Working Paper on Overseas Migration 2011

7/29/2019 Working Paper on Overseas Migration 2011

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23/44


4CVJGT VJCP TGVWTP VQ VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU UQOG 1(9U CITGGF

VQYCIGEWVU#DQWVCVGPVJQHVJGJQWUGJQNFUTGRQTVGFVJCV

VJGKT 1(9U GZRGTKGPEGF YCIG TGFWEVKQP 4GCUQPU EKVGF KPENWFGF

TGFWEGFYQTMKPIJQWTUEWVVKPIEQUVOGCUWTGUD[VJGTOYJGTGVJG

1(9YQTMUCPFNQUUGUKPEWTTGFD[VJGTOYJGTGVJG1(9YQTMU

/QTG VJCP RGTEGPV QH VJG JQWUGJQNFU YJQ TGEGKXGF

TGOKVVCPEGUJCFGZRGTKGPEGFTGFWEVKQPKPVJGCOQWPVQHTGOKVVCPEGU

TGEGKXGF#TQWPFQHCNNJQWUGJQNFUGZRGTKGPEGFCFGENKPGKP

VJGHTGSWGPE[QHTGEGKRVQHTGOKVVCPEGU

)QXGTPOGPVFCVCCNUQUJQYGFCUNQYFQYPKPVJGITQYVJQHTGOKVVCPEGUVQQPN[KPVJGTUVUGXGPOQPVJUQHEQORCTGF

VQKPVJGUCOGRGTKQFKP0QQHEKCNTGRQTVUJCXGEQOG

QWVQPVJGGHHGEVUQHVJGQPIQKPI/KFFNG'CUVETKUKUQP1(9UCPF

VJGKTHCOKNKGU

1(9UKPVJG/KFFNG'CUVCPF0QTVJ#HTKECPEQWPVTKGUPQYKP

VWTOQKNQPN[CEEQWPVHQTOQTGVJCPQHVJGVQVCN1(9TGOKVVCPEG#UQH,WPG1(9UPWODGTGFCTQWPF(KNKRKPQUKP'I[RV

KP$CJTCKPKP;GOGPCPFCTQWPFKP.KD[C

$GECWUG KV KU C RTKOG FGUVKPCVKQP HQT QWT UMKNNGF CPF NQY

UMKNNGFYQTMGTUVJG/KFFNG'CUVUKVWCVKQPPQYRWVUVJGYGNNDGKPI

CPFHWVWTGQH1(9UJCPIKPIKPVJGDCNCPEG6JG0CVKQPCN5VCVKUVKEU

%QQTFKPCVKQP$QCTFJCUYCTPGFVJCVVJGVWTOQKNEQWNFYQTUGPVJG

EQWPVT[UWPGORNQ[OGPVUKVWCVKQPCPFVJGQXGTCNNGEQPQO[

+HVJGEQPKEVURTGCFUCRRTQZKOCVGN[OKNNKQP1(9UKP

VJG/KFFNG'CUVEQWNFRQUUKDN[TGVWTPVQVJG2JKNKRRKPGUCPFPQVDG

CDNGVQPFLQDUKPVJGNQECNOCTMGV6JKUYKNNRWUJVJGWPGORNQ[OGPV

TCVGWRVQRGTEGPV

+P CFFKVKQP VJG ETKUKU EQWNF CNUQ CHHGEV QWT QKN UWRRNKGU

KPCVKQP NQECN CPF INQDCN LQD CXCKNCDKNKV[ VCZ TGXGPWG DCUG VJG

/QTQUKVWCVKQPDGECWUGQHVJGKTVKGUVQ#TCDEQWPVTKGUKPVGTPCVKQPCN

VGTTQTKUOCPFVJGEQWPVT[UFGOQETCVKERGQRNGRQYGTNGICE[


24/44


.GICN2QNKE[(TCOGYQTMCPF/KITCVKQP)QXGTPCPEG

6JG 2JKNKRRKPGU TCVKGF VJG EQTG JWOCP CPF NCDQT TKIJVU

KPUVTWOGPVU VJCV RTQOQVG JWOCP YQOGP CPF OKITCPVU TKIJVU

KPENWFKPI VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP VJG 4KIJVU QH #NN /KITCPV9QTMGTUCPF/GODGTUQH6JGKT(COKNKGU%QPXGPVKQPQPVJG

'NKOKPCVKQP QH #NN (QTOU QH&KUETKOKPCVKQP CICKPUV 9QOGP CPF

+PVGTPCVKQPCN.CDQT1TICPK\CVKQP+.1%QPXGPVKQPUCPFQP

/KITCPV9QTMGTU

6JG 2JKNKRRKPGU CNUQ YQTMGF CEVKXGN[ YKVJ VJG %QOOKVVGG

QPVJG'NKOKPCVKQPQH#NN(QTOUQH&KUETKOKPCVKQPCICKPUV9QOGPHQT VJG CFQRVKQPKP 0QXGODGT QH )GPGTCN 4GEQOOGPFCVKQP

VJCVUGGMUVQRTQXKFGEQORTGJGPUKXGRTQVGEVKQPHQTCNNYQOGP

OKITCPVU+VYCUCNUQQPGQHVJGEQPUKUVGPVCFXQECVGUHQTVJGCFQRVKQP

QHCUVTQPI+.1%QPXGPVKQPQP&GEGPV9QTMHQT&QOGUVKE9QTMGTU

YJKEJ YCU CFQRVGF D[ VJG +.1 VTKRCTVKVG DQF[ QPN[ KP ,WPG

FWTKPIVJG+.1UEGPVGPPKCNUGUUKQPQHVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN.CDQT

%QPHGTGPEG

6JGOCKPRQNKE[HTCOGYQTMQHVJGIQXGTPOGPVQPQXGTUGCU

OKITCVKQP KU 4GRWDNKE #EV 4# QT VJG /CIPC %CTVC

HQT9QTMGTUCPF1XGTUGCU(KNKRKPQUYJKEJVJG2JKNKRRKPG%QPITGUU

JCUVKN[ GPCEVGF KP HQNNQYKPI VJG UVTQPI RWDNKE QWVTCIG QXGT

VJGGZGEWVKQPQHC(KNKRKPQFQOGUVKEYQTMGTKP5KPICRQTG4#

URGNNU QWVRTQVGEVKQPRTQXKUKQPUHQTOKITCPVUCVGXGT[UVCIGQHVJG

OKITCVKQPE[ENG

6JGNCYJCUDGGPTGXKUGFVYKEGVJGP4#KPVQ

UVTGPIVJGPVJGTGIWNCVQT[RQYGTQHVJG21'#CPFTGRGCNVJGVYQ

RTQXKUKQPUQPFGTGIWNCVKQPCPF4#KPVJCVHWTVJGTUGVU

JKIJGTUVCPFCTFUQHRTQVGEVKQPVQ1(9UKPENWFKPIVJGGZRCPUKQPQH

VJGFGPKVKQPQHKNNGICNTGETWKVOGPVCPFRTQJKDKVGFCEVU

4# CNUQ RTQXKFGU HQT C OCPFCVQT[ EQORTGJGPUKXG

KPUWTCPEGEQXGTCIGHQTOKITCPVYQTMGTUCVPQEQUVVQVJGO/KITCPVU

TKIJVUCFXQECVGUJQYGXGTCTGXGT[EQPEGTPGFVJCVKHVJKURCTVKEWNCT


25/44


RTQXKUKQPKUPQVRTQRGTN[KORNGOGPVGFCPFOQPKVQTGFOKITCPVUOC[

GPFWRRC[KPIVJGKPUWTCPEGRTGOKWOVJGOUGNXGU#PQVJGTHGCVWTG

QHVJGCOGPFGFNCYKUVJGTGSWKTGOGPVHQTEQWPVTKGUQHFGUVKPCVKQP

VQ DG KUUWGF EGTVKECVKQPU D[ VJG IQXGTPOGPV VJCV VJGTG CTG ENGCT

IWCTCPVGGUQHRTQVGEVKQPHQT1(9UKPVJGUGEQWPVTKGUQTFGRNQ[OGPVYKNNPQVDGCNNQYGF

6Q IKXG DCEM VJG TKIJV QH UWHHTCIG VQ QXGTUGCU (KNKRKPQU

%QPITGUUCNUQRCUUGF4#QTVJG1XGTUGCU#DUGPVGG8QVKPI.CY

QH1PVJGUCOG[GCTVJG(KNKRKPQ%KVK\GPUJKR4GCESWKUKVKQP

CPF4GVGPVKQP.CYCUYGNNCUVJG#PVK6TCHEMKPIKP9QOGPCPF

%JKNFTGP.CYYGTGCNUQGPCEVGFD[%QPITGUU

8CTKQWUIQXGTPOGPVCIGPEKGUYGTGUGVWRCPFOQDKNK\GFHQT

QXGTUGCU OKITCVKQP OCPCIGOGPVHTQOVJG 1HEGQHVJG 2TGUKFGPV

1HEGQHVJG8KEG2TGUKFGPVVJG&1.'CPFKVUCVVCEJGFCIGPEKGUVJG

199#CPF21'#CUYGNNCUVJG2JKNKRRKPG1XGTUGCU.CDQT1HEGU

21.1UVJG6GEJPKECN'FWECVKQPCPF5MKNNU&GXGNQROGPV#WVJQTKV[

6'5 CU YGNN CU VJG 0CVKQPCN .CDQT 4GNCVKQPU %QOOKUUKQP0.4% YJGTG &1.' GZGTEKUGU CFOKPKUVTCVKXG LWTKUFKEVKQP 4#

OCPFCVGF VJG ETGCVKQP QH VJG 1HEG QH VJG 7PFGTUGETGVCT[

HQT /KITCPV 9QTMGTU #HHCKTU 17/9# KP VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH

(QTGKIP #HHCKTU &(# 17/9# YQTMU YKVJ %QPUWNCT #HHCKTU

CPF#UUKUVCPEGVQ0CVKQPCNU7PKVQHVJG&(#KPJCPFNKPIECUGUQH

OKITCPV(KNKRKPQU6JG[CTGCUUKUVGFCDTQCFD[UQOGGODCUUKGU

CPF EQPUWNCVGU CETQUU VJG INQDG 6JG %QOOKUUKQP QP (KNKRKPQU

1XGTUGCUQPVJGQVJGTJCPFKUOCPFCVGFVQNQQMCHVGTVJGTKIJVUCPF

YGNHCTGQH(KNKRKPQKOOKITCPVUCPFRGTOCPGPVTGUKFGPVU

&GURKVG VJG RTQPQWPEGF CFJGTGPEG CPF EQOOKVOGPV VQ

KPVGTPCVKQPCNCPF PCVKQPCNJWOCP TKIJVU CPF NCDQT TKIJVU NCYUCPF

VJG HQTOCVKQP QH OKITCVKQP KPUVKVWVKQPU VJG IQXGTPOGPV TGOCKPU

YCPVKPIKPVGTOUQHGHHGEVKXGN[RTQOQVKPIVJGTKIJVUCPFYGNHCTGQH

VJG1(9UCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGU


26/44


2TQDNGOU%QPHTQPVKPI1(9UCV

VJG&KHHGTGPV5VCIGUQH/KITCVKQP

2TKPEKRCNUWDLGEVUQHEQPEGTPUWIIGUVKQPUCPFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPU

6JG%QOOKVVGGPQVGUYKVJKPVGTGUVVJGOWNVKVWFGQHKPKVKCVKXGU

CPFRTQITCOUWPFGTVCMGPD[VJG5VCVGRCTV[KPTGURQPUGVQ

EJCNNGPIGUHCEGFKPKVUNCDQTOKITCVKQPRQNKE[#VVJGUCOG

VKOG VJG %QOOKVVGG KU EQPEGTPGF VJCV KORNGOGPVCVKQP

HQNNQYWRCPFGXCNWCVKQPQHVJGUGRTQITCOUCTGKPUWHEKGPV

6JG%QOOKVVGGTGEQOOGPFURTQRGTHQNNQYWRRTQEGFWTGUCUYGNN CU ENGCTOGCUWTCDNGCPF VKOGDQWPF VCTIGVU KP

QTFGTVQHCEKNKVCVGVTCEMKPIVJGKTKORNGOGPVCVKQP

6JG %QOOKVVGG YGNEQOGU VJG KPHQTOCVKQP IKXGP D[ VJG

5VCVGRCTV[UFGNGICVKQPQPVJGNCDQTOKITCVKQPRQNKE[CPF

KP RCTVKEWNCT KVU GHHQTVU VQ GPUWTG VJCV (KNKRKPQ OKITCPV

YQTMGTU CTG QPN[ FGRNQ[GF VQ EQWPVTKGU YJGTG VJGKT TKIJVUCTG TGURGEVGF *QYGXGT VJG %QOOKVVGG KU EQPEGTPGF VJCV

5VCVG RCTV[U RQNKEKGU GURGEKCNN[ VJTQWIJ #FOKPKUVTCVKXG

1TFGT0QUCPFCPFTGURGEVKXGN[YQWNF

UGGOVQDGCKOGFCVVJGRTQOQVKQPQHHQTGKIPGORNQ[OGPV

QHOKITCPVYQTMGTU

6JG%QOOKVVGGTGEQOOGPFUVJCVVJG5VCVGRCTV[TGXKGY

KVU NCDQT OKITCVKQP RQNKE[ KP QTFGT VQ IKXG RTKOCT[

KORQTVCPEGVQJWOCPTKIJVUQHOKITCPVYQTMGTUKPNKPG

YKVJVJG5VCVGRCTV[UQYPRTQHGUUGFIQCNCUUGVQWVKP4#

6JG CDQXG RCTCITCRJU CTG GZEGTRVU HTQO VJG %QPENWFKPI

1DUGTXCVKQPUQPVJG2JKNKRRKPGUD[VJG%QOOKVVGGQPVJG2TQVGEVKQP

QHVJG4KIJVUQH#NN/KITCPV9QTMGTUCPFOGODGTUQHVJGKTHCOKNKGU

VJ5GUUKQPJGNFQP#RTKN/C[6JGUGVYQRTKPEKRCN

EQPEGTPUQHVJG70%QOOKVVGGECRVWTGVJGHWPFCOGPVCNCYUQHVJG

2JKNKRRKPGNCDQTGZRQTVRTQITCO


27/44


5VCIGUQH2JKNKRRKPG/KITCVKQP

C2TGFGRCTVWTGUVCIG

6JG RTGFGRCTVWTG UVCIG KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ VJG QXGTUGCU(KNKRKPQYQTMGTUCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGUUGVVNKPIVJGSWGUVKQPQHFGEKFKPI

YJGVJGTVQIQCDTQCFQTPQVEQOKPIVQVGTOUYKVJQPGUGNHCPFVJG

HCOKN[GURGEKCNN[KPCPVKEKRCVKQPQHDGKPIRJ[UKECNN[UGRCTCVGFHTQO

GCEJQVJGT6JGRTGFGRCTVWTGUVCIGCNUQKPENWFGUVJGTGETWKVOGPVQT

CRRNKECVKQPRTQEGUUVJGEQORNGVKQPQHRCRGTUCPFQVJGTFQEWOGPVU

CPFQVJGTRTGTGSWKUKVGUCPFRTGRCTCVKQPURTKQTVQFGRCTVKPIHQTYQTM

CDTQCF

5VCTVKPI CV VJG RTGFGRCTVWTG UVCIG CRRNKECPVU WUWCNN[ HCNN

RTG[VQKNNGICNTGETWKVGTURC[GZQTDKVCPVHGGUVQNGICNTGETWKVGTUCPF

DGEQOG XKEVKOU QH OKUKPHQTOCVKQP QT FGEGRVKQP 'ZQTDKVCPV HGGU

NGCFVQKPFGDVGFPGUUQHVJGRTQURGEVKXGOKITCPVUCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGU

(TQO,CPWCT[VQ5GRVGODGTKNNGICNTGETWKVOGPVECUGUYGPVWRD[VQEQORCTGFVQVJGTGEQTFGFHQTVJG

UCOGPKPGOQPVJRGTKQFKP&GURKVGVJGUGUVCVKUVKEUKVOWUVDG

PQVGFVJCVCUKIPKECPVPWODGTQHCDWUGF(KNKRKPQUCPFVJQUGYJQUG

JWOCPTKIJVUCTGXKQNCVGFFQPQVTGRQTVVJGKTECUGUQTNGEQORNCKPVU

HQTHGCTQHNQUKPIVJGKTLQDUCDTQCFYJKEJVQVJGKTOKPFUEQWNFDG

VJGDKVVGTRKNNVQUYCNNQY

D2QUVFGRCTVWTGCPFQPUKVGUVCIG

2QUVFGRCTVWTG DGIKPU HTQO VJG VKOG VJG 1(9U TKFG VJG

RNCPGQTUJKRVJCVYQWNFDTKPIVJGOCETQUUPCVKQPCNDQTFGTU6JG

1(9UIQDG[QPFVJGCTGCQHLWTKUFKEVKQPQH2JKNKRRKPGNCYUYJGTG

KPVGTPCVKQPCN NCYU CPF UVCPFCTFU CRRN[ CPF VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH

UGPFKPI IQXGTPOGPVU VQGPUWTG VJGKTTKIJVU CTG RTQVGEVGF CESWKTGU

WVOQUVKORQTVCPEG

6JKU UVCIG KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ VJG 1(9U CTTKXCN KP VJG

EQWPVT[ QH FGUVKPCVKQP VJGKT TUV GPEQWPVGTU YKVJ VJG FGUVKPCVKQP


28/44


EQWPVT[ CPF UQEKGV[ OGGVKPI CPF IGVVKPI VQ MPQY VJG GORNQ[GT

YQTMRNCEGCPFQVJGTEQYQTMGTUCPFNKXKPIKPCPGYRNCEG+VCNUQ

KPENWFGUVJGCFLWUVOGPVRTQEGUUCPFGZRGTKGPEGVJCVVJG1(9UIQ

VJTQWIJ

6JKU UVCIG NCUVU CP[YJGTG HTQO C HGY FC[U VQ CU NQPI CU

OQTG VJCP [GCTU 6JG NGPIVJ QH VJKU UVCIG XCTKGU CEEQTFKPI VQ

VJGYQTMGTUYQTMCPFNKXKPIEQPFKVKQPUVJGUQEKCNPGVYQTMUVJG[

FGXGNQR QXGT VKOG CPF VJG FGITGG QH GEQPQOKE TGNKCPEG D[ VJGKT

HCOKNKGU QP TGOKVVCPEGU &WTKPI VJGKT UVC[ CDTQCF 1(9U UGPF

TGOKVVCPEGU VQ VJGKT HCOKNKGU VQ EQXGT VJGKT FCKN[ UWDUKUVGPEG RC[

HQTVJGGFWECVKQPQHVJGEJKNFTGPWUWCNN[KPRTKXCVGUEJQQNURC[HQTJQWUKPICPFQVJGTWVKNKVKGUCPFGZRGPUGU

#V VJKU UVCIG 1(9U OC[ GPEQWPVGT RTQDNGOU KUUWGU

CPF EQPEGTPU RGTVKPGPV VQ VJGKT YQTM RJ[UKECN JGCNVJ EWNVWTCN

CFLWUVOGPVU CPF HCOKNKGU KP VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU 6JG OCUU OGFKC

JCXG GZVGPUKXGN[ EQXGTGF UVQTKGU QH 1(9U YJQ CTG OKUKPHQTOGF

CPF CDWUGF D[ TGETWKVGTU CPF GORNQ[GTU YJQ DGEQOG KNN DWV FQPQV TGEGKXG OGFKECN ECTG YJQ CTG KNNGICNN[ VGTOKPCVGF CPF YJQ

CTG TQWPFGF WR CPF FGRQTVGF 2GTUKUVKPI RTQDNGOU NKMG EQPVTCEV

UWDUVKVWVKQPKPJWOCPNKXKPICPFYQTMKPIEQPFKVKQPUTGOCKPCUYGNN

CU IGPFGTDCUGF XKQNGPEG OGPVCN KNNPGUUGU CPF GXGP UWURKEKQWU

FGCVJU

6JGINQDCNETKUKUPCPEKCNCPFQVJGTYKUGTGUWNVUVQUGXGTG

CPZKGVKGUCPFKPUGEWTKVKGUCOQPIOKITCPVUCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGU

E4GVWTPCPF4GKPVGITCVKQPUVCIG

6JKUTGHGTUVQVJGRGTKQFYJGP1(9UTGVWTPJQOGVQUVC[HQT

IQQFYQTMQTTGVKTGCPFTGKPVGITCVGYKVJVJGKTHCOKN[EQOOWPKV[

CPF2JKNKRRKPGUQEKGV[/QUV1(9UJQYGXGTTGPGYVJGKTEQPVTCEVU

QTPFCPQVJGTLQDCDTQCFHQTCUNQPICURQUUKDNGCPFYQTMVJGTG

HQTWRVQCUNQPICU[GCTUTGVWTPKPIJQOGQPN[HQTTGIWNCT

XCECVKQPU


29/44


6JG TGVWTP QH VJG 1(9 VQ VJG EQWPVT[ OC[ UQOGVKOGU

DG WPVKOGN[ CPF WPRNCPPGF 'ZCORNGU QH VJGUG CTG VJQUG YJQ

YGTG HQTEGF VQ TGVWTP JQOG FWG VQ VJG VUWPCOK KP ,CRCP CPF VJG

FGOQETCVKEWRTKUKPIUVJCVGTWRVGFCPFURTGCFCETQUUVJG/KFFNG'CUV

CPF0QTVJ#HTKEC/'0#TGIKQPKPQVJGTYKUGMPQYPCUVJG#TCD5RTKPI1(9UYGTGHQTEGFVQGGVJGFCPIGT\QPGUCPFTGVWTP

JQOGPQVRTGRCTGFCPFWPUWTGQHYJCVCYCKVUVJGODCEMJQOG

6JKU UVCIG NKMGYKUG ECTTKGU YKVJ KV RTQDNGOU HQT TGVWTPKPI

OKITCPVUTGRCVTKCVKQPRTQDNGOUUVKIOCHTQOVTCWOCVKEGZRGTKGPEGU

YJKNGYQTMKPICDTQCFCPFCDCPFQPOGPVD[QVJGTHCOKN[OGODGTU

4GVWTPGFOKITCPVUPFKVFKHEWNVVQUVC[CPFOCMGCNKXKPIKPVJGEQWPVT[ FWG VQ VJG NCEM QH QT KPCFGSWCVG UWRRQTV OGEJCPKUO HQT

TGKPVGITCVKQP

6JG5QEKCN%QUVQH/KITCVKQP

/KITCPVU CPF VJGKT HCOKNKGU RC[ VJG RU[EJQUQEKCN EQUV QH

QXGTUGCUOKITCVKQP9JKNGTGOKVVCPEGUDTKPIOCVGTKCNCPFGEQPQOKEDGPGVU VQ QVJGT HCOKN[ OGODGTU OKITCPV HCOKNKGU WRQP TGVWTP

JCXGVQEQPVGPFYKVJFKHHGTGPVCPFEJCPIKPIHCOKN[F[PCOKEUTQNGU

CPF GZRGEVCVKQPU 6JG[ ECPPQV CWVQOCVKECNN[ TGCUUWOG VJG TQNGU

CPFTGNCVKQPUJKRUVJG[QPEGJCFYKVJVJGKTURQWUGUCPFQTEJKNFTGP

#VVKVWFGUUWEJCUOCVGTKCNKUOEQPUWOGTKUOCPFEQNQPKCNOGPVCNKV[

JCXG CNUQ DGGP PQVGF KP OKITCPV HCOKNKGU GURGEKCNN[ COQPI

EJKNFTGP

$TCKP&TCKP

$TCKPFTCKPFQGUPQVQPN[TGHGTVQRTQHGUUKQPCNUYJQOKITCVG

CPF RTCEVKEG VJGKT RTQHGUUKQP 9G UJQWNF CEMPQYNGFIG CNN 1(9U

YJQ DTKPI VJGKT UMKNNU YKVJ VJGO EQPUVTWEVKQP YQTMGTU FQOGUVKE

YQTMGTUCPFNQYUMKNNGFYQTMGTUCNNRTQXKFGXCNWCDNGYQTM

.CVGN[VJGGZQFWUQHRTQHGUUKQPCNUJCUDGEQOGCPCNCTOKPI

VTGPFVJCVECOGCVVJGQPUGVQHINQDCNK\CVKQP'EQPQOKEWPEGTVCKPVKGU

CVJQOGCPFVJGIQXGTPOGPVUGZVGPUKXGRTQOQVKQPQHNCDQTGZRQTV


30/44


HWTVJGT RWUJ JKIJN[UMKNNGF (KNKRKPQ RTQHGUUKQPCNU VQ UGGM C DGVVGT

NKHGCDTQCF

/QTGVJCPPWTUGUJCXGNGHVVJGEQWPVT[DGVYGGP

CPF 6JG EQWPVT[ NQUGU OQTG VJCP PWTUGU CPPWCNN[OQTGVJCPCP[QVJGTEQWPVT[5QOGOGFKECNFQEVQTUGPTQNNGF

KPPWTUKPIUEJQQNUKPKPVGPFKPIVQIGVLQDUCDTQCFCUPWTUGU

5JQTVCIGQHFQEVQTUCPFPWTUGUJCURCTVN[ECWUGFVJGENQUWTGQHQXGT

JQURKVCNU CTQWPF VJG EQWPVT[ 0WTUGVQRCVKGPV TCVKQ KP OCP[

JQURKVCNUPQYUVCPFUCVCPWPUWUVCKPCDNG+PGHHGEVVJKUJCU

EQORTQOKUGFVJGEQWPVT[UJGCNVJU[UVGOENQUKPIUQOGJQURKVCNU

CPFOGFKECNUEJQQNU

6JQWUCPFUQHUEJQQNVGCEJGTUJCXGNGHVVJGEQWPVT[VQYQTM

CUECTGIKXGTUQTFQOGUVKEYQTMGTU$GVVGTVTCKPGFVGCEJGTUOCPCIGVQ

RTCEVKEGVJGKTVTCFGKPJKIJRC[KPIUEJQQNUCPFWPKXGTUKVKGUCDTQCF

VGCEJKPIURGEKCNK\GFCTGCUNKMG/CVJGOCVKEU5EKGPEG'PINKUJCPF

5RGEKCN'FWECVKQP6JKUEQORTQOKUGUVJGGFWECVKQPQHEWTTGPVCPF

HWVWTGIGPGTCVKQPKPVJG2JKNKRRKPGU6JGVGCEJGTVQUVWFGPVTCVKQKPRWDNKEGNGOGPVCT[CPFJKIJUEJQQNUPQYUVCPFUCVCPWPOCPCIGCDNG

+PQWTVQRVJTGGWPKXGTUKVKGUYJKEJWUGFVQXKGHQTVJGVQR

URQVUCOQPI#UKCPCECFGOKEKPUVKVWVKQPUUNKRRGFVQ0Q0Q

CPF0Q

(QTGKIP CKTNKPGEQORCPKGU JCXG GPVKEGF (KNKRKPQ RKNQVUCPF

CKTETCHV OGEJCPKEU VQ YQTM CDTQCF 6JG PWODGT QH EQOOGTEKCN

RKNQVUNGHVKPVJGEQWPVT[JCUFTQRRGFVQHTQO#KTETCHV

OGEJCPKEUPQYPWODGTQPN[HTQOCJKIJQH5GCUQPGF

YGCVJGTHQTGECUVGTUJCXGCNUQNGHVVJGEQWPVT[VQFQVJGUCOGLQDU

QXGTUGCU DWV YKVJOWEJJKIJGT YCIGU #UGEQPQOKE WPEGTVCKPVKGU

KPVJGEQWPVT[EQPVKPWGJWPFTGFUOQTGQHQWTCKTVTCHEEQPVTQNNGTU

TCFKQHTGSWGPE[GPIKPGGTUNKPGOGPTUVOCVGUCPFRNCPVGPIKPGGTU

YKNNUWTGN[NQQMHQTDGVVGTRC[KPILQDUCDTQCF

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&GXGNQR CPF CFQRV PGY RQNKEKGU VQYCTFUUQEKCN RTQVGEVKQP

CPFRTQOQVKQPQHVJGTKIJVUQHOKITCPVUCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGU2QNKEKGUUJQWNFDGVTCPUNCVGFKPVQKORNGOGPVCDNGGHHGEVKXG

GHEKGPVCPFTGCNKUVKERTQITCOU

'PUWTG UWHEKGPV TGRTGUGPVCVKQP QH CPF EQPUWNVCVKQPU YKVJ

1(9U KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG 199# (WPF 6JG XQKEGU CPF

KPVGTGUVUQH1(9UOWUVDGRTKQTKVK\GFKPVJGFGXGNQROGPV

CPF CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QH 199# 'PCEV CP 199# %JCTVGT

VQ TGRNCEG VJG 199# $QCTF QH &KTGEVQTURTQOWNICVGF

199#1OPKDWU2QNKEKGU

(QTIGCITGGOGPVUYKVJEQWPVTKGUQHFGUVKPCVKQPQPVJGTKIJVU

QHOKITCPVUVQUQEKCNRTQVGEVKQPCPFUQEKCNUGEWTKV[


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&GXGNQRCPFUWUVCKPPCVKQPYKFGKPHQTOCVKQPCPFGFWECVKQP

ECORCKIPUQPVJGTKIJVUCPFTGURQPUKDKNKVKGUQHOKITCPVUVQ

GPCDNGRQVGPVKCN1(9UCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGUVQOCMGKPHQTOGF

EJQKEGU CPF UVTGPIVJGP CEEGUU VQ UGTXKEGU CPF TGFTGUU QH

ITKGXCPEGUD[1(9UCPFVJGKTHCOKNKGU

+ORNGOGPV UVTKEVN[ VJG NCYU CICKPUV KNNGICN TGETWKVGTU CPF

VTCHEMGTUETGCVGCPGPCDNKPIUQEKCNCPFNGICNGPXKTQPOGPV

VJCV YKNN GPEQWTCIG XKEVKOU VQ NG EQORNCKPVU CPF NGCF VQ

RTQUGEWVKQPU

+OOGFKCVGN[ UGV WR VJG 5JCTGF )QXGTPOGPV +PHQTOCVKQP

5[UVGOQP/KITCVKQPVQKORTQXGFCVGEQNNGEVKQPCPFGXKFGPEGDCUGFTGUGCTEJGUQPNCDQTOKITCVKQPHQTRQNKE[OCMKPICPF

IQXGTPOGPV RNCPPKPI #FQRV CPF GHHGEVKXGN[ KORNGOGPV C

ENGCTTKIJVUDCUGFRQNKE[CPFUVTCVGI[VQRTQITGUUKXGN[TGFWEG

VJGPWODGTQH1(9KPEQWPVTKGUCPFVGTTKVQTKGUVJCVFQPQV

OGGVVJGOKPKOWOIWCTCPVGGUQHRTQVGEVKQPHQTOKITCPVU

2TQOQVG OWNVKNCVGTCN TGURQPUGU VQ OKITCVKQP #FXQECVG

HQT VJG ETGCVKQP QH C 70DCUGF KPUVKVWVKQP QP OKITCVKQP

IQXGTPCPEG


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4'('4'0%'5

#IECQKNK.CYTGPEG/CTEJ/KFFNG'CUV%TKUKU9QPV#HHGEV

1(9+PQYU/WEJ*5$%JVVRYYYRJKNUVCTEQO#TVKENGCU

RZ!CTVKENG+FRWDNKECVKQP5WD%CVGIQT[+F

#RKNQVEQWPVT[UVWF[2JKNKRRKPG/KITCVKQP4GXKGYQH'ZRGTKGPEGU

2QNKEKGUCPF2TQITCO&GXGNQROGPV#EQOOKUUKQPGFUVWF[QH

VJG/KITCPVU(QTWO#UKC/(#YKVJVJG%GPVGTHQT/KITCPV

#FXQECE[%/#/C[VQ#WIWUV

$CNKUCECP#TUGPKQ5JCTQP(C[G2K\C&GPPKU/CRC%CTNQU#DCF5CPVQUCPF&QPPC/CG1FTC5QEKCN+ORCEVQHVJG

)NQDCN(KPCPEKCN%TKUKUKPVJG2JKNKRRKPGUJVVRYYYCFDQTI

FQEWOGPVUTGRQTVUUQEKCNKORCEVETKUKURJUQEKCNKORCEVETKUKU

RJRFH

%CUKRNG/QP/CTEJ#&GXGNQRKPI/CLQT%TKUKUJVVR

OQPECUKRNGYQTFRTGUUEQOCFGXGNQRKPIOCLQT

ETKUKU

%GPVGTHQT/KITCPV#FXQECE[%/#9QTMKPI2CRGTQP1XGTUGCU

/KITCVKQP

%QPVTKDWVKQPQH/KITCPV9QTMGTUVQVJG.QECN'EQPQO[)NQDCN7PKQP

4GUGCTEJ0GVYQTMJVVRYYYIWTPKPHQGPVQRKEUOKITCVKQP

EQPVTKDWVKQPQHOKITCPVYQTMGTUVQVJGINQDCNGEQPQO[

'NNCQ,CPGUU#PP&GEGODGT.CDQT/KITCVKQPKP#

6GTTKDNG;GCTVQ$GCP1(94GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRDWNCVNCVEQO

OCKPNCDQTOKITCVKQPKPCVGTTKDNG[GCTVQDG

CPQHY

*QEJUEJKNF#4)NQDCN%CTG%JCKPUCPF'OQVKQPCN5WTRNWU

8CNWGKP*WVVQP9CPF)KFFGPU#GFU1P6JG'FIG.KXKPIYKVJ)NQDCN%CRKVCNKUO.QPFQP,QPCVJCP%CRGR

+DQP(QWPFCVKQP+PE,CPWCT[2TC[OGT2CODCPUCPI-CNCIC[CP

/IC2CPICMQPI0CRCMQ


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+DQP(QWPFCVKQP+PE;GCTGPF4GCN%JCPIGQT/QTGQHVJG5COG!

JVVRYYYKDQPQTIKDQPADKTFVCNMRJR!RCIGKF

+ORCEVQHVJG)NQDCN(KPCPEKCNCPF'EQPQOKE%TKUKUQPVJG2JKNKRRKPGU

2CRGT2TGRCTGFHQTVJG7PKVGF0CVKQPU&GXGNQROGPV2TQITCOOG

5GRVGODGT4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYYWPKEGH

QTIUQEKCNRQNKE[NGU+ORCEVAQHAVJGA)NQDCNA(KPCPKECNACPFA

'EQPQOKEA%TKUKUAQPAVJGA2JKNKRRKPGURFH

+ORCEVQHVJG/KFFNG'CUV%TKUKUQPVJG2JKNKRRKPG'EQPQO[(GDTWCT[

4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVR[QWTKPUKIJVUDNQIURQV

EQOKORCEVQHOKFFNGGCUVETKUKUQPJVON

+ORNGOGPVCVKQPQH'ZRCPFGF1(92TQVGEVKQPVQ5VCTVVJKU#WIWUV

#WIWUV4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRQHYKPHQEGPVGTDNQIURQV

EQOAAACTEJKXGJVON

+PVGTPCVKQPCN/KITCPVU&C[/GUUCIGD[/T,WCP5QOCXKC&KTGEVQT

)GPGTCNQHVJG+.10QX4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYY

KNQQTIINQDCNVQRKEUNCDQWTOKITCVKQP9%/5ANCPIGUKPFGZJVO

.GCFKPIOKITCPVYQTMGTUFGUGTXGRTQVGEVKQP2QNKE[$TKGHU5GTKGU

0Q+PUVKVWVGHQT/KITCVKQPCPF2QNKE[+UUWGU4GVTKGXGF

0QXGODGTHTQOJVVRCNOCPCEQHYRJKNCPVJTQR[QTI

WRNQCFU+/&+RQNKE[DTKGHARFH

/CUJC[GMK/KPC,WN[%QPVTKDWVKQPQH/KITCPVUVQ

&GXGNQROGPV6TCFG+PXGUVOGPVCPF&GXGNQROGPV.KPMCIGU

4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYYWPEVCFQTIGPFQEUGOFKVEVPEFAA

GPRFH

5CWFK/KPKUVT[QH.CDQT2TGUGPVCVKQPCPF(TGSWGPVN[#UMGF3WGUVKQPU

QP0KVCSCV4CPIGU0QXGODGT7RFCVGF0QXGODGT

4GVTKGXGFHTQO

JVVRYYYRJKNGODCUU[TK[CFJQTIKPFGZRJR!QRVKQPEQOAEQ

PVGPVXKGYCTVKENGKFUCWFKOKPKUVT[QHNCDQT

RTGUGPVCVKQPCPFHTGSWGPVN[CUMGFSWGUVKQPUQPPKVCSCV

TCPIGUECVKFUCWFK\CVKQPCPKVCSCV+VGOKF


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1RGP.GVVGTQH#MDC[CP4GR9CNFGP$GNNQVQ2TGU$GPKIPQ5KOGQP

#SWKPQ+++QPVJG%QWPVT[U'EQPQOKE9QGU/C[

4GVTKGXGFHTQO

JVVRYYYCMDC[CPQTIRJPGYUQRGPNGVVGTQHCMDC[CPTGRYCNFGP

DGNNQVQRTGUDGPKIPQUKOGQPCSWKPQKKKQPVJGEQWPVT[U

GEQPQOKEYQGU

1RKPKCPQ,GTGOCKCJ/CTEJ)QXVDCPMUQPVGEJXUKNNGICN

TGETWKVGTU4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYYCDUEDPPGYUEQOINQDCN

NKRKPQIQXVDCPMUVGEJXUKNNGICNTGETWKVGTU

1XGTCNN5CVKUHCEVKQP4CVKPI1P#SWKPQ)QXV&TQRU2QKPVUKP5955WTXG[2JKNKRRKPG&CKN[+PSWKTGT/C[

4GOKVVCPEGUTKUGVQ$KP(GD#RTKN4GVTKGXGFHTQO

JVVRYYYCDUEDPPGYUEQODWUKPGUUTGOKVVCPEGU

TKUGDHGD

4G[GU%GNKC#NGNNKG5QDTGXKCUCPF,GTGO[FG,GUU

+ORCEVQP1(9UTGOKVVCPEGUCPFNQECNGORNQ[OGPVUGGPKPVJG2JKNKRRKPGU%$/50GVYQTMU/WNVK%QWPVT[5VWF[

QP/QPKVQTKPICPF/KVKICVKPIVJG+ORCEVQPVJG2JKNKRRKPGU

4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYYRGRJVVRYYYRGRPGVQTI

NGCFOKPOGFKCURFH%$/5AEQWPVT[ARTQLARTQNGU2JKNKRRKPGU

&GEGODGTA(KPCN'FKVGFRFH

4GVWTPKPI1(9U$CFHQT'EQPQO[4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYYOCPKNCVKOGUPGVPGYUVQRUVQTKGUTGVWTPKPIQHYUDCFHQT

GEQPQO[

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6JG2JKNKRRKPG.CDQT'ORNQ[OGPV#IGPFC#FXCPEKPI

+PENWUKXG,QD4KEJ)TQYVJVJTQWIJ&GEGPV9QTM

9CIG*KMGHQT/GVTQ9QTMGTUD[/C[1T,WPG2JKNKRRKPG5VCT/C[


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'PF0QVGU

*QEJUEJKNF#4)NQDCN%CTG%JCKPUCPF'OQVKQPCN5WTRNWU

8CNWG+P*WVVQP9CPF)KFFGPU#GFU1PVJG'FIG

.KXKPIYKVJ)NQDCN%CRKVCNKUO.QPFQP,QPCVJCP%CRG

#UKCP&GXGNQROGPV$CPMCPF+PVGTPCVKQPCN1TICPK\CVKQPHQT

/KITCVKQP6JG+ORCEVQHVJG)NQDCN(KPCPEKCN%TKUKUQP

/KITCPVUCPFVJGKT(COKNKGUKP#UKC#5WTXG[$CUGF#PCN[UKU

$TGCMFQYPOC[PQVCFFWRVQVQVCNUFWGVQTQWPFKPIQHH

6QVCNCOQWPVQHTGOKVVCPEGUQHQXGTUGCU(KNKRKPQU1(UHTQO

EQWPVTKGUPQVGNUGYJGTGENCUUKGF

+PUWTCPEGRTGOKWOEQWNFDGCUJKIJCU75RGT[GCTQTCVQVCNQH

75HQTVJGFWTCVKQPQHCVYQ[GCTEQPVTCEV

70%QOOKVVGGQP/KITCPV9QTMGTU%QPXGPVKQP%QPENWFKPI

1DUGTXCVKQPUQPVJG2JKNKRRKPGUCUC5VCVG2CTV[/C[

5GUUKQP)GPGXC

5CWFK/KPKUVT[QH.CDQT2TGUGPVCVKQPCPF(TGSWGPVN[#UMGF3WGUVKQPUQP0KVCSCV4CPIGU0QXGODGT7RFCVGF0QXGODGT

4GVTKGXGFHTQOJVVRYYYRJKNGODCUU[TK[CFJQTIKPFGZ

RJR!QRVKQPEQOAEQPVGPVXKGYCTVKENGKFUCWFKOKPKUVT[

QHNCDQTRTGUGPVCVKQPCPFHTGSWGPVN[CUMGFSWGUVKQPUQPPKVCSCV

TCPIGUECVKFUCWFK\CVKQPCPKVCSCV+VGOKF

'UVKOCVGQP(KNKRKPQU1XGTUGCU&GEGODGT+PYYYEHQIQXRJ

&(#5GOK#PPWCN4GRQTVVQ%QPITGUU,WN[&GEGODGT6JGTGYCUPQDTGCMFQYPKPVJGFCVCHQT,GFFCJ%QPUWNCVG

Working Paper on Overseas Migration 2011

Documents

Transcript of Working Paper on Overseas Migration 2011