. Web. 20 Dec. 2015. This video gives an
overview of the Era of Good Feelings from 1817 to 1825 and includes many historians
briefly discussing their takes on this time period. I used a clip of Catherine Allgor, Ph. D.
talking about the Era of Good Feelings on my "Context" page since it was an important
part of the demise of the Federalist Party leading up to the 1824 election.
"Eric Hinderaker." The King's English Bookshop. N.p., 18 Feb. 2010. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. This is
an image of Eric Hinderaker, professor of history at the University of Utah and coauthor
of America's History, For the AP* Course textbook series whom I interviewed over
email. I used this image on both my "Interviews" and "Eric Hinderaker" subpages to
provide a visual of one of my interviewees. I also quoted describing Hinderaker’s
occupation.
Healy, George Peter Alexander. John Quincy Adams. 1858. Painting oil on canvas. The White
House Collection, Washington, D.C. This painting of John Quincy Adams sitting in a
chair was created by George Peter Alexander Healy in 1858. I used it on my
"Candidates" page for another picture of Adams.
. John C. Calhoun. 1845. Oil on canvas. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D. C. This
painting is of John C. Calhoun, one of the candidates in the election of 1824. I used this
image on my landing page to provide an image as to what he looked like.
. Portrait of John C. Calhoun (17821850). 1851. Oil. This is a painting of John C. Calhoun,
which I used as an image in my banner on my "John C. Calhoun" subpage. It is important
because it provides another individual of one of the candidates, first for the presidency
and then for the vice presidency, in the 1824 election.
Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. Henry Clay: The Essential American. New York:
Random House, 2010. Print. This book is about Henry Clay's life, focusing on his role in
politics and his actions in government. I used a quote from the prologue on my "Henry
Clay" subpage, which describes Clay and the way some people viewed him.
Henretta, James A., et al. America's History, For the AP* Course. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St.
Martin's, 2014. Print. This textbook gives a brief summary of the Election of 1824 and its
importance. I used information and quotes from this textbook on my "Corrupt Bargain"
page and an image from the book on my “Significance” page.
"Henry Clay Biography." Biography.com. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.
This website article is about Henry Clay and the biography of his life. I quoted
information about Clay's actions prior to the election of 1824 from this article on my
"Henry Clay" subpage.
"Henry Clay Documents." Henry Clay: The Man with a Plan. Themes & Co., 2015. Web. 4 Dec.
2015. This image is of many documents Henry Clay wrote throughout his lifetime. I used
this picture on my "Henry Clay" subpage as a visual since Clay was responsible for
multiple important compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise, and other writings.
"Henry Clay's American System." Glencoe Online. McGraw Hill, 1824. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. An
image describing the main parts of Henry Clay's American System, which was Clay's
platform in the 1824 election. I use this image on my "Henry Clay" subpage since this
was one major bill he advocated for prior to the 1824 election.
Henry Clay's appointment as secretary of state. Loc.gov. Library of Congress, 7 Mar. 1825. Web.
8 Nov. 2015. This image is of the document of Henry Clay's appointment as secretary of
state to John Quincy Adams on March 7, 1825, following the "Corrupt Bargain"
exchange. I used this image as an important visual on the "Corrupt Bargain" page.
Henry Clay sat for this portrait shortly before Jackson denounced him as “The Judas of the
West.” Faith and American History. Robert Tracy McKenzie, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 31
Aug. 2015. This is a painting of Henry Clay from the 1820s. I used this image on my
"Henry Clay" subpage, and it is important because it provides a picture of how Clay
looked.
Holst, Hermann E. von. John C. Calhoun. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1980. Print.
This book is a biography on John C. Calhoun, a candidate in the election my topic is
about. I used quotes the author said in the book on my "John C. Calhoun" subpage about
Calhoun's want for the War of 1812 and and on my "Campaign" page about Calhoun
being the strongest candidate for the vice presidency.
"Hunters of Kentucky, or Half Horse and Half Alligator." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 1999.
Web. 28 Aug. 2015. This image is of the lyrics to the proJackson song "The Hunters of
Kentucky," the first ever campaign song made in 1821 used in the election of 1824. It is
important because it is used as a visual to go along with the audio clip of the song on my
"Campaign" page.
H. W. Brands on the "Corrupt Bargain." YouTube. Google, 25 Mar. 2008. Web. 20 Dec. 2015.
This video is of H.W. Brands, an American educator, author, and historian, discussing the
"Corrupt Bargain" exchange, a result of the election of 1824. I used a portion of this clip
on my "Home" page since it discusses the importance of part of my topic.
"Jackson Delegate Ticket." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. An image
of Jackson's delegate ticket from the Election of 1824. This photo, located on my
“Andrew Jackson” subpage, is significant because it provides a visual of a delegate ticket
for the election as well as the names of Jackson's delegates.
"Jackson Election Ticket 1824." Loc.gov. Library of Congress, 1824. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. This
image is of a Jackson election ticket from 1824. The ticket has a drawing of Jackson, a
quote from Thomas Jefferson about Jackson, and some names of Jackson's assembly. I
used this image on my "Andrew Jackson" subpage.
Jacksonian democracy greatly influenced American politics and policies for generations.
Synonym.com. Demand Media, Nov. 1879. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. This is an image of
Jackson standing in front of many gentlemen with his hands on his hips. In the
background is a large poster that says, "Vote for Old Hickory." I used this picture on my
"Significance" page since it is a visual of the election of 1828, in which Jackson won and
was aided by the result of the "Corrupt Bargain."
"James A. Henretta." Macmillan Learning. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.
This is an image of James A. Henretta, professor emeritus of history at the University of
Maryland and coauthor of America's History, For the AP* Course textbook series whom
I interviewed over email. I used this image on both my "Interviews" and "James A.
Henretta" subpages to provide a visual of one of my interviewees and quoted information
about his occupation.
"John C. Calhoun." Clemson University. Clemson University, 2015. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. This is a
portrait of John C. Calhoun, one important figure in the election of 1824 and events
surrounding it. I used this image on my "Candidates" page as a picture of him which
leads to his subpage.
"John Quincy Adams." Biography.com. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.
This is an image of John Quincy Adams, a candidate in the 1824 election. I used this
portrait of Adams on my "John Quincy Adams" subpage as another picture of this
important figure.
"John Quincy Adams." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 June 2014. Web. 29 Aug. 2015.
This is an image of John Quincy Adams, which I used on my landing page in the header.
It is important because it provides a visual of one of the candidates in the Election of
1824 and future sixth president of America.
"John Quincy Adams (18251829)." Lincoln's Lunch. Blogger, 10 Jan. 2011. Web. 22 Dec. 2015.
This is a portrait of John Quincy Adams, a candidate in the 1824 election and significant
historical figure. I used this image on my "Home" page to provide another important
visual of one of the candidates of my topic.
"John Quincy Adams 1824 Campaign Poster." Zazzle. Zazzle, 17 July 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This image contains an alleged slogan used in the election of 1824: "Like John Adams
but Quincyer!" It also has an image of John Quincy Adams and is set up like a campaign
ticket from back in the early 1800s.
Johnston, David Claypoole. A Foot Race. 1824. Loc.gov. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. A figurative
portrayal of the presidential race of 1824. A crowd of cheering citizens watch as
candidates John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson stride toward
the finish. Henry Clay has dropped from the race and stands, hand on head, on the far
right. I used this image on my "Campaign" page.
Jouett, Matthew Harris. Henry Clay. 1818. Wikipedia. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. This is a painting of
Henry Clay, a candidate in the 1824 Election. I used this image on my landing page in the
header. It is important because it fits in with the pictures of the other four candidates and
is the main look of my website.
Kaplan, Fred. John Quincy Adams: American Visionary. New York: HarperCollins Publishers,
2014. Print. This book is about John Quincy Adams' life as a whole and all that he did,
and also describes Jackson’s warning to Adams of what would happen if the "Corrupt
Bargain" was fully made. I used a quote from John Adams provided in this book on my
"Corrupt Bargain" page.
King, Charles Bird. Henry Clay, Late Speaker of the United States House of Representatives;
The Advocate of South American Independence. 1822. Painting. This threequarter length
portrait of Henry Clay depicts Clay holding a document dated "February 10th, 1821"
presented to "Congress" as a resolution of support for the "Independence" of the "Spanish
provinces of South America." I used this image on my “Home” page.
Krimmel, John Lewis. Election Day in Philadelphia. 1815. Painting. This is a painting entitled
Election Day in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel from 1815. I used this image on
my "Context" page as a visual of a type of popular election in Philadelphia for my section
on exploring popular voting.
The Letters of Wyoming to the United States on the Presidential Election, and in Favour of
Andrew Jackson. Philadelphia: S. Simpson & J. Conrad, 1824. Print. This book contains
many letters written about the presidential election of 1824 and Andrew Jackson by the
state of Wyoming. I specifically used a quote about why the state though Jackson was so
significant and should win the presidency in 1824 on my "Andrew Jackson" subpage.
Madison, James. "James Madison to Henry Clay, April, 1824." Letter to Henry Clay. Apr. 1824.
MS. This letter is about Clay's American System and Madison's views on it. I quoted
some of what Madison stated, essentially saying how he believed it lost sight of general
principles, on my "Henry Clay" subpage.
Meacham, Jon. American Lion. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2008. Print. This
book is about Andrew Jackson's winning of the 1828 election and his whole presidency.
There is one picture of Jackson and others, including Clay, Calhoun, and Adams, at a
reception in the White House for the ninth anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans. I
used this image and its caption on my "Andrew Jackson" subpage.
"Meet Henry Clay." Ashland: The Henry Clay Estate. The Henry Clay Center for Statesmanship,
1824. Web. 23 Dec. 2015. An image of Clay as a young statesman. I used this image on
my "Henry Clay" subpage in the banner along with a quote about the importance of Clay
in American history.
Meltzer, Milton. Andrew Jackson and His America. Danbury: Franklin Watts, 1993. Print. This
book about Andrew Jackson gives a detailed account of his life and all of his actions he
performed while holding positions in government. I used the information provided about
his victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 and his candidacy in the election of 1824
in my project to help me further understand the events.
Message of President James Monroe at the commencement of the first session of the 18th
Congress. Archives.gov. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 12
Dec. 1823. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. This is an image of the first page of the Monroe Doctrine
document from 1823. I used this as a visual on my "John Quincy Adams" subpage, since
John Quincy Adams was the prime author of this document about new foreign policy.
"Missouri Compromise." Mrvanduyne.com. Mr. Van Duyne, 2015. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. This is a
map of America showing what came out of the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The
36*30' line and states admitted as either free or slave as a result of the compromise are
displayed in this image. I used this map on my "Henry Clay" subpage since Clay made
the compromise, and it was one of Clay's most important actions through his lifetime.
Mooney, Chase C. William H. Crawford: 17721834. Lexington: The University Press of
Kentucky, 1974. Print. This book covers William Crawford's life and all of his
accomplishments. I used this book to further my understanding of Crawford and the
election.
Newspaper cartoons depicted conflicts that arose between the Federalists and Republicans, who
sought to control government. Candela Open Courses. N.p., 15 Feb. 1792. Web. 23 Dec.
2015. A newspaper picture depicting Federalists and DemocraticRepublicans brawling
in the early days of new America. It is located on my "Context" page where I describe the
death of the Federalist Party.
"Old Paper Texture." Fcovers.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. This image is of old paper,
which I used on most of my pages on my website as a background behind important
quotes. I used this background to help these significant quotes stand out and to give my
website another aesthetically pleasing look.
"Our Country...Home Industry." Loc.gov. Library of Congress, 1824. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. An
antiJackson broadside issued during the 1824 presidential election campaign. The text
strongly criticizes Jackson's antitariff platform and condemns him as an advocate of
British interests. I used this image on my "Context" page.
Parsons, Lynn Hudson. The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and
the Election of 1828. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. This book describes
the election of 1828 as a pivotal moment in history and goes over the parts of the
election. It contained a quote Jackson said in response to the "Corrupt Bargain," which I
used on my "Corrupt Bargain" page.
Peale, Rembrandt. Portrait of John C. Calhoun (17821850). 1834. Oil on canvas. Gibbes
Museum of Art, Charleston. This is a portrait of John C. Calhoun, a candidate in the
election of 1824 originally for president but then vice president. I used this image in the
header of my website along with pictures of other candidates.
"The People's Ticket. For President Wm. H. Crawford. For VicePresident Some Tried and
Approved Patriot." Loc.gov. Library of Congress, 1824. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. This is an
image of an election ticket for William H. Crawford, who was the first nominee of the
DemocraticRepublican party in the election of 1824. I used this picture on my "William
Crawford" subpage to provide a visual of an actual ticket from back then.
"Portrait of Henry Clay." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 1850. Web. 4 Dec.
2015. This image of Henry Clay depicts Clay sitting in a chair with his hands folded on
his lap. I used this full portrait on my "Home" page in the 18241825 timeline and a
zoomed in version of Clay's face on my "Candidates" page.
Preimesberger, Jon, ed. Presidential Elections: 1789 1992. Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly, 1995. Print. This book provides the electoral vote, popular vote, presidential
primaries, presidential primary returns, and nominating conventions for each election
from 17891992. I used the electoral and popular vote count for the Election of 1824 on
my "Corrupt Bargain" page to check to make sure the pictures containing the counts are
accurate.
"Randolph Roth." Zócalo Public Square. Gregory Rodriguez, 1 Nov. 2009. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.
This is an image of Randolph Roth, a professor of American history, author, and director
of Undergraduate Studies at The Ohio State University whom I interviewed over Skype. I
used this image on both my "Interviews" and "Randolph Roth" subpages to provide a
visual of one of my interviewees and quoted information about his occupation.
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union. New York: W.W. Norton &
Company, 1991. Print. This book provides a detailed account of Henry Clay's life, with
many quotes from Henry Clay intertwined in the reading. I specifically used this book to
gather information on Henry Clay's campaigning in the Election of 1824 and his role in
the "Corrupt Bargain" with John Quincy Adams. I quoted Remini from this book on my
“Campaign” page.
. John Quincy Adams. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002. Print. This book gives a
detailed account of John Quincy Adams' life. I used the information specifically on the
Election of 1824 and his role in the "Corrupt Bargain" with Henry Clay in my project to
further my understanding of the significance of my topic. I quoted Remini from this book
on my “Campaign” page. I quoted him from this book on my “John Quincy Adams”
subpage.
"Republican AntiCaucus Ticket." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 1824. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
This picture is of a Republican anticaucus ticket for John Quincy Adams. This photo,
located on my "John Quincy Adams" subpage, is significant because it is a primary
source delegate ticket from the election and includes the names of Adams' representatives
on my “Home” page.
Roseboom, Eugene H., and Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. A History of Presidential Elections from George
Washington to Jimmy Carter. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1979.
Print. This book gives a detailed description of the 1824 election, focusing on the
candidates and their reasons for popularity. I specifically used the information about
Andrew Jackson to further my understanding of him.
Schurz, Carl. Henry Clay. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1980. Print. This book
describes Henry Clay's life, accomplishments, and gives many details about his role and
actions in politics, including reasons behind some main moves he made while holding
various positions in government. I used a quote about the Clay pushing for the War of
1812 on my "Henry Clay" subpage.
Sully, Thomas. Andrew Jackson. 1824. Painting. A painting of Andrew Jackson, one of the four
main candidates in the Election of 1824. This image is used on my landing page in the
header. It is important because it fits in with the pictures of the other four candidates and
is the main image used for Jackson on my website.
. Major General Andrew Jackson, President of the United States. 1820. Loc.gov. Web. 3 Dec.
2015. This is an engraving of Andrew Jackson from 1820. It is a halflength portrait of
Jackson standing, facing left, and leaning on horse. I used this image on my "Home" page
in a slideshow as a visual of Jackson, a candidate in the 1824 election.
Severin, Charles. Gl. Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans. 1856. Knowla.org. Web. 25 Nov.
2015. This is a painting of General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815
on a horse in the midst of fighting. It is important in my project because it provides a
representation of one of the most important events Jackson was in prior to getting
involved in politics.
"Southern Excitement, or a View of the Opinions and Designs of the Friends of Andrew
Jackson." Niles' Weekly 1825: n. pag. Print. This antiJackson magazine article contains
opinions of many Americans who knew Andrew Jackson personally. It is used on my
“Campaign” page as an image of a campaign document in the 1824 election.
"To the Electors of Boston." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 27 Aug. 2015. This
photograph is of a proAdams campaign document from 1824. It is important in my
project because it provides campaign records from the election of 1824 on my
"Campaign" page.
"To the Friends of Our Country." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 28 Aug.
2015. This photograph is of an antiJackson campaign document from 1824 used during
the campaigning period. It is important in my project because it provides campaign
records for Jackson from the 1824 election on my “Campaign” page.
"To the Public." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. This photograph is
of an antiJackson campaign document written by Jesse Benton in 1824. It is important in
my project because it is a primary source campaign record from the election of 1824
campaigning process on my “Campaign” page.
"To the Voters of Baltimore County." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
This image is of a proJackson campaign document written by William Brown in 1824. It
is important in my project because it is used to show some of the citizens' views on the
election of 1824 on my “Campaign” page.
"To the Voters of the Second Electoral District of Maryland." LOC.gov. Library of Congress,
2008. Web. 27 Aug. 2015. This image is of a proCrawford campaign document written
by Alex Keech in 1824. It is important in my project because it shows opinions of the
candidates in the election of 1824 about Crawford on my “Campaign” page.
"Town Representatives." Loc.gov. Library of Congress, 1824. Web. 20 Dec. 2015. This is an
image of a document written in 1824 by citizens in New Haven, Connecticut, who
supported Henry Clay's candidacy for the presidential election of 1824. I used this picture
on my "Campaign" page for Henry Clay's section since it was one important campaign
document that helped him in the race.
"Treaty of Ghent." Archives.gov. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1814.
Web. 10 Dec. 2015. This is an image of the Treaty of Ghent document from 1814, which
marked the official end of the War of 1812 between America and Britain. I used this
picture on my "Henry Clay" subpage since he was one of the Americans who negotiated
this treaty, along with John Quincy Adams, another candidate in the 1824 election.
"Twelfth Amendment." United States Constitution and Citizenship Day. Blogger, 1804. Web. 20
Dec. 2015. This image is of the Twelfth Amendment, enacted in 1804 as a result of the
election of 1800. I used this image on my "Context" page where I give a brief summary
of the 1800 election, which was an important event leading up to the election of 1824.
Unger, Harlow Giles. John Quincy Adams: A Life. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2012. Print.
This book includes a very detailed story of John Quincy Adams' life. I used a quote from
the author's introduction in this book on my "John Quincy Adams" subpage in the banner;
the quote triumphs Adams' accomplishments prior to his presidency.
US Const. art. XII. Print. The Twelfth Amendment, created after the "Revolution of 1800,"
played a crucial role in the election of 1824. Since no candidate received a majority of the
electoral votes, the House of Representatives, directed by the Twelfth Amendment, had
to choose the president from the top three candidates. I quoted some of this amendment
on my "Corrupt Bargain" page.
"Voice of Maine!" LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 2008. Web. 27 Aug. 2015. This photograph is
of a proAdams campaign document from 1824 and denounces the other candidates. It is
important in my project because it provides a visual of a campaign record from the
election of 1824 on my “Campaign” page.
"White House." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Nov. 2002. Web. 29 Aug. 2015.
This is an engraving from the 19th century showing the White House at Washington,
D.C. I used this image as a header on the "Candidates" page on my website, and it’s
important because it shows what the White House looked like back then.
"White House." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Nov. 2015. Web. 22 Dec.
2015. This is a painting of the White House from the midnineteenth century in America.
The grounds in the painting are fairly empty except for a couple taking a stroll. It is used
on my "Home" page as a visual as to what the president's lodging looked like back in the
early nineteenth century.
"William Harris Crawford (17721834)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities
Council, 17 Dec. 2006. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. This is a painting of William H. Crawford,
one of the candidates in the election of 1824. I used this image on my "Candidates" page.
It is important because it provides a picture of Crawford on my website and fits in with
the pictures of the other four candidates that navigate to their own pages.
"William H. Crawford." EDSITEment. National Endowment for the Humanities, 1824. Web. 2
Dec. 2015. This is an image of William H. Crawford, one of the candidates in the 1824
election. I used this image in the banner on my "William H. Crawford" subpage next to a
quote about him.
"William Rorabaugh." University of Washington: Department of History. University of
Washington, 2012. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. This is a picture of William J. Rorabaugh, an
American historian and professor of history at the University of Washington whom I
interviewed over email. I used this image on both my "Interviews" and "William J.
Rorabaugh" subpages and quoted information about his occupation on both these pages
as well.
Secondary Sources:
"Andrew Jackson." Miller Center of Public Affairs. University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 29 Aug.
2015. This website gives a detailed description of Andrew Jackson's life. I used the
information provided to help my understanding of his actions, as well as his supporters’
actions, in the Election of 1824. I also quoted some information from it on my “Andrew
Jackson” subpage.
"Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John C. Calhoun." The Office of the Historian. U.S.
Department of State, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. This website provides an overview of John
C. Calhoun's life, mainly focusing on his political career. I used a quote about Calhoun
being the secretary of war to James Monroe on my "John C. Calhoun" subpage.
"Constitution." Mrs. Speir's Art Room. Blogger, 1 Oct. 2015. Web. 20 Dec. 2015. This is an
image of a replica of the United States Constitution. I used this picture on my
"Significance" page l since I discuss the constitutionality of the National Popular Bill,
which was made possible because of the exploration of the national count of popular
votes in the election of 1824.
"Elections from 1789 to 1828." Virginia Historical Society. Cogapp, n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2015.
On this website, there is a brief summary of the election of 1824, specifically focusing on
the importance of the election. This information will help me further understand the
significance of my topic, such as why America exploring the concept of allowing citizens
to vote directly for the candidates was the first step towards modern elections.
Erdman, Nathan. "Presidential Election of 1824." Missouri State University. DNC Holdings, n.d.
Web. 29 Aug. 2015. A combination of primary quotes from the 1824 election and links to
primary sources. The quotes and links helped me gather information while creating my
website and find primary source pictures.
"Excerpted and Annotated Campaign Documents." EDSITEment. National Endowment for the
Humanities, n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. This website contains important quotes from
primary source campaign documents, along with annotations of the sources. These quotes
from provided sources will be used mainly on the "Campaign" page on my site.
Folsom, Burton W. "Madison's Veto Sets a Precedent." Fee.org. Network Solutions, 1 Jan. 2008.
Web. 14 Nov. 2015. This website provides information about President Madison's veto of
the Bonus Bill of 1817, made by John C. Calhoun, one of the candidates in the election of
1824. I used some of the information from this site to fully understand this bill and its
significance.
Freeman, Joanne B. "The Presidential Election of 1800: A Story of Crisis, Controversy, and
Change." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Richard Gilder and Lewis
E. Lehrman, n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2015. On this website, I found a quote from Joanne B.
Freeman, a professor of history and an author, about the election of 1800. I used this
quote on my "Context" page since the election was the only other election in which the
House of Representatives had to choose the president and it prompted the Twelfth
Amendment to be made, which was applied in the 1824 election.
"George Peter Alexander Healy Artworks." The Athenaeum. Chris McCormick, n.d. Web. 29
Aug. 2015. This site provides many paintings by George Peter Alexander Healy,
including many presidents. I found the painting of John Quincy Adams and paintings of
Calhoun on this site and used all of them on my website.
Goldman, Corrie. Why do we still let the Electoral College pick our president? Stanford
University. Stanford University, 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 20 Dec. 2015. This website gives a
brief summary of the National Popular Vote Bill and contains an interview with a
historian, Jack Rakove, about the bill. I used one of Rakove's quotes from the interview
on my "Significance" page to show how he is one of many who support the NPV bill's
end result.
Goodman, Bonnie K. "Overviews & Chronologies: 1824." Presidential Campaign & Elections.
Bonnie K. Goodman, n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. This site gives an indepth explanation of
the candidates, campaigning methods, results, and more in the election of 1824. It also
includes a timeline of political events from 1821 to 1825, which I used to cite some
events for my timeline.
Gustavson, Robert E. "A Biography of John Caldwell Calhoun (17821850)." American History:
From Revolution to Reconstruction and Beyond. University of Groningen, n.d. Web. 29
Aug. 2015. On this website, there is a summary of John C. Calhoun's life. In the election
of 1824, Calhoun originally ran as a presidential candidate, but eventually dropped out
and ran for vice president on Andrew Jackson’s and John Quincy Adams’ tickets. It
helped me gather more information about Calhoun and apply it on my website.
Henretta, James A. Email Interview by Avery Allen. 16 Nov. 2015. I conducted an email
interview with James A. Henretta, professor emeritus of history at the University of
Maryland and coauthor of America's History, For the AP* Course textbook series, as
well as other books. I asked Mr. Henretta about exploring the concept of the popular vote
in American history, the issue of encountering no majority in the 1824 election, his
opinion on the "Corrupt Bargain" exchange and its importance, and the significance of
the election.
Hinderaker, Eric. Email interview by Avery Allen. 17 Nov. 2015. I conducted an email
interview with Eric Hinderaker, professor of history at the University of Utah, coauthor
of America's History, For the AP* Course textbook series, and many other books. I asked
him questions about my project relating to the 2016 National History Day theme, his
opinion on candidates in the 1824 election, and the significance and legacy of the election
of 1824.
"Jackson vs. Clay and Calhoun." U.S. History Online Textbook. Independence Hall Association,
2015. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. This website explains Jackson's hostility to Henry Clay,
another candidate in the 1824 election, and John C. Calhoun, vicepresidential candidate
for John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson who had originally ran for president but
dropped out. This information helped me in creating the subpages for Jackson and Clay.
"John C. Calhoun." HISTORY.com. A&E Networks, 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. This article is a
biography of John C. Calhoun, an important figure in my project. I quoted information
about Calhoun's roles in government prior to the election of 1824 on my "John C.
Calhoun" subpage.
"John Quincy Adams." HISTORY.com. A&E Networks, 2009. Web. 8 Nov. 2015. This website
provides a brief but factual description of John Quincy Adams' life, accomplishments,
and important roles in politics in America. I used information prior to the election of
1824 from this website on my "John Quincy Adams" subpage.
"John Quincy Adams." Miller Center of Public Affairs. University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 29
Aug. 2015. This website gives a detailed description of John Quincy Adams' life and his
various accomplishments. I used the facts provided to help my understanding of his
actions in the election of 1824 and quoted some information on my “John Quincy
Adams” subpage and “Corrupt Bargain” page.
"National Popular Vote." Fairvote: The Center for Voting and Democracy. Veracity Media, n.d.
Web. 20 Dec. 2015. This article describes the National Popular Vote Bill, which is a bill
that would change the electoral college and supports the popular vote. I quoted some
information from this site on my "Significance" page since this bill would not have been
possible if the election of 1824 had not had a national count of the popular vote.
"Presidential Election of 1824: A Resource Guide." LOC.gov. Library of Congress, 4 June 2015.
Web. 28 Aug. 2015. A synthesis of primary source campaign documents from the
election of 1824 and results of the outcome of the election. The primary sources provided
are very helpful in learning many opinions from citizens on the candidates and can be
used as visuals on my website. I found many of my primary source pictures from this site.
"Return of the TwoParty System: 1824–1828." Sparknotes. B&N, 2011. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
This site provides a summary of the election of 1824 and the "Corrupt Bargain," as well
as the significance of these events. The information helped me further understand the
importance of my topic and gave me new ideas as to what information I needed to next
search for.
Richardson, Heather Cox. "Why Were Tariffs Politically Important in Late 19thCentury
America?" The Historical Society. Historical Society, 9 Dec. 2013. Web. 6 Dec. 2015.
This article is about tariffs in America, their importance, and conflicts that arose over
them. I used a quote from this article about tariffs on my "Context" page since the tariff
issue was a significant part of the election of 1824 platforms.
Rorabaugh, William J. Email Interview by Avery Allen. 14 Nov. 2015. On November 14, 2015,
I conducted an interview over email with William J. Rorabaugh, a history professor at the
University of Washington. During the interview he discussed the importance of the five
candidates in the election of 1824, encountering no majority of the electoral votes in the
election, his opinion on the "Corrupt Bargain" exchange, and the importance of the 1824
election and its result.
Roth, Randolph. Videoconference Interview by Avery Allen. 12 Nov. 2015. I conducted an
interview on November 12, 2015, over Skype with Professor Randolph Roth, a U.S.
history professor at Ohio State. During the interview he explained politics prior to the
election of 1824, the notable candidates in the election, his view on the "Corrupt Bargain"
exchange, and the significance and legacy of the election and its result.
Tucker, David. "William Harris Crawford (17721834)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia
Humanities Council, 17 Dec. 2006. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. This website gives a brief
overview of William H. Crawford's life, one of the candidates in the election of 1824. I
used a quote about Crawford's skill and importance in Georgia on my "William H.
Crawford" subpage in the banner.
Waligora, Lisa. "Presidential Election 1824 – The Corrupt Bargain." University Library System.
University of Pittsburgh, 2006. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. This site provides background
information on each candidate in the 1824 election along with a summary of the "Corrupt
Bargain" exchange. The information helped me specifically create the "Corrupt Bargain"
subpage and subpages for each candidate.
"William H. Crawford." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 4 Aug. 2014.
Web. 3 Dec. 2015. This website article provides an overview of William H. Crawford's
life, mainly about his roles in government. I quoted information from this article on my
"William H. Crawford" subpage.
Wilson, Daniel. Interview by Avery Allen. 20 Oct. 2015. On October 20, 2015, I interviewed
Daniel Wilson, a professor of 19th century U.S. history at Muhlenberg College in
Allentown, Pennsylvania. During the inperson interview, I asked Professor Wilson
questions about politics prior to the election of 1824, the candidates and their unique
qualifying qualities, the "Corrupt Bargain" exchange, campaigning methods, and the
significance of the election.