Building Bridges Across Disciplines: Organizational and Individual ...
Working together across disciplines Challenges for the natural and social sciences.
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Transcript of Working together across disciplines Challenges for the natural and social sciences.
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Working together across disciplines
Challenges for the natural and social sciences
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RELU project team at Warwick University
• Dept of Politics & International Studies.Wyn Grant, Justin Greaves.
• Warwick HRI.Dave Chandler, Gill Prince.
• Dept of Biological Sciences.Mark Tatchell.
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contents• Why work together?
• The research process & methodological considerations.
• Practical issues for effective collaboration.
• Conclusions.
Is multi-disciplinary collaboration sufficient or should we aim higher?
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Why work together? Fundamental research
• Some areas have a natural overlap:– Development of theory.
• Behavioural research in economics & biology: – ‘1st wave’: evolutionary game
theory.
– ‘2nd wave’ : unified theories of behaviour.
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Fundamental research• Borrowing of ideas, or genuine collaboration.
• Work on a common problem, need a common language (e.g. mathematics).
• Complementary methodologies → unified theory & methodology.
• Kudos in academic community.
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Strategic & applied research
• Human activity causes global problems.
• Social and natural sciences needed for effective solutions.
• Project teams often multidisciplinary: can they influence each other?
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Strategic & applied research
• Teams form for specific project. Issues of buy-in?
• Methodologies often kept separate.
• Different languages.
• Hard for partners to influence each other?
• Danger of unequal relationships.
• Lower value in academic community, but very important in wider world.
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Science & society• Natural scientists must become
better communicators.
• Public understanding of scientific process (Hails & Dale, 2005).
• Social scientists need to understand natural science.
• Public value of science (Wilsdon et al., 2005)
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Science & society• Enhanced confidence in public &
stakeholders.
• Develop language for effective communication :– social & natural scientists & public.
• Public engagement not highly valued in academic circles (‘media dons’).
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Environmental & regulatory sustainability of biopesticides.
Warwick RELU research:A practical example
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Pesticides have many benefits, but …
• Resistance, new chemistry expensive.
• Integrated Pest Management.
• Microbial control agents:– Desirable characteristics.– Poor uptake in UK & EU.
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Biopesticides: regulatory innovation using political & natural science?
• Strengths & weaknesses of regulation.• Research on ecology of microbial agents.
• Evaluate costs & benefits in a holistic way.• Biological data requirements.
• Regulatory innovation.
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Evaluation of costs & benefits
Politics
Stakeholders
Biology of Production Systems
Regulation
Impact on biological data requirements
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• Analysis of the research process in social & natural science:– Challenge preconceptions. – Help overcome constraints to collaboration.
• Can the same approaches be used to study the natural & social worlds?
Research processes & methodologies
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The research wheel in social & natural sciences
Dominant models : neo-positivism & critical realism
deductiveinductive
Problem specification /Conceptual framework
Hypotheses
Empirical research
Theory
Conclusions & inference
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Methodological issues (1): experiments
• Ability to do replicated experiments differs between social & natural science.
• Use of comparison : circumvents problems of not being able to do an experiment.
• Need to develop best methodologies available for natural & social science.
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Methodological issues (2): Issues of scale & inference
• Ecological & individualistic fallacies:
– Ecological: identify relationships at aggregate level that do not reflect the corresponding relationship at individual level.
– Individual: draw conclusions from groups based on data gathered with the individual.
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Methodological issues (3): Issues of scale & inference
• Specific, micro level studies can proliferate at the expense of broad questions.
• Bottom up approaches often use simplified systems for study: danger of individualistic fallacy.
• In biology, a new field of studying complex systems is emerging.
• Use of model organisms/ systems in biology.
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The challenge of interdisciplinary research
• How can social & natural science components influence each other in a project?
• Social science more flexible: can respond quickly to input from natural scientists.
• Protocols followed in natural science can make research less flexible.
• Need for upstream influence. Avoid having ‘pet’ social scientists.
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Day to day issues
• Need to understand the other discipline.
• Appreciate that different schools exist within each discipline.
• Problems of technical language : plain speaking required!
• Social science writing is more discursive.
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Working together has positive outcomes
• Better social & natural science.– Better analytical tools for social science.– Natural scientists’ knowledge on social issues placed in a
systematic framework.
• Joint outcomes.– Fundamental research: development of theory.– Applied / strategic: sustainable solutions for complex problems.– Science & society: better communication & upstream thinking.
• New opportunities. – Access to new sources of money for new kinds of research.– Non threatening collaborations.
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Thanks for your attention
www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/biopesticides/