Working Forests in the Tropics - conference.ifas.ufl.edu 14-15, 2005 z University of Florida z...

ABSTRACT BOOK AND PROGRAM

Working Forests in the Tropics: Policy and Market Impacts

on Conservation and Management

February 14-15, 2005

J. Wayne Reitz Union University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Hosted by:

School of Forest Resources and Conservation

Project #0502

Februay 14-15, 2005 University of Florida Gainesville, Florida USA

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Table of Contents

Conference Sponsors ......................................................................... iii

Program Agenda................................................................................. v

Poster Session Directory ................................................................... ix

Abstracts Opening Keynote Address ......................................................... 1 Oral Session I: The Global Marketplace: Impacts on Tropical Forests and the People Who Live in Them................................. 5 Oral Session II: Agricultural and Infrastructure Development vs. Tropical Forest Conservation: Winners and Losers When Sectoral Policies Conflict .......................................................... 11 Oral Session III: Community Development, Forest Conservation and Market Penetration: A Clash of Cultures .. 19 Oral Session IV: Working Forests in Indigenous Landscapes ................................................................................. 31 Closing Keynote Address ......................................................... 37 Poster Session ............................................................................ 41

Author Index ................................................................................... 117

Notes................................................................................................. 120

Working Forests in the Tropics: Policy and Market Impacts on Conservation and Management

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Conference Sponsors

A special thank you to our sponsors for their generous support of this conference:

♦ The Milton and Miriam Handler Foundation

♦ USDA Forest Service

♦ US Agency for International Development

♦ Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil

♦ University of Florida/IFAS, Office of the Vice President for Agriculture and Natural Resources

♦ University of Florida/IFAS, Office of the Dean for Research

♦ University of Florida/IFAS, School of Forest Resources & Conservation

♦ University of Florida Office of Research & Graduate Programs

♦ University of Florida International Center

♦ University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies


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Program Agenda Abstract page numbers are indicated at the end of listings when applicable [example: “…(p. 2)”]

Monday, February 14, 2005 AM

7:00 Registration Open at Reitz Union (Until 5:00PM)

7:00-8:30 Poster Set up

8:30-8:35 Welcome – Timothy White, Director, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, UF/IFAS

8:35-8:40 Opening Remarks – Daniel Zarin, Conference Chair, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, UF/IFAS

8:40-9:30 Keynote Address: Forest Management and Conservation in the Brazilian Amazon – Adalberto Veríssimo, Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia ............................................................................................................................ (p. 3)

9:30-10:00 Refreshment Break

Session I: The Global Marketplace: Impacts on Tropical Forests and the People Who Live in Them

Moderator: Janaki Alavalapati, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, UF/IFAS

10:00-10:30 Managing the Next Great Agricultural Transition – Daniel C. Nepstad, Woods Hole Research Center ....................................................................................... (p. 7)

10:30-11:00 Policy Shock Transmission and Deforestation: Identifying Critical Pathways – Andrea Cattaneo, USDA Economic Research Service................. (p. 8)

11:00-11:30 When Globalization Helps Conserving Tropical Forests: The Examples of Payments for Environmental Services and of Petroleum Production – Sven Wunder, Center for International Forestry Research................................ (p. 9)

11:30-12:00 The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Forests in Latin America and Asia – Susanna Laaksonen-Craig, University of Toronto ................................. (p. 10)

12:00-1:30 Lunch on Your Own

12:30-1:15 Special Session: Tasso Azevedo, Diretor de Florestas, Secretária de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brazil


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Monday, February 14, 2005 (continued)

Session II: Agricultural and Infrastructure Development vs. Tropical Forest Conservation:

Winners and Losers When Sectoral Policies Conflict Moderator: Georgia Carvalho, Woods Hole Research Center

PM

1:30-2:00 When Do Agricultural Technologies Save the Forest? – Arild Angelsen, University of Norway .................................................................................................... (p. 13)

2:00-2:30 Agrarian Reform and Forest Area Rationalization: Indonesia’s Fundamental Natural Resource Management Challenge – Chip Fay and Martua Sirait, World Agroforestry Center.............................................................. (p. 14)

2:30- 3:00 The Political Ecology of Forest Policy in the Peruvian Amazon – Carlos Soria and Ernesto F. Ráez-Luna, Defensoría del Pueblo & Conservation International ........................................................................................... (p. 15)


3:30-4:00 Long-term Conservation in the Brazilian Amazon: Getting Results on the Ground – Adriana Moreira, The World Bank...................................................... (p. 16)

4:00-4:30 Camisea: Lessons to Improve Future Hydrocarbon Activities in the Peruvian Amazon – Michael Valqui, World Wildlife Fund ............................. (p.17)

4:30-5:00 Scenarios for Vertebrate Distributions in a Changing Amazônia – Claudia Azevedo-Ramos, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia.. (p. 18)

5:00-7:00 Poster Session & Networking Social


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Tuesday, February 15, 2005 AM

7:00 Registration Open at Reitz Union (Until 5:00PM)

Session III: Community Development, Forest Conservation and Market Penetration: A Clash of Cultures

Moderator: Marianne Schmink, Center for Latin American Studies, UF

8:30-9:00 Trends in Global Forest Tenure and Community Enterprise Responses in the Tropical Countries – Augusta Molnar, Forest Trends............................... (p. 21)

9:00-9:30 Market Myths and Forest Livelihoods – Patricia Shanley, Center for International Forestry Research.................................................................................. (p. 22)

9:30-10:00 Producer-Based Conservation Initiatives in the Context of the Commons – Richard Smith, Instituto del Bien Común................................................................ (p. 23)


10:30-10:45 The Expansion of Community Forest Management in Brazilian Amazonia: Opportunities and Limits – Gordon Armstrong, Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil......................................................................................................... (p. 24)

10:45-11:00 Barriers to Forest Certification in Developing Tropical Countries – Maia S. Becker, University of Toronto................................................................. (p. 25)

11:00-11:15 Factors Influencing Success: Using Research Findings to Predict the Livelihood Impact of NTFP Commercialization – Elaine Marshall, United Nations Environment Program ................................................................................... (p. 26)

11:15-11:30 The Role of Economic Alternatives and a Sense of Community in the Long-Term Viability of Forest Management: The Sustainability of the Family Forests Project – Mary Menton, University of Oxford ..................................... (p. 27)

11:30-11:45 Forest Communities and the Commodification of Lesser-Known Species in Central Quintana Roo, Mexico – Alex E. Racelis, University of California – Santa Cruz......................................................................................................................... (p. 28)

11:45-12:00 Working Exports in the Tropics: A Comparitive Discussion of Two “Green” Exporting Economies in the SW Amazon - Madre de Dios and Puno, Peru – Ernesto F. Ráez-Luna, Conservation International................... (p. 29)


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Tuesday, February 15, 2005 (continued)

PM

12:00-1:30 Lunch on Your Own

12:30-1:15 Special Session: Mércio Gomes, President, Fundacão Nacional do Índio, Brazil

Session IV: Working Forests in Indigenous Landscapes Moderators: Michael Heckenberger and J. Richard Stepp, Department of Anthropology, UF

1:30-2:00 The Challenge of Indigenous Peoples Development: Implications for Conservation and Education – Filiberto Penados, Tumul Kin Center of Learning............................................................................................................................. (p. 33)

2:00-2:30 Assessing the Viability of Working Forests in Crocker Range Park, Sabah, Malaysia – Gary Martin, Global Diversity Foundation ..................................... (p. 34)

2:30-3:00 Large-Scale Landscapes, Small-Scale Societies: Panará Natural Resource Concepts, Indigenous Lands, and Amazon Forest Conservation – Stephan Schwartzman, Environmental Defense................................................. (p. 35)

3:00-3:30 Conservation Politics and Indigenous Lands in the Amazon Basin – David Cleary, The Nature Conservancy............................................................... (p. 36)


4:00-4:50 Closing Keynote: Globalization and Tropical Forests – David Kaimowitz, Center for International Forestry Research ............................................................. (p. 39)

4:50-5:00 Closing Remarks – Daniel Zarin, Conference Chair, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, UF/IFAS

7:00-11:00 Closing Dinner Banquet (Emerson Alumni Hall, 2012 W. University Avenue)


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Poster Session Directory Abstract page numbers are indicated at the end of listings [example: “…(p. 2)”]

I. Central America and the Caribbean Poster No. 1..........Surviving Sprawl and Other Insults: Land Tenure Resiliency in Mexican Ejidos —

Grenville Barnes1 and Tom Ankersen2; 1SFRC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Levin College of Law School, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL........................... (p. 49)

2..........Linking Social and Political Dimensions of Agroforestry Promotion with Ecological Consequences: Case Studies from Central Quintana Roo, Mexico — Alexis E. Racelis1 and David B. Bray2; 1University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, 2Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA............................................................................. (p. 102)

3..........Women’s Organization in the Mayan Forest of Quintana Roo — Natalia Armijo-Canto1and Victoria Santos Jiménez2; 1Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Mexico, 2Organización de Ejidos Productores Forestales de la Zona Maya, Quintana Roo, Mexico................................................................................................................................................. (p. 47)

4..........Are Reserves Effectively Protecting the Populations of Five Endangered Plant Species of the Yucatán Coastal Scrubland? — Jorge L. Leirana-Alcocer1 and Alejandra González-Moreno2; 1Cuerpo Académico de Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 2 Maestría en Manejo de Recirsos Naturales Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Mérida, Yucatán, México................................................................................................................................................. (p. 84)

5..........Spatial Structure of Thrinax radiata, a Native Palm of Telchac, Yucatán, México — Jorge Leirana-Alcocer1 and Alejandra González-Moreno2; 1Cuerpo Académico de Ecología Tropical. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 2Maestría en Manejo de Recursos Naturales Tropicales. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México ............................................................................................ (p. 85)

6..........Is Ecotourism Promoting Conservation in the Lacandon Forest? — Hugo A. Guillén-Trujillo1 and J. R. Stepp2; 1University Autonomous of Chiapas, Mexico, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA........................................................................... (p. 76)

7..........Community Forestry and Foreign Aid in Guatemala — Lilian Márquez Barrientos;

Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana USA..................................................................... (p. 50)

8..........Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULCC) Comparison of Two Regions in the Selva Maya: Policy and Market Implications — Luciana Porter-Bolland1, Edward A. Ellis2 and David B. Bray3; 1Instituto de Ecologia, A. C., 2Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, 3Florida International University ............................................ (p. 101)


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I. Central America and the Caribbean (continued) Poster No. 9..........Impacts of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor Project on Public Perceptions and

Policies Toward Protected Areas: A Research Proposal — Luis Antonio Ramos; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.......................................................................... (p. 104)

10........Identifying and Measuring the Impacts of Community-Based Ecotourism on Livelihood Systems and Land-Use Decisions in the Maya Forest — Miriam S Wyman1 and Taylor Stein2; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA .................................................................................................... (p. 115)

11........Combining Non-Timber Forest Product Extraction and Selective Logging: Can it Increase Profits in Belize? — Ginger Deason1, Erin Sills2 and Wilber Sabido3; 1North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 3Programme for Belize, Belize City, Belize................. (p. 65)

12........The Maya Forest is a Garden: Example from El Pilar — Anabel Ford and Kelly L. Moore; ISBER/MesoAmerican Research Center, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.................. (p. 89)

13........Community Integration and Adaptive Management at El Pilar — Anabel Ford and Melanie C. Santiago-Smith; ISBER/MesoAmerican Research Center, Santa Barbara, CA, USA ...................................................................................................................................................... (p. 73)

14........Integrating Farm Level Land Use Choices and Satellite Land Change Detection to Assess Costa Rica’s Program of Payments of Environmental Services (PES) — Wayde C. Morse, Steve Sesnie and Jessica Schedlbauer; University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), Turrialba, Costa Rica....................................................................................................................... (p. 90)

15........Functionality of the Land Use Planning Legal Frame Work in the San Juan La Selva Biological Corridor, Sarapiqui, Costa Rica — Luis Antonio Ramos, Alberto Barandiarán, Viviana Gutiérrez and Ilan Saltzberg; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2Lima, Peru. Independent Environmental Lawyer, 3Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, 4University of Denver, Colorado, USA .................................................................................................................................................... (p. 103)

16........Pre-Montane Forest Succession Reconstructed from a Chronosequence in Costa Rica — Bruce L. Haines1, Ivelisse Ruiz-Bernard2, Chris Peterson1 and Darryl Cole-Christensen3; 1University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 2University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA, 3Finca Loma Linda, Agua Buena, Coto Brus, Costa Rica..................... (p. 77)

17........Relationship between Succession and Diversity of Microfungi in Tropical Forest Stands in Costa Rica — Priscila Chaverri1 and Braulio Vílchez2; 1Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 2Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica................................................... (p. 59)


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I. Central America and the Caribbean (continued) Poster No. 18........Negative Externalities of Irrigation Infrastructure: Forests, Farms, and Fertilizers

in Palo Verde, Costa Rica — Rodrigo Arriagada1, Erin Sills1, Subhrendu Pattanayak2, Fred Cubbage1 and Eugenio Gonzalez3; 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 3Organization for Tropical Studies, San Jose, Costa Rica ...................................................................................... (p. 48)

19........Long-Term Assessment of the Growth of Native Tropical Tree Species Planted in Abandoned Pastures in Costa Rica — Eugenio Gonzalez-J 1, Annie Russell2, James Raich2 and Ricardo Bedoya1; 1Organization for Tropical Studies, Costa Rica, 2Iowa State University, IO, USA ........................................................................................................................ (p. 74)

20........Tree-Crop Diversity and Nontimber Forest Products on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands — Sarah Workman1, Edward Ellis1 and Manual Palada2; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2University of the Virgin Islands, St Croix, VI, USA.............. (p. 114)

21........Post-Agricultural Abandonment Tree Species Assemblages in the Northern Karst Belt of Puerto Rico — Thomas J. Brandeis; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Knoxville, TN.................................................................................................................... (p. 55)

22........Soil Carbon Gain and Loss During Eighty Years of Tropical Reforestation — Whendee L. Silver1, Erika Marín-Spiotta1 and Rebecca Ostertag2; 1Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA, 2Dept. of Biology, U of Hawaii, Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA........................................................... (p. 87)

II. Amazonia Poster No. 23........Land and Forest Policies in the Brazilian Amazon: Conflict or Consistency —

Joseph S. Weiss1, Richard G. Pasquis2, Alessandra Valéria da Silva3 and Luciana Machado4; 1University of Brasília, Brazil, 2CIRAD (Center for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development), France, 3Chamber of Deputies, Brazil, 4National Indian Foundation - FUNAI, Brazil....................................................................... (p. 113)

24........Progresses in FSC Certification for Community Forestry in the Brazilian Amazon — Mauricio Voivodic and André Giacini de Freitas; IMAFLORA, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil .................................................................................................................................................. (p. 110)

25........Policy Implications of the Logging Industry’s Cost — Simone C. Bauch1, Gregory S. Amacher1 and Frank D. Merry2; 1Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2Woods Hole Research Center, MA, USA .................................. (p. 52)


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II. Amazonia (continued) Poster No. 26........Soil-Atmosphere Exchange of Nitrous Oxide, Nitric Oxide, Methane, and Carbon

Dioxide in Logged and Undisturbed Forest in the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil — Michael Keller1,2, Ruth Varner2, Jadson D. Dias3, Hudson Silva2, Patrick Crill4, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Jr.5 and Gregory P. Asner6; 1USDA Forest Service, IITF, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA, 2CSRC, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA, 3ESALQ, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 4Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 5EMBRAPA, Belem, Para, Brazil, 6Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, USA ...................................................................................................................................................... (p. 82)

27........Examination of Canopy Disturbance in Logged Forests in the Brazilian Amazon Using IKONOS Imagery — Michael Palace1, Michael Keller1,2, Bobby Braswell1 and Stephen Hagen1; 1 Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA, 2 International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, PR, USA........................................................................................ (p. 96)

28........Regeneration of Logging Gaps in an Upland Forest in Eastern Amazonia — Andréia C. B. Pinto1 and Claudia Azevedo-Ramos2; 1Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil, 2Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Belém, PA, Brasil .... (p. 99)

29........Effects of Fertilizer on Short- and Long-Term Survival and Growth of Twenty-Six Species of Economically Valuable Trees, Shrubs and Palms Planted in Eastern Amazonia — Kelly Keefe1, Daniel Nepstad2, Salvador Gezan1 and Daniel Zarin1; 1School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA, 2Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA........................................... (p. 81)

30........Advantage or Prejudice? Viewpoints of Indigenous and Non Indigenous Sciences on the Relationship between Honeybees and Native Bee Species in Brazil — Wemerson Chimello Ballester1, Simone Ferreira de Athayde2, Kátia Zorthea1, Geraldo Mosimann da Silva2, André Villas Boas3, Paula Mendonça de Menezes3 and Paulo Junqueira3; 1Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil, 2University of Florida - UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, 3Instituto Socioambiental - ISA, Programa Xingu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ....................................................................................................................... (p. 66)

31........Black Earths, Red Soils and Indigenous Agriculture: Venues for Local Management of Natural Resources by the Yudja People, Xingu Park, Southern Brazilian Amazon — Geraldo Mosimann da Silva and Simone Ferreira de Athayde; University of Florida - UF, Gainesville, FL, USA.............................................................................................................. (p. 64)

32........Market Incentives for Environmental Law Compliance in Mato Grosso: Opportunities and Limitations to Environmental Certification of Meat in the Amazon — Oriana T. Almeida1 and Daniel Nepstad2; 1Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia (IPAM), Belem, Brasil, 2The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA ............................................................................................................................................ (p. 43)


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II. Amazonia (continued) Poster No. 33........A Property-Level Analysis of Mato Grosso’s State Deforestation Licensing Program

— Claudia M. Stickler; School of Natural Resources & Environment, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL..................... (p. 108)

34........Highway Paving, Deforestation, and Governance along the Trans-Oceanic Highway in the Brazilian State of Acre — Jeffrey Luzar1 and Ivana Guerreiro2; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA, 2Ambiente--Agencia de Consultoria Sócio-Ambiental, Rio Branco, AC Brazil ............................................................................................................................ (p. 86)

35........The New Role of the “Forest Reposition Tax” in the Acre State, Brazil — Alexandre Anders Brasil and Carlos Ovídeo Duarte Rocha1; State Secretary of Forest - SEF, Acre State, Brazil ........................................................................................................................................ (p. 56)

36........Public Policies for Community Forest Management in the State of Acre — Marcelo Argüelles; Forest Management and Natural Protected Areas Manager - Government of the State of Acre, Brazil ................................................................................................................. (p. 46)

37........The Antimary State Forest Community and Sustainable Forest Management, Acre, Brazil — Marcelo Argüelles1 , Zenobio Abel Gouvêa Perelli da Gama e Silva2 and Alexandre Anders Brasil1; 1State Secretary of Forest - SEF, State of Acre, Brazil, 2Technological Foundation of the State of Acre - FUNTAC, State of Acre, Brazil..... (p. 45)

38........The Development of a Community Forestry Coalition in Western Amazonia, Brazil — Franklin Paniagua; Tropical Conservation and Development Program, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA ....................................................................................................... (p. 97)

39........Sustainable Forest Management for Small Farmers in Acre State in the Brazilian Amazon — Marcus V.N. d’Oliveira1, Evaldo Muños Bráz, Luiz Claudio Oliveira and Henrique José Borges de Araujo; Embrapa Acre, Acre, Brazil ......................................... (p. 68)

40........The Impacts of FSC Forest Certification on Communities in the Western Brazilian Amazon — Shoana S. Humphries; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ..... (p. 79)

41........Fire and the Proambiente Program in Eastern Acre State, Brazil: Regional Context and Dissemination to Local and Regional Societies — Karla da Silva Rocha1, Sumaia Saudanha Vasconcelo2, Nara Vidal Pantoja2 and I. Foster Brown2,3; 1Geography Department, Federal University of Acre - UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil, 2Parque Zoobotanico, UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil, 3 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, USA ........................................................................................................................................ (p. 105)

42........Using Ethnographic Linear Programming Models to Assess Resource Management Alternatives for Rural Producers in the Brazilian Amazon — Maria DiGiano; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ........................................................................... (p. 67)


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II. Amazonia (continued) Poster No. 43........The FLORA Fair: An Economic Initiative for Sustainable Development for

Traditional Populations of Acre, Brazil and Amazônia — Paulo Sérgio Braña Muniz; Research and Extension in Agroforestry Systems in Acre (PESACRE), Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil ........................................................................................................................ (p. 93)

44........Ecology of Oil-Producing Palm Species: Implications for the Management of Native Palms in the Brazilian Amazon for Production of BioDiesel — Joanna M Tucker; School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA .................................................................................................................................................... (p. 109)

45........Bamboo-Forest Structure and Dynamics, and the Forest Management in Acre State, Brazil: an Alert Signal to the Southwestern Amazonia — Marcos Silveira; Universidade Federal do Acre, Natural Sciences Department, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil .................................................................................................................................................. (p. 107)

46........Liana Loads in Brazil Nut Trees in the Western Brazilian Amazon — Lúcia H. O. Wadt1, Karen A. Kainer2, Daisy A.P.Gomes-Silva3 and Marinela Capanu2; 1Embrapa-Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, 3CNPq Fellow, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil............................................................................................... (p. 112)

47........Brazil Nut Population Structure in Three Sites in the Acre River Valley, Brazil — Rodrigo O. P. Serrano1, Lúcia H. O. Wadt, 2 and Karen A. Kainer3; 1Masters student in ecology and management of natural resources, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2Embrapa-Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 3University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA ............................................................................................................ (p. 111)

48........Brazil Nut: An Indicator of Change in Western Amazonian Extractive Reserves — Amy Duchelle and Karen Kainer; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA............................................................................. (p. 70)

49........Logging Activity in the MAP Region of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru: The Challenge of Avoiding the Collision between Exploitation, Conservation, and Public Policies — Elsa Mendoza1,2, Favio Rios3, Ronald Calderon 4 and Foster Brown2,5; 1Institute for Environmental Research in Amazonia, Belem, Para - Brazil, 2Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre - Brazil, 3PRONATURALEZA, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios - Peru, 4Fundación Jose Manuel Pando, Cobija, Pando - Bolivia, 5Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA - USA ................................................................................................. (p. 88)

50........Land Use and Land Cover in Iñapari, Peru, and Assis Brazil, Brazil, Southwest Amazonia — Angelica M. Almeyda1, Marianne Schmink2 and Stephen Perz2; 1Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA........ (p. 44)


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II. Amazonia (continued) Poster No. 51........Comparing the Trajectories of Indigenous Land Titling and Territorial Governance

in the Tropical Forests of Peru and Bolivia — Comparing the Trajectories of Indigenous Land Titling and Territorial Governance in the Tropical Forests of Peru and Bolivia — Gerald Mueller-Riverstone; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA...................................................................................................................................................... (p. 92)

52........Remote Sensing of Forest Disturbances Resulting from Selective Logging in Lowland Bolivia: Linking Field and Remotely Sensed Measurements — Eben N. Broadbent1,2, Dan Zarin1, Gregory Asner2, Marielos Pena~Claros3, Amanda Cooper2 and Ramon Littell1; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, USA, 3BOLFOR, Santa Cruz, Bolivia .................................. (p. 58)

53........Trade-Offs between Timber Production and Carbon Sequestration in Bolivian Humid Forests — G. M. Blate1, Francis E. Putz1, Paul D. Phillips, Benjamin Bolker1, Todd S. Fredericksen2, Marielos Peña-Claros3 and Lourens Poorter4; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA, 3Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 4Wageningen University, The Netherlands................................................................................................................................ (p. 54)

54........The Need of Silvicultural Treatments for Sustainable Forest Management in Bolivia — Marielos Peña-Claros1,Wiliam Pariona1, Todd Fredericksen2, Alfredo Alarcón1, Juan Carlos Licona1 and F. E. Putz2; 1Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2Ferrum Collage, Ferrum, NC, USA, 3University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA .............................................................................................................................................. (p. 98)

55........Resprouts as an Alternative for Natural Regeneration in a Bolivian Tropical Dry Forest — Bonifacio Mostacedo1,2, Armando Villca3 and Turian Palacios3; 1Intituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 3Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia ................................................................................................................................................. (p. 91)

56........Comparing Strategies for Commercial Timber Exploitation of Thirty Indigenous Forest Management Organizations in Bolivia — Charlotte E. B. Benneker; Forest and Nature Conservation Policy group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands......................................................................................................................................... (p. 53)

57........Cultural Impacts on Natural Resource Use and Community Forestry in El Chore, Bolivia — Carlton Pomeroy1, Roberto Menchaca2 and Vicente Camargo3; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2The Municipal Forestry Unit, Santa Rosa del Sara, Bolivia, 3CIPCA Santa Cru, Bolivia ......................................................................................... (p. 100)

58........Implementation of Sustainable Forest Management Practices for Timber Production by Small Scale Forest Enterprises in the Department of Madre de Dios, Peruvian Amazon — Rosa E. Cossío; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA...................................................................................................................................................... (p. 61)


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II. Amazonia (continued) Poster No. 59........Indigenous Land Use, Livelihoods, and Demographic Change: An Interdisciplinary

Research Project to Assess the Future of Indigenous Resource Management — Jason Bremner1, Clark Gray2, Richard E. Bilsborrow3 and Flora Lu-Holt4; 1Department of City and Regional Planning and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2Department of Geography and Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, 3Department of Biostatistics and Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, 4Department of Anthropology and Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel Hill ........................................................................................................................................................ (p. 57)

60........The Socio-Ecological Consequences of Market Integration among the Chachis of Esmeraldas, Ecuador — Juli Hazlewood; University of California, Davis, CA, USA ...................................................................................................................................................... (p. 78)

61........Evaluation of an Environmental Education Program for the Andean Bear in an Indigenous Community in the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve, Ecuador — Santiago Espinosa and Susan K. Jacobson; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA................................................ (p. 72)

III. Others Poster No. 62........The Role of Tropical Forests in Supporting Biodiversity and Hydrological Integrity:

A Synoptic Overview — Ellen M. Douglas1, Kate Sebastian2, Charles J. Vörösmarty1 and Stanley Wood2; 1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA, 2International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA....................................................... (p. 69)

63........Debt-for-Nature Swaps and the Tropical Forest Conservation Act, Implications for Conserving Forests in the Tropics. — Pervaze A. Sheikh; Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C., USA ................................................................................................ (p. 106)

64........Public Benefits and Private Costs of Forest Reserves on Private Land: Can Forest Reserve Requirements Meet Conservation Goals? — Brian Condon; UF Food and Res. Econ. Department; Working Forests in the Tropics Program.................................... (p. 60)

65........Low-Impact Logging —Uchechukwu Chikodi Obasi; MTN Office, Nigeria ............ (p. 94)

66........Role of Participatory Agro-forestry for Sustainable Use of Forest Land and Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh — Cassia Sanzida Baten; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada.................................................................................................................................. (p. 51)

67........Monitoring Of Hunting Pressure And The Testing Of Decoys As An Anti-Poaching Device In The Korup National Park Cameroon —Asong Cyprian-Nkeng 1 and Peter Atembe2; 1Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF), 2National Center for Education and Development (NCED) ................................................................................. (p. 63)


xvii

III. Others (continued) Poster No. 68........Grassroot Strategies for the Conservation and Management of Water and Allied

Resources in Ebo Itumbonuso, Ini Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria — Uwem R. Otu and Iboro Robert; African Youth Movement (AYM), Nigeria................................................................................................................................................................ (p. 95)

69........Development and Maintenance of Complex Agroforestry Systems after Forest Conversion — M. E. Isaac1, V. R. Timmer1, J. Quashie-Sam2 and A. M. Gordon3; 1University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, 3University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada ................................................................................................................................................. (p. 80)

70........Incorporating African Pastoralists into Conservation Area Management: The Case of the Gashaka Gumti-Tchabal Mbabo Trans-boundary Conservation Project — Arthur Green1, Dennis Anye2 and Francois Tiayon2; 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2BirdLife International, Yaoundé, Cameroon.......................... (p. 75)

71........Agroforestry, Income Generation and Food Security: The Role Of Women Self-Help Groups in Ondo State, Nigeria — A. R. Eleyinmi1, A. A. Oshodi1, I. A. Amoo1 and A. F. Eleyinmi2; 1Centre for Continuing Education, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, 2Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. ...................................... (p. 71)

72........Timber Investment Returns and Timber Trade for Exotic and Native Plantations in the Southern Cone of South America — Frederick Cubbage1, Patricio MacDonagh2, Jacek Siry3, Jose Sawinski4 and Arnaldo Ferreira4; 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2Universidad Nacional de Argentina de Misiones, Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina, 3University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 4Rigesa-Mead Westvaco and University de Contestado-Canoinhas, Canoinhas, Brazil............................................. (p. 62)

73........The Influence of Cattle Grazing Pressure on Natural Regeneration of Merchantable Timber Species in a Primary, High-graded Forest in Paraguay — Matthew Langholtz1, Norman Breuer2, Manuel Avila Chytil 3 and Robert Miller4; 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2University of Miami, 3 Alta Genetics, Uberaba, Brazil, 4Waimiri Atroari, Brasilia, Brazil................................................................................................ (p. 83)


xviii


1

Opening Keynote Address: Forest Management and Conservation

in the Brazilian Amazon


2


3

Forest Management and Conservation in the Brazilian Amazon Adalberto Veríssimo

Imazon (Amazon Institute of People and The Environment) Conserving additional areas of Brazilian Amazon (5 million km2) forest beyond the new strictly protected areas will require a sound foundation for sustainable forestry. About 31% of the Brazilian Amazon is currently protected as indigenous lands or as conservation units. Another 24% of the region is held privately. The remaining area (45%) consists of public lands that are still unclaimed or under dispute. Because so much of the region has been or will be designated for indigenous lands or strictly protected areas, conserving additional areas of forest will require addressing local pressures for development. The main sources of local pressures are from loggers, farmers and ranchers, who are engaged in a massive race to privatize public lands throughout the region. Of the land uses practiced by these agents, logging poses the most critical threat to biodiversity. It is usually the first to penetrate remote forest frontiers, and its quick financial returns help finance forest conversion to agriculture and ranching. Because logging occurs under the forest canopy and is difficult to monitor, most of the blame and concern over tropical deforestation has focused on farmers and ranchers. Yet recent estimates from the Brazilian Amazon show that the area of forest logged each year rivals the area cleared. Furthermore, observations reveal that predatory logging promotes the spread of wildfires from farming into otherwise fire-resistant moist tropical forests. Finally, despite an enormous potential to generate public revenues and steady employment for the benefit of local citizens, the boom-bust pattern of predatory logging generates ephemeral economic benefits, and its costs, especially in terms of social conflict and environmental degradation, are often extremely heavy.

A sustainable foundation for logging is, therefore, an integral part of any strategy to conserve widespread areas of Amazon forest. This strategy requires three broad approaches. The first approach is to expand sustainable conservation units through national forests, or “Flonas”, for the purpose of to producing goods (timber and nontimber products) and maintaining environmental services. Secondly, forest management must be intensified for private forests. Managed timberland area rose from nearly none in 1996 to more than 2.5 million hectares in 2004, with more than 1.3 million hectares certified by international Forest Stewardship Council (FSC): the largest certified area in Latin America. The third approach emphasizes the improvement of forest monitoring techniques and the enforcement against predatory logging in and beyond public forests. While Flonas and FSC may provide incentives for sound forest management by companies and communities, such management cannot compete if predatory logging continues on a large scale. New remote sensing and communication technologies, in addition to an expanded role of NGOs in Brazilian civil society, provide a basis for increased transparency and, ultimately, regulation of the forest sector.

Contact Information: AdalbertoVerissimo, Instituti do Homen e Merio Ambiente da Amazonia (IMAZON), Email: [email protected]


4


5

Oral Session I: The Global Marketplace:

Impacts on Tropical Forests and the People Who Live in Them

Listed by order of presentation.

Presenting authors appear in bold.


6


7

Managing the Next Great Agricultural Transition Daniel C. Nepstad,1,2,3 Oriana T. Almeida2, Claudia M. Stickler2,4, Maria del Carmen Vera Diaz2 and Robert Kaufmann5

1Woods Hole Research Center 2Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia 3Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos 4University of Florida 5Boston University

Human civilization is at the cusp of a major new north-to-south agricultural transition that may be one of the most important threats to tropical forests and woodlands of the 21st century. The transition is driven by several inter-related factors: the shortage of land suitable for agro-industrial expansion in the northern hemisphere, the abundance of suitable land in the southern hemisphere, the development of grain varieties for the hot humid conditions of the moist tropics, and the imminent dismantling of agro-industrial subsidies in the US and the European Community. The largest area of land “available” for agro-industrial expansion and with suitable soils, climate, and infra-structure is central South America, most notably the species-rich woodlands (Cerrado) and adjoining southern fringe of the Amazon forest formation in Brazil. This area is similar in size to the grain belt of the US, and is already undergoing rapid transformation into mechanized agriculture and industrial cattle ranching with important implications for greenhouse gas emissions, watershed health, native plant and animal assemblages, and those communities of indigenous people and smallholders who lie in the path of (or downstream from) the expansion. The rate at which this transition unfolds will depend upon many factors that influence world prices of agricultural commodities and the evolving competitiveness of southern producers. Increased world demand for vegetable protein triggered by mad cow disease and by the changing diets of the Chinese population have maintained high prices for soybeans in recent years; the long-term trajectory of prices may remain high if direct and indirect subsidies for agricultural sectors in the US and Europe (~$300 B per year) continue to be successfully challenged within the WTO, and if barriers to the importation of agricultural commodities continue to be relaxed. The management of this transition will require innovative combinations of market instruments, public policies, and the novel engagement of both agri-business and rural social movements. If consumers, trading companies, and investment banks demand environmentally- and socially-benign (or less damaging) agricultural practices, some of the most detrimental effects of the agro-industrial explosion might be avoided. More importantly, if agro-industrial expansion into the forest and woodland frontiers of the south is constrained by regional land-use zoning plans that have the full force of the law, and that are supported by agro-business and civil society, the conversion of forestland inappropriate for agriculture and the social conflicts that typically characterize such expansion might be diminished. These elements are emerging in Mato Grosso, Brazil, the epicenter of the explosion. Contact Information: Daniel Nepstad, Woods Hole Research Center, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia, Universidade Federal do Para, PO Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543, Phone: (US) 508-540-9900, Fax: (US) 508-540-9700, Email: [email protected]


8

Policy Shock Transmission and Deforestation: Identifying Critical Pathways Andrea Cattaneo

Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has been attributed to a variety of causes. Depending on one’s perspective, deforestation can be linked to either large cattle ranchers or to smallholder colonizers; and it can be attributed to either conversion to pasture or to logging, always lending a very clear-cut interpretation of the events. What rarely emerges from existing research on deforestation is the complexity of interactions among the economic agents: whether the farms are large or small, their access to resources, and the economic activities they undertake. This paper takes into consideration these interrelationships and fills an important gap in the literature. It does this by constructing a multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model adapted to capture the interaction between regional economic structures and the environmental processes specific to tropical areas. The model provides a tool well-suited for studying the impact of market forces on deforestation.

The point of departure for the paper is an analysis of the impact on deforestation of (i) the Brazilian currency devaluation that occurred in 1999, and (ii) the projected infrastructure improvements associated with the Avança Brasil program. The results are briefly presented, explained, and put in the context of current developments in Brazil. After that, the focus of the paper shifts to how these “policy shocks” are transmitted through the system to affect deforestation by analyzing the sensitivity of results to parameter uncertainty.

The results indicate that the factors greatly affecting the impact of policy shifts on deforestation rates are (i) the complementary relationship between logging and land clearing, (ii) agronomic sustainability, and (iii) barriers to migration of labor and capital. Results are then linked to research examining the impact of changes in agricultural technology for other regions of Brazil on deforestation and income.

The message of the paper is that the global marketplace affects forests and people’s livelihoods through many different pathways. For policy intervention to be effective, these pathways, and what activates (or inhibits) them, need to be better understood. Case in point, although the Brazilian government has eliminated deforestation-inducing policies, deforestation rates have not decreased. The paper concludes with an eye to the future, indicating factors that will become relevant to deforestation (that have not yet surfaced in the literature), and identifying possible new policy approaches.

Contact Information: Andrea Cattaneo, Economic Research Service (USDA), 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, Phone: 1-202-694-5474, Email: [email protected]


9

When Globalization Helps Conserving Tropical Forests: the Examples of Payments for Environmental Services and of Petroleum Production Sven Wunder

CIFOR, Belém, Brazil Analyses of globalisation processes often focus on the negative, relatively visible impacts of increasing transboundary trade and capital movements on forests. This is understandable, due to two widespread effects. First, more trade and production-factor movements go hand in hand with higher global incomes, thus increasing the aggregate “ecological footprint” of global production and consumption systems. Second, globalisation often encourages more specialised production systems, which biologically diverse ecosystems like natural tropical forests are ill equipped to accommodate. Nevertheless, we also need to remember that globalization can also have important pro-conservation effects. This presentation explores two cases, one within and one outside the forestry sector, for both of which globalisation should clearly benefit forest conservation. First, payments for environmental services constitute an incipient field where non-consumptive forest values are directly marketed, principally through the transfer of resources from North to South. Second, hydrocarbon production in the tropics is a controversial extra-sectoral case often causing some direct damages to forests. But in the majority of cases studied, the macroeconomic, unintentional effects protecting forests prove to be much more powerful than the direct impacts, thus triggering net positive impacts on forest conservation. For both the environmental service payments and the petroleum cases, examples are given drawing on a multi-country research framework. Yet, a few cases in both areas prove that the net effects protecting forests can be reversed, which happens if the core processes are accompanied by particularly anti-conservation policies and practices. Contact Information: Sven Wunder, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Embrapa Amazônia Oriental - Convênio CIFOR, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, CEP 66.095-100 Belém -PA, Brazil, Phone/Fax:: +55 (91) 276 0041, Email: [email protected]


10

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Forests in Latin America and Asia Susanna Laaksonen-Craig

University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, Toronto, Canada Foreign direct investments (FDI) have increased rapidly in forest industry since the 1990s. The majority of FDI still originates from mergers and acquisitions between established multinationals, but the flow of investments to developing countries has been increasing. The production of forest products has an impact on local forest resources, therefore, production in countries with weak regulation, monitoring and enforcement of forestry practices could lead to unsustainable forestry and deforestation; and the production could also have a significant impact on local livelihoods. In order to address these issues, it is necessary to understand the main determinants of FDI. There is very little research concerning the geographical distribution of FDI in industries utilizing renewable natural resources. For example, the forest industry seems to have been market seeking and efficiency seeking, but the role of natural resources in investment decisions needs to be clarified.

This paper examines the relationships between inflow FDI in the forest sector and host-country-specific factors that affect the spatial distribution of FDI. Data on developing countries in Latin America and Asia are used to analyze the impact of market size, input costs, and roundwood supply on FDI in developing countries. The results allow us to examine if policies related to these factors could be used to attract foreign investments to these countries; and what policy actions would simultaneously be necessary to ensure the sustainable use of forests in order to avoid “pollution haven” type behavior.

Contact Information: Susanna Laaksonen-Craig, University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada. Phone: 416-946-8507, Fax: 416-978-3834, Email: [email protected]


11

Oral Session II: Agricultural and Infrastructure Development

vs. Tropical Forest Conservation: Winners and Losers When Sectoral

Policies Conflict




12


13

When Do Agricultural Technologies Save the Forests? Arild Angelsen

CIFOR and Department of Econ. and Res. Mgt., Norwegian University of Life Sciences Does technological progress in agriculture protect or endanger tropical forests? Do we face a ‘win-win’ situation between farming incomes and food production on the one hand and forest conservation on the other? Or is there a trade-off between the two? The answers to these questions depend on the following three sets of factors:

1. Farmer characteristics: the labour and capital constraints faced by them, their income levels (poverty), and the types of agricultural and forestry activities in which they are involved.

2. Type of technology: the capital and labour intensity of the technology, the risk involved, and the sustainability (in terms of maintaining land productivity).

3. Market and tenure conditions: the access to output and input markets, the functioning of these markets, and the land tenure security. New technologies are more likely to encourage deforestation when they involve products with elastic demand (supply increases do not significantly depress prices). This typically applies to export commodities. The cases of commodity booms and deforestation almost always apply to export crops. On the other hand, higher supplies typically depress the price of products sold only in local or regionalized markets rapidly. That dampens the expansionary impact of the technological change and may even override it. But it also dampens the growth of farmers’ income. Most farmers operating at the forest frontier are capital and labour constrained. Technologies that displace labour may allow farmers to expand the area they cultivate or release labour to migrate to the agricultural frontier. On the other hand, labour intensive technologies should limit the amount of family labour available for land expansion and raise local wages, therefore discouraging deforestation. Since farmers are labour constrained we can expect them to prefer labour saving technologies as a rule. Thus, with some important exceptions, we are not likely to achieve the type of technological change that would save the forests! Agricultural land expansion often requires capital to buy cattle or planting material, hire labour, or purchase other goods. Capital (credit) constraints can therefore limit expansion. Technological progress should increase farmers’ ability to save and thus to invest in activities associated with deforestation. Similarly, higher off-farm wages can provide farmers with the capital they need to expand their operation, even though they increase the opportunity costs of labour. Technological progress in the more labour and/or capital-intensive sectors of agriculture, which are normally not close to the forest frontier, is usually good for forest conservation. Technological progress in these more intensive sectors shifts resources away from the frontier by increasing wages and/or lowering agricultural prices. There are exceptions, for example, the new technology may displace labour and push it towards the agricultural frontier or it may generate the funds farmers use to invest in forest conversion. The presentation concludes that trade-offs and win-lose situations between forest conservation and technological progress in agriculture in areas near forests appear to be the rule rather than the exception. However, win-win opportunities exist. By promoting appropriate technologies and modifying the economic and political environment in which farmers operate, policymakers and other stakeholders can foster them. Contact Information: Arild Angelsen, Assoc. scientist, CIFOR & Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Econ. and Res. Mgt., Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Email: [email protected]


14

Agrarian Reform and Forest Area Rationalization: Indonesia’s Fundamental Natural Resource Management Challenge Chip Fay and Martua Sirait World Agroforestry Center Indonesia, like many forest rich countries in the world, has been facing dramatic challenges to protect and manage its forest resources. Confusion and disagreement over who should control or own Indonesia’s forests and forest lands is widely seen as an underlying source of many, if not most, of Indonesia’s challenges in managing its forest estate. The origins of this confusion lay in large part on simplistic interpretations of what and where Indonesia’s forests are. Research on land use and remote sensing data has revealed that significant areas of what Indonesia’s Department of Forestry defines as “Permanent Forest Estate”, are, in fact, community-planted agroforests (fruit, resin producing, and timber trees), agricultural or grasslands. These areas are currently regulated as if they are natural forests or lands to be reforested. As a result, many local communities who are planting agroforests find their land access and land use greatly restricted by forest regulations. They are confronted with disincentives for increasing land productivity and in many cases have been forced of their lands by forestry officials acting in the name of protecting forest functions that do not apply to those landscapes in question. Improving the management of Indonesia’s remaining natural and production forests (plantations) – in a manner that respects human rights and reflects an optimal balance of public and private responsibilities – requires more sophisticated understanding of the social and environmental factors at play in the various types of landscapes in Indonesia. Such understanding should lead to sharper priorities on what forests require, focusing on efforts promoting sustainable management and on what lands, currently controlled by the Department of Forestry as permanent forest estate, can be de-regulated and released to local communities. It is clear that although increasing community forest tenure security is a critical first step, it is only one of many on the road to a better management of Indonesia’s remaining forest resources; and its effectiveness would depend on the general environmental policy affecting the sector. Improving the management of the sector will require major changes across the policy and institutional sectors of Indonesia. Our hope is that this analysis contributes not only to stronger tenure reform, but also to the wider policy debate on the future of Indonesia’s forest resources and the people who depend on them. Contact Information: Chip Fay, World Agroforestry Center, Box 161, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Phone: 6-225-162-5415, Fax: 6-225-162-5416, Email: [email protected]


15

The Political Ecology of Forest Policy in the Peruvian Amazon

Carlos Soria1 and Ernesto F. Ráez-Luna2 1Defensoría del Pueblo, Lima, Peru 2Conservation International, Lima, Peru

We discuss structural and institutional challenges for policies that effectively promote sustainable development based on sustainable forest management (SFM) in the tropics. We use evidence from the implementation of Peruvian legislation on forests, protected areas, the environment, mining, and agriculture. Entrenched myths and invisible realities in the design and application of the law lead to chronic and convoluted bargaining of law enforcement among forest stakeholders, which in practice distorts the spirit of the law and renders it ineffective. This is not an involuntary occurrence but a deliberate decision by the State neglecting to enforce the legislation, in order to favor some economically and politically powerful figures. These dynamics are not divorced from global ideologies, such as conservationism and neo-liberalism, but interact with them. Recent political processes in the tropics that transfer a greater decision-making power at the local (municipal and regional/sub-national) level offer both new challenges and new opportunities to the evolution of effective public policy on forests. Contact Information: Carlos A. M. Soria DallOrso, Defensoría del Pueblo, Riquelme 308, Lima 17, Peru, Phone: 511 461 2830, Email: [email protected]


16

Long-Term Conservation in the Brazilian Amazon: Getting Results on the Ground Adriana G. Moreira

The World Bank Brazil is a land of incredible natural wealth, including the largest standing, contiguous tropical rain forest (the Amazonian forests): habitat to more than one-fifth of all vascular plant species, one in eleven mammal species, and one in six bird species worldwide. Yet this richness is threatened by the intensification of deforestation. This immense patrimony now has a conservation program on a scale compatible to the needs and challenges of the gigantic Amazon region. The Amazon Protected Areas Project (ARPA), with funding from GEF, WWF and Germany, supports the objective of territorial ordination through the creation and consolidation of protected areas, as well as the establishment of a legal regime to support these actions. Special attention is given to areas facing extreme pressures, such as the “deforestation belt “ along the BR-163 highway. ARPA’s ten year program targets the protection of 500,000 km2 (50 million hectares) of Amazonian forests by promoting protected areas in existence, creating and implementing new protected areas; and establishing a trust fund to finance the costs of managing and protecting these areas. When its goals are achieved, ARPA will protect 12% of Brazil’s Amazon rainforest, or 3.6% of all tropical forests remaining on Earth: an area equivalent to that of Spain. Contact Information: Adriana G. Moreira, World Bank, LAC Regional Office, Washington DC, USA, Phone: 202-473-1626, Email: [email protected]


17

Camisea: Lessons to Improve Future Hydrocarbon Activities in the Peruvian Amazon Michael Valqui1, Cathy Ross2, Erick Meneses3, Carlos Chirinos4 and Patricia Majluf5

1WWF-Peru, Lima, Peru 2OXFAM-America, Lima, Peru 3Conservation International, Lima, Peru 4Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental, Lima, Peru 5Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Parallel to unconditional support of the Camisea gas project (PCS), the Peruvian government has prepared an even more attractive policy package to pull foreign investments into the hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Peruvian Amazon. Given the direct and indirect, social and environmental impacts of the Camisea project on various levels of society and on the nearly pristine, highly biodiverse forests, similar outcomes should be expected from future hydrocarbon projects in the Lower Urubamba area. This paper explores the current and potential impacts of the recently completed Camisea project on the environment and society; and, correspondingly, it evaluates the impact of civil society on the environmental and social outcomes of the project. Key issues where PCS had a positive impact were the following: changes in company and governmental policy towards groups in voluntary isolation, improvement of erosion control, migration control and re-vegetation plans, and adoption of higher standards in the IADB loan conditions, among others. However, the negligent attitude of the government concerning environmental and social issues resulted in several preventable problems, such as the ineffective erosion mitigation and re-vegetation processes, the lack of local involvement in monitoring, and the fractionation plant’s location near the only protected marine area in Perú. Additionally, certain issues cannot improve under the current legal, institutional and social framework, e.g. a strategic environmental and social assessment including indirect impacts on regional and national scales, uncertainty about the use royalties and taxes by regional governments who often favor infrastructure and expansion of the agricultural frontier, and the informed involvement of a greater proportion of Peruvian society. Finally, possible scenarios are outlined and recommendations are given, focusing on strategies NGOs should adopt to magnify their influence in the hydrocarbon sector. Contact Information: Michael Valqui, WWF-Peru, Trinidad Moran 853, Lima 14, Peru, Phone: 51-1-440-5550, Email:[email protected]


18

Scenarios for Vertebrate Distributions in a Changing Amazonia Lisa M. Curran1, Claudia Azevedo-Ramos2, Alice MacDonald1, Ana Cristina M. Oliveira3, Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr2, Britaldo Soares4, Ane Alencar2 and Daniel Nepstad5

1Yale University, USA 2Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Brazil 3Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil 4Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, belo Horizonte, Brazil 5The Woods Hole Research Center, MA, USA.

Vertebrate populations are highly influenced by the spatial configuration and use of modified matrix habitat found throughout their geographic range. We assessed how land-cover change in Amazonia would potentially affect new proposed protect areas (ARPA project), ecoregions and 164 mammal species distributions across their geographic range under “business-as-usual” (BAU) and “governance” (GOV) scenarios. Available data were compiled on species’ use of specific forest habitats and deforestation. Land use change from 1996 to 2001 was generated from Landsat ETM+ and projected for 50 years under “business-as-usual” and “governance” scenarios of deforestation in Amazonia. The model showed that BAU projection of deforestation (without ARPA) would result in about one million square kilometers more deforestation than the "governance" scenarios (with ARPA implemented) - 46% differential forest cover in ARPA sites between BAU and GOV - indicating the importance of implementation of protected areas (PAs). However, as highly vulnerable taxa have 54-87% of their range outside PAs, ARPA and indigenous reserves, there is an additional need to improve governance outside protected area boundaries. We identified three focal ecoregions for management efforts with high mammalian diversity coupled with vulnerability: Tapajos-Xingu, Purus-Madeira & Madeira-Tapajos. Various weightings of species-specific habitat use and relative abundance were employed in Markov models superimposed on these land use scenarios along the BR 163 to simulate spatially-explicit effects of this habitat alteration on vertebrate taxa in the region. This kind of analysis may contribute to focus public policies related to conservation strategies on key regions. Contact Information: Claudia Azevedo-Ramos, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SCLN 210, Bl. C sala 211, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Phone/fax: +55 61 3409992, Email: [email protected]


19

Oral Session III: Community Development, Forest

Conservation and Market Penetration: A Clash of Cultures




20


21

Trends in Global Forest Tenure and Community Enterprise Responses in the Tropical Countries Augusta Molnar

Forest Trends, Community and Markets Program, Washington, DC

A significant shift has occurred in forest tenure globally, with a doubling of the forest area under community ownership or administration in the past 15 years. This is an active trend with every indication that communal tenure will double again over the next 15 years. This recognition of traditional and indigenous peoples’ rights or reservation of forest lands for community administration has important implications for the forest policies of forest-rich countries in the developing and developed countries, and for the nature of their forest conservation and forest economy. This paper presents three key responses from communities to the new opportunities created by the tenure shift, summarizing the multi-sectoral analysis that Forest Trends has been developing over the past three years as part of a review of global forest market trends and their implications for communities. The tenure shifts have occured in a period of dramatic market transition, with changes in international and domestic demand, consolidation of the commodity wood sectors, and the emergence of ecosystem service markets and new, corporate responsibility. All of these have implications for community markets. One successful response has been the evolution of timber and non-timber based community enterprises, integrated into community social structures. Community forest enterprises have emerged in a number of the tropical countries with shifting tenure all with different models of organization, which are based on community goals and values, and shape their market access and opportunities. A second response has been the expansion of community conservation initiatives, financed in part by the new profits of community enterprises. A third response is the emergence of models of collaboration between companies and communities. This paper looks at community market and enterprise cases from Central America, Mexico and Brazil, based on the recent Forest-Trends coordinated research program. It identifies trends, opportunities, and threats to future success. Contact Information: Augusta Molnar, Forest Trends, Community and Markets Program, 1050 Potomac Street, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA, Phone: 202 298-3006, Fax: 202 298-3014Email: [email protected]


22

Market Myths and Forest Livelihoods Patricia Shanley1 and Erin Sills2

1Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

In the substantial literature on forests and livelihoods that has emerged over the last two decades, forests, particularly as sources of goods other than timber, have been alternately hailed as a ‘vehicle for poverty alleviation’ and denounced as a ‘poverty trap’. Arguments questioning the potential of forests to support local livelihoods are often based on two widely held economic assumptions. First, forest goods have been considered “economically inferior,” implying that when buyers’ incomes increase, demand for forest products will fall. Secondly, forest goods have been characterized as “substitutable,” meaning that forest products are often replaced by cultivated or synthetically produced products that are cheaper and more readily available. These assumptions underpin the conventional wisdom that non-timber forest goods inevitably pass through “boom-bust” cycles whereby sharp spikes in demand result in resource depletion or substitution and a collapse of economic benefits. Using case studies from Asia, Africa and Latin America, this paper challenges these generalizations about forest goods, arguing that both overly optimistic projections and pessimistic claims about the value of forest goods are generally exaggerated. Calling for a more moderate appraisal, the study highlights the important role that forest products play in both subsistence and income generation, particularly during times of conflict, economic depression and health care crises. Contact Information: Patricia Shanley, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, Phone: + 62 251 622 622, Fax: + 62 251 622 100, Email: [email protected]

Erin Sills, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, Phone: 919-515-7784, Fax: 919-515-6193, Email: [email protected]


23

Producer-Based Conservation Initiatives in the Context of the Commons Richard Chase Smith

Instituto del Bien Común, Lima, Peru In this paper the author explores the bottlenecks and tensions that arise in market-oriented, community-based conservation, especially in situations where the natural resources involved are held in common, either under community domain or under public domain. In both cases, a lack of clarity characterizes the relationship between those who hold the natural resources in common, and those individuals whose initiative has led to an economic enterprise. In 1992-3 a team of researchers conducted a pioneer study of the conflicts between the indigenous economy and the market in Amazonia (Smith and Wray 1996). Among other topics, this research documents the overwhelming failure of community-owned enterprises for a wide range of reasons, including cultural conflicts; at the same time, it stresses the importance of creating conditions for smaller producer-based economic initiatives to flourish within a context of strong community institutions. While both conclusions are now broadly accepted, one still finds an increasing level of tension between individual-based market initiatives and the broader community over access and user rights to the community-controlled resources. In these cases, community-based social pressure, assuming a variety of cultural forms, becomes a factor that discourages individual economic initiatives. In cases where market-oriented, community-based conservation initiatives depend on state controlled resources, such as in natural protected areas or in forested lands outside of the community domain, the state requires government-approved management plans for such initiatives. The lack of clarity within the public administration regarding what constitutes a “management plan”, the definition of criteria and procedures for approving such a plan, and what public interest is at stake, converts this requirement into an impossible barrier to community-based conservation enterprises. Examples will be used from the indigenous communities found within or nearby the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, the proposed mosaic of protected and sustainable use areas between the Ampiyacu and the Putumayo rivers and the Yanesha Communal Reserve and the El Sira Communal Reserve. Contact Information: Richard Chase Smith, Avda Petit Thouars 4377, Miraflores, Lima 18, Perú, Phone: 511-421-7579, Fax: 511-440-6688, Email: [email protected]


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The Expansion of Community Forest Management in Brazilian Amazonia: Opportunities and Limits Manuel Amaral Neto1, Paulo Amaral2 and Gordon Armstrong1

1Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil, Brasília, Brazil 2Instituto do Homen e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia, Belém, Brazil

Community forest management (CFM) projects in Brazilian Amazonia have increased significantly. In 2000, 14 small-scale management plans became operational. Today, over 200 plans are approved. The area under management by communities will encompass approximately 300,000 hectares by next year; and the estimated production from these areas will reach three million cubic meters of round wood. A range of new groups (indigenous people, river dwellers, colonists, rubber tappers, slave descendent communities, etc.) are becoming established in the production and marketing of Amazonian timber. This rapid growth in CFM initiatives is attributed to various factors including the following: (i) conservation programs supporting the first pilot projects; (ii) regulation of small scale management by the environmental control institutions; (iii) government actions at both federal and state level to promote CFM, including new forms of rural settlement; and (iv) institutional articulation between CFM initiatives demanding government measures to consolidate CFM as an alternative for sustainable rural development. At the same time, various factors limit the success of these initiatives. These are particularly related to problems of market access; and also include the scale of production, product quality and competition from illegally harvested timber. To address these problems, some communities are diversifying their products and attempting to reach niche markets. Communities are also seeking different marketing strategies such as certification, group selling, and contracts with large forest enterprises. Some key issues are emerging: (i) what is the organizational and management capacity of communities to administer and sell products produced under forest management plans? (ii) what strategy should communities adopt as more community forest products reach the market? (iii) how can public policies favor this market within a local development perspective? To answer these questions, the ALFA Consortium, consisting of six Brazilian NGOs and the University of Florida, is undertaking a range of activities aimed at quantifying and analyzing the current CFM development process in the Brazilian Amazon. Data from a regional survey of CFM projects will be integrated with local research at the community level to measure the impact of public policies on CFM activities. Contact Information: Gordon Armstrong, IEB, SHIS QI 05, Bloco F, sala 101, 71606-900, Brasília DF, Brazil, Phone: 55 61 248 7449, Fax: 55 61 248 7440, Email: [email protected]


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Barriers to Forest Certification in Developing Tropical Countries Maia S. Becker

University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada The Rio de Janeiro 1992 Earth Summit brought to light the need for concrete measures protecting tropical forests and biodiversity; and it led to the introduction of forest certification. Forest certification is a voluntary and market-based mechanism allowing consumers to identify products extracted from sustainably managed forests. In the decade since the conception of forest certification, it has not achieved the anticipated goals in the highly forested and developing countries of the tropics. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has emerged as the only international certification system with a geographical focus on tropical countries. The potential of forest certification is evident in the > 47 million hectares of forests certified by FSC worldwide. However, the majority of certified areas are in temperate and boreal regions, with only 15% in the tropics. While rural and Indigenous communities are becoming increasingly important landowners and managers in the tropics - responsible for 20% of forested areas, large industrial operations are currently the primary beneficiaries of niche markets for certified forest products. The promotion of community involvement in the forest certification process is a critical component of the sustainable management of these ecologically and socially critical ecosystems. Identification of the roadblocks to forest certification in developing tropical countries, and ways to overcome them, are needed for the potential of this market mechanism to be realized in the regions where its success is most important. If policy makers and NGOs can isolate the specific challenges for respective countries, the design and implementation of solutions can be facilitated. In this paper, the direct and indirect barriers to achieving certification in highly forested tropical nations are identified and critically analyzed. Twelve countries are selected and evaluated according to the presence or absence of these barriers. Selected countries represent regions in Africa, Asia and Latin America; they are listed as ‘developing nations’ by the World Bank and UNCTAD; possess over 10 million ha of tropical forest cover; and six of the countries have FSC certified forest area. Potential responses to these barriers and their feasibility are discussed. Contact Information: Maia S. Becker, University of Toronto, 1001 Bay St. #1719, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Phone: 416-482-8532, Email: [email protected]


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Factors Influencing Success: Using Research Findings to Predict the Livelihood Impact of NTFP Commercialization

Elaine Marshall1, Adrian Newton2 and Kathrin Schreckenberg3 1UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK 2School of Conservation Biology, University of Bournemouth, UK 3Overseas Development Institute, London, UK

Initial enthusiasm for non-timber forest product (NTFP) commercialisation as an option promoting rural development and/or conservation is increasingly tempered by a growing realisation that many attempts fail to deliver the expected benefits. There is, therefore, a growing need for information and tools to support the decisions made by a wide range of stakeholders. These include not only the local communities that consider investing in the establishment of a commercial enterprise, but also the development and conservation agencies, government agencies and NGOs working with them; and the private sector institutions involved in trading and marketing forest products. We describe a decision-support tool designed to meet this need, which was developed on the results of an interdisciplinary research programme undertaken in Mexico and Bolivia. This research identified ~ 67 key factors that play a critical role in the overall success of NTFP commercialisation. A simple scoring procedure for these factors predicts the probability of successful NTFP commercialisation, based on a probabilistic model developed by a Bayesian Belief Network. The model considers five types of capital assets required to support rural livelihoods: human, social, environmental, physical and financial. With this approach, we are able to predict the potential impact of NTFP commercialisation on a wide variety of different measures including resource conservation and community development. We demonstrate how this model has been constructed, validated, and used to develop a decision-support tool for selecting appropriate NTFPs for development. We highlight how a better understanding of different combinations of factors results in a more efficient investment of financial, technical and political support. Use of such tools for informative decision-making should result in an increased the value of forests through sustainable development of NTFP resources, and reduce the risk of failure resulting from inappropriate interventions. Contact Information: Elaine Marshall, UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K., Phone: +44 1223 277314, Fax: 277136, Email: [email protected]


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The Role of Economic Alternatives and a Sense of Community in the Long-term Viability of Forest Management: The Sustainability of the Family Forests Project Mary C. Menton1,2, Frank Merry2,3, Nick Brown1 and Anna Lawrence1

1University of Oxford, Oxford, England 2IPAM, Santarém, Brazil 3WHRC, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Family Forests (FF), a reduced-impact logging (RIL) project that is being implemented through company-community partnerships in INCRA (National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform) settlements in the region of Santarém, Pará, Brazil, is being studied as an example of sustainable rural development with an eye on replication in other regions of the Amazon. Preliminary results from participatory rural appraisal (PRA), resource use diaries, and socio-economic questionnaires demonstrate positive overall monetary gains and social benefits from participation in the project. During the gestation of this project, however, there have been conflicts in the community management of logging incomes. Newly founded, the participant communities comprise families from all regions of Brazil, often creating a clash of cultures and conflicts resulting from a lack of intra-community trust. In addition, while many families intend to remain in the region on a long-term basis, economic incentives in other areas and weak ties to the land/community encourage some families to sell their land soon after the logging. In these cases, the ability of the community associations to manage the logging incomes for the overall benefit of its members may be compromised. If the FF project, and others like it, are to be viable over the long-term, economic alternatives must be developed which provide incentives for smallholders to remain on their lands. Mechanisms must also be developed which strengthen communication and trust within community associations. Current plans for the development of economic alternatives will be discussed together with an analysis of the measures necessary to increase communication and foster cooperation within the community. Contact Information: Mary Menton, Linacre College, St Cross Rd, Oxford OX1 3JA, England Phone: +44 186 527 5044, Fax: +44 186 527 5074, Email: [email protected]


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Forest Communities and the Commodification of Lesser-Known Species in Central Quintana Roo, Mexico Alex E. Racelis

University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA Decades of both legal and illegal exploitation of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata), as well as land-use conversion to agriculture, have led to declining populations of these high value timber species in tropical southeastern Mexico. In the Mexican state of Quintana Roo for example, selective extraction practices on mahogany have seriously affected its regeneration, with annual harvest rates decreasing steadily over the last 50 years. In recent years some lesser-known species (LKS) of hardwood trees have become a popular commodity in Quintana Roo, with a steady demand for small diameter (5-20cm dbh) hardwood trees emerging concurrently with the expansion of the state-wide tourism sector. Historically, local residents have used these small diameter trees as building materials for homes and other constructions. Recently, however, these smaller diameter trees are now commonly sold for the type of rustic construction found in tourist centers. With the recent expansion of the tourism corridor to the state’s southern border, the economic potential to use smaller diameter trees as pole wood is promising. However, profitable linkages must be created between LKS supply and the marketplace in order to explore the opportunities and constraints on sustainable management. As increasing harvest rates of LKS reveal the replacement of mahogany and Spanish-cedar as primary forest resources in the region, the development of market opportunities for LKS could greatly increase available resource utilization and generate income and employment. However, in order to function, this alternative requires feasibility studies in the areas of marketing, forest potential, and organizational aspects. As such, this research presents some preliminary data on supply and demand of LKS and attempts to generalize a strategic framework for management that can be applied to this region. Contact Information: Alexis E. Racelis, University of California at Santa Cruz, Department of Environmental Studies, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, Phone: 831-426-4253, Email: [email protected]


29

Working Exports in the Tropics: A Comparative Discussion of Two “Green” Exporting Economies in the SW Amazon (Madre de Dios and Puno, Peru) Ernesto F. Ráez-Luna1, Edward Millard1, Luis G. Espinel1, Brooke Anderson2, Hugo Cahuapaza1 and Gilber Martínez2

1Conservation International, Washington, DC (USA), and Lima (Peru). 2Independent Consultant.

We review local organization and global market factors impinging on the success or failure of non-timber tropical forest exports and on the quality of benefits obtained by local producers. We compare Brazil nuts in Madre de Dios and organic shade-grown coffee in Puno, SE Peru. Cohesion of producer organizations, direct market experience, degree of market fairness, added value, technical advice, and intrinsic profitability of export products are factors that combine interact in complex but predictable ways. Government agencies, international cooperation as well as conservation and rural development NGOs play key roles as providers of strategic information and technical advice to producers, but they may also create destructive distortions in grassroots organizational processes and forest-product chains of production. These distortions may preclude the development of local economies based upon sustainable use of forested lands. We suggest a set of practices to improve the role of external cooperation in enabling sustainable forest economies. Contact Information: Ernesto F. Ráez-Luna, Conservación Internacional – Perú, Malecón de la Reserva 281, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru, Phone: 51-1-4473636, Email: [email protected]


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31

Oral Session IV: Working Forests in Indigenous Landscapes




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The Challenge of Indigenous Peoples Development: Implications for Conservation and Education Filiberto Penados

Tumul Kin Center of Learning, Blue Creek, Toledo, Belize One cannot discuss tropical forests, markets and conservation without considering Indigenous peoples, their context, demands and involvement. More specifically one cannot discuss tropical forests without addressing the concerns of poverty, indigenous development; the international indigenous rights frame work and international political and economic policies. These issues are pivotal to the Tumul Kin Center of Learning, an alternative Maya intercultural education and research organization that we have established in Southern Belize. The Center promotes sustainable indigenous development through an educational strategy aiming to link Maya and Universal science, philosophy and technology so students can maximize their cultural and natural resources in the pursuit of a development with identity. This presentation shares the theoretical reflection that considered in the development of the Center; and the challenges doubts and possibilities that have implications for tropical forests, markets and policies. Contact Information: Filiberto Penados, Tumul Kin Center of Learning, PO Box 159, Punta Gorda Town, Toledo, Belize, Phone: 501 722 2689, Fax: 501 722 2689, Email: [email protected]


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Assessing the Viability of Working Forests in Crocker Range Park, Sabah, Malaysia Gary J. Martin1, Agnes Lee Agama1, Rachel Chua1, Jamili Nais2 and Maryati Mohamed3

1The Global Diversity Foundation; Canterbury, UK 2Sabah Parks; Sabah, Malaysia 3University Malaysia Sabah; Sabah, Malaysia

The Crocker Range comprises mountains that stretch along a northwest-southeast axis parallel to the western coast of Sabah, a Malaysian state renowned for its biodiversity. First designated as a Forest Reserve in 1969, a large part of this area was converted to a State Park in 1984 under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks, the state agency responsible for all parks. Crocker Range Park (CRP) presents a complex challenge for effective and sustainable park management, especially in light of changes in land use patterns and development activities. Under the 1984 Parks Enactment, all agricultural and natural resource gathering activities inside the park are strictly prohibited. This presents a dilemma for the management of the CRP because a small number of settlements and roughly 4,000 ha of cultivation areas were already in existence before the park’s establishment in 1984. In a Master Plan for CRP Management being finalised by Sabah Parks, one of the clear priorities is to accommodate the Dusun communities living inside and adjacent to the boundary of the park. Indigenous inhabitants of the area, the Dusun are sedentary horticulturalists engaged in swidden agriculture, collection of non-timber forest products and other subsistence activities. Under one proposal, Sabah Parks would create traditional use zones inside the park where subsistence activities would be allowed. The establishment of traditional use zones is a landmark development in protected area management in Sabah, as it will implement collaborative management practices between a government agency and local communities for the first time. With funding from the Darwin Initiative (UK), we are beginning a three-year project on the ethnobiology of the proposed Buayan-Kionop traditional use zones in the heart of the park. Assessments of plant and animal resource use and management, agricultural patterns, subsistence hunting and freshwater fishing will contribute to stewardship agreements that will play a role in monitoring natural resource use and management in these ‘working forests’. Contact Information: Gary J. Martin, The Global Diversity Foundation, BP 1337, Marrakech Hay Mohammadi 40007, Morocco; Phone: +212 44 329355, Fax: +212 44 329884, Email: [email protected]


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Large-Scale Landscapes, Small-Scale Societies: Panará Natural Resource Concepts, Indigenous Lands and Amazon Forest Conservation Stephan Schwartzman

Environmental Defense, Washington DC, USA Indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon, consisting of 160 societies, represent little more than 1% of the regional population. Over the last thirty years, they have won official recognition of their rights to 20% of the Amazon, equivalent to 1 million km², which is the largest expanse of tropical forest under any form of protection anywhere. Any strategy for large-scale forest conservation in the Amazon must include the indigenous lands; the effectiveness of such strategies will depend in part on scientists and conservationists establishing dialogues with indigenous groups and organizations, in which both sides understand one another’s interests. I describe the recent history of the Panará, their concepts of natural resources and the partnership among the Panará, the Instituto Socioambiental, Environmental Defense and Rainforest Foundation US. Through these partnerships, the Panará have regained part of the territory from which they were removed thirty years ago; have won indemnification for losses from the government; and they are now effectively monitoring and controlling their territory. The Panará case illustrates the process whereby Amazon indigenous peoples have won land struggles; it also suggests possible approaches to long-term sustainability in indigenous lands. I review ecological effects of the Panará return and propose that an accurate evaluation of the conservation benefits of indigenous reserves must compare overall conditions, including impacts on wildlife and flora in the reserve, as well as, on the landscape that would predominate had the reserve not been established. While Panará hunting has affected game populations, the will and ability of the 260 Panará to control access to their 495,000 ha area has demonstrably checked frontier expansion. I further discuss Panará resource management initiatives, both those spontaneously undertaken and those supported by the collaborative project, in the light of Panará conceptions of natural resources. Historical evidence, as well as ethnographic evidence from Panará concepts of nature and resources, show that Panará technology and social organization have been extremely flexible and adaptive, allowing the group to appropriate the resources of a series of very different ecosystems for their own purposes over at least the last 500 years. The Panará theory of society and nature, however, effectively erases the traces of such historical and ecological change, locating the origin of all important institutions and resources in the mythic past. But from the Panará perspective, consistent cosmology and myth do not preclude innovation and action to meet new challenges. Contact Information: Steve Schwartzman, Env. Def., 1875 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 600, Wash. DC 20009, Phone: 202-387-3500, Fax: 202-234-6049, Email: [email protected]


36

Conservation Politics and Indigenous Lands in the Amazon Basin David Cleary

Director, Amazon Programme, The Nature Conservancy, Belém – Brazil There has been much recent concern in some circles that international conservation organizations are becoming increasingly hostile to indigenous peoples and indigenous organisations in the Amazon, viewing them in effect as impediments to effective conservation of tropical biodiversity. One symptom has been differences between the disciplines of conservation biology and social/cultural anthropology - over the terms in which indigenous peoples and Amazonian environments are represented, and the ways in which they are (or should be) articulated to and participating in markets. Given the significant financial resources international conservation organizations can and have mobilised, and the fact that they are important interlocutors for the major US and multilateral funders active in the Amazon, this rift between anthropology and conservation biology is a worrying development for conservation professionals, many of whom made what now appears a naive assumption that there was sufficient overlap of interests between advocates of indigenous rights and defenders of biodiversity for a working alliance to be a fairly straightforward enterprise. This paper will rapidly summarise and assess the methodological approaches of the major conservation organizations – The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International, WWF and the Wildlife Conservation Society – to biodiversity conservation in the Amazon. It argues that the logic of all these approaches is to emphasise the importance of indigenous lands as a reservoir of biodiversity and relatively intact ecosystems and habitats when viewed at the regional scale, rather than the site or reserve level. The framework of debate is being altered by significant new external initiatives, and by the increasing assertiveness of indigenous organizations themselves, as many make the transition from struggles for land to administering territory gained or newly ratified. The presentation argues that there is an inevitable convergence between indigenous land rights and biodiversity conservation, and that the future will be more multidisciplinary than the past. Many bodies of knowledge and technologies from protected area management are highly relevant to indigenous environmental management, and syntheses between, for example, ethnobiology and remote sensing are urgently required. Contact Information: David Cleary, TNC-Amazon, Avenida Nazaré 280, 66.035-170 Belém – PA, Brazil, Phone: /Fax: (55) 91-4008-6200, Email: [email protected]


37

Closing Keynote Address: Globalization and Tropical Forests


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Globalization and Tropical Forests David Kaimowitz

International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Liberalization of trade and financial flows and currency devaluations, frequently affect forests negatively, although not always. Regulatory and compensatory mechanisms could mitigate some negative impacts, but market forces have overwhelmed the efforts made to date. In many cases there are trade-offs between economic growth, equity, and the environment, although there are some lose-lose situations, where the current situation is bad for all three. One of the most negative impacts of globalization has been the ideology of greed, which encourages individuals to act in their own immediate interests. Contact Information: David Kaimowitz, International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Email: [email protected]


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41

Poster Session

Listed alphabetically by presenting author.



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Market Incentives for Environmental Law Compliance in Mato Grosso: Opportunities and Limitations to Environmental Certification of Meat in the Amazon Oriana T. Almeida1 and Daniel Nepstad2

1Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia (IPAM), Belem, Brasil 2The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Deforestation has increased dramatically in recent years in the state of Mato Grosso, where soil, climate, and infra-structure make ranching and soy production highly competitive. One of the most complex and strict environmental legislations for rural landholders is the Brazilian “código florestal”- forestry code- for the Amazon. Since 1995, this law requires the maintenance of 80% of the forest on rural properties as a legal reserve). Given the high percentage of land that must be left in as a legal reserve, most private owners argue that the law makes productive activities economically unviable and that compliance of the law was reduced. In the present work, we evaluated cost-benefits of investing in low-priced land in the Amazon where 80% of the forest cover is required versus investment in high-priced land from the savanna region of Brazil where required forest cover is 20%. Results show that the cost of the legal reserve in the Amazon comprises 38 to 100% of the activity profit while it represents only 5 to 15% of the activity profit in area of savannas. While it is important to evaluate the impact of increasing the legal reserve from 50 to 80% on the property, it is also important to evaluate the impact of cost increases in production to develop policies that compensate initiatives that seek to conserve the environment in the region. One such policy mechanism is the certification of meat. Contact Information: Oriana Almeida, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia - IPAM - Av. Nazare 669, Centro - 66.035-170 Belem, PA, Brasil – Phone/Fax: + 55 91 283 4343, EMail: [email protected]


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Land Use and Land Cover in Iñapari, Peru, and Assis Brazil, Brazil, Southwest Amazonia Angelica M. Almeyda1, Marianne Schmink2 and Stephen Perz2

1Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

This study compares land use and land cover between two border areas: the district of Iñapari in Madre de Dios, Peru, and the município of Assis Brazil in Acre, Brazil, which are separated from each other by only a small river. These areas, which have been traditionally isolated from the rest of their respective countries, are currently undergoing major changes triggered by the construction of a new highway that will link Brazil to the Pacific Ocean. A micro-level approach employing extensive interviews with small farm households in these two areas is employed. A discussion of the historical differences and similarities between Assis Brazil and Iñapari provides a foundation in which we explore an innovative integrative framework with origins in Political Ecology, Household Demography and Panarchy theories. The proposed framework is assessed through a comparative analysis of land use and land cover between the two towns. Major findings include an understanding of the relevance of road infrastructure, market and other control variables for explaining differences in land use and similarities in land cover between the two towns. These findings suggest that further development of the proposed integrative framework may contribute to a better understanding of the processes at various levels that drive land use and land cover change in this area of Southwest Amazon. Contact Information: Angélica M. Almeyda, 1704 Oak Creek Drive Apt. 307 Palo Alto CA 94304, Phone: 650-323-1394, Email: [email protected]


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The Antimary State Forest Community and Sustainable Forest Management, Acre, Brazil Marcelo Argüelles1 , Zenobio Abel Gouvêa Perelli da Gama e Silva2 and Alexandre Anders Brasil1

1State Secretary of Forest - SEF, State of Acre, Brazil 2Technological Foundation of the State of Acre - FUNTAC, State of Acre, Brazil

The Acre State Government is seeking to develop a model of sustainable forest management (SFM), aiming to provide benefits to the public on a state level. The state government is developing several public policies with the intention to discourage forest conversion. These policies include the following: the promotion of SFM, the development of a State Forestry Law and regulation, the implementation of a Forest Council representing the Public State Forests Program, the Forest Certification Program, the promotion of community-based SFM , the support of the State Forest Extension, and the cooperative accord with IBAMA (the federal environmental institution) for deforestation and industrial regulations . As part of the “Integrated Development of the Western Amazonian based on the Forest Resources” project, state forests are put up for bid for logging activities. The Antimary State Forest– (ASF) was the first Brazilian public forest put up for bid , taking into account reduced impact logging (RIL) techniques. The project also compels FUNTAC to develop the “technology for sustained uses of forest raw materials”, using ITTO funds. This project was successful in developing the Federal Forest Concession Law; and in putting ASF through the FSC Forest Certification process. Another component of the ASF forest management is its agreement with local communities, particularly the rubber tappers, who inhabit many areas of the Brazilian Amazon forests. They chose whether or not to include their settlement in the area to be harvested and selected which trees would be harvested, protecting all rubber and Brazil nut trees from damage. The settlement owner received cash payments for all trees harvested within their area. Furthermore, this agreement also established the following: a training program on RIL techniques for all rubber tappers harvesting in the ASF, a wooden-house for each inhabitant; a system of benefits-sharing between the State and the ASF community (10% of the gross revenue); and the construction of an access road to the reserve. It also established a series of permanent plots to monitor the effects of logging on the forest, its productivity and on the fauna. Social benefits include the establishment of cooperatives to manage the production and marketing of timber and non-timber forest products (rubber, Brazil nut, copaiba oil and forest seed) coming from the ASF; the introduction of processing units for latex production; and improvements in the social services for the local populations; among others. Contact Information: Marcelo Argüelles, Secretaria de Floresta, Avenida Nações Unidas 233, 2º andar, Bosque, 69909-720, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Phone: (68) 2234308, Fax: (68) 2234367, Email: [email protected]


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Public Policies for Community Forest Management in the State of Acre Marcelo Argüelles

Forest Management and Natural Protected Areas Manager – Government of the State of Acre, Brazil The State of Acre has 90% of its natural forest covering and has faced very seriously the challenge of turning this patrimony into the base for the social inclusion and sustained development of its economy. For this reason strategies are being developed that invert the traditional logic of public policy tools in the Amazon. I describe the public policies developed since 2003 for the fomentation, amplification and consolidation of Community Forest Management in the State. Public Policies Tools:

• Recognition, through the public financial system, of the forest as a financial guarantee.

• Equalization of the credit conditions (interests, date of payment, period of time before the first payment and deduction) of community forest management and agriculture.

• Inclusion of the communities and associations as beneficiaries of the State’s Tax Incentive Law.

• Forest Development Fund – Created by the State Forest Law that reverts the funds raised through deforestation to the Community Forest Management.

• To simplify the bureaucratic procedures for the Community Forest Management.

• To make the deforestation legislation more rigid.

• Creation of a Forest Extension Service (public forest technical assistance).

• To support the creation of Forest Cooperatives of producers, service and credit.

• Incentives for Community Forest Certification in Groups. Contact Information: Marcelo Argüelles, Secretaria de Floresta, Avenida Nações unidas 233, 2º andar, Bosque, 69909-720, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Phone: 68 2234308, Fax: 68 2234367, Email: [email protected]


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Women’s Organization in the Mayan Forest of Quintana Roo

Natalia Armijo-Canto1and Victoria Santos Jiménez2 1Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Mexico 2Organización de Ejidos Productores Forestales de la Zona Maya, Quintana Roo, Mexico

This work explains the emergence of women’s groups within a second level organization, initially aimed to forest management for timber production. Rural and indigenous Quintana Roo is the settlement where the first group arouse, but soon the experience drew attention from women in several communities – both indigenous and non indigenous – along central and southern Quintana Roo and the groups and activities multiplied. This work presents the struggles, changes and diverse activities taken by these rural women, and the process they have undergone to create a support network: Red de Mujeres de UNORCA, linked to national and international organizations. It analyzes how different and diverse projects created and undertaken at the local level – related to animal raising, crop production, saving schemes, embroidery and dressmaking, marketing, or reproductive health – have evolved to a more coherent and integrated approach joining economic, environmental and domestic objectives. The Red de Mujeres de UNORCA is a sort of coalition, a long term operation that can help women’s daily struggles and projects designed to meet immediate needs become politicized, and therefore, become means to empowerment. Is it possible for women living in forest communities in Quintana Roo to build change through the struggle for practical needs? This works attemps to show how this process has evolved during the past twelve years in the Zona Maya. Contact Information: Natalia Armijo-Canto, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Boulevard Bahia s/n esq. Comomfort, Colonia Del Bosque, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 77019, Mexico, Phone: 52-(983)-835-0300, ext. 256, Fax: 52-(983)-832-9656, Email: [email protected]


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Negative Externalities of Irrigation Infrastructure: Forests, Farms, and Fertilizers in Palo Verde, Costa Rica Rodrigo Arriagada1, Erin Sills1, Subhrendu Pattanayak2, Fred Cubbage1 and Eugenio Gonzalez3

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 2Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 3Organization for Tropical Studies, San Jose, Costa Rica

The unique ecosystem of Palo Verde in Costa Rica is threatened by private choices and public policies in regions upstream from this area. Irrigated rice farms in the Arenal-Tempisque watershed rely on agrochemicals that pollute wetlands ecosystems in and near Palo Verde and damage coastal fisheries further downstream. Ironically, the Arenal-Tempisque Irrigation Project, the largest infrastructure project of its kind in Central America, is dependent on the protection of cloud forests in the upper watershed. While full cost-accounting of off-site externalities is a critical step, policy analysis must go beyond accounting to identify causes and consequences of private choices, if we are to identify policy levers for environmental protection. The irrigation project (including upstream protection in the Arenal Forest Reserve) and trade protection for domestic rice production have both contributed towards a shift from traditional to intensive irrigation-based rice production, with an increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides. However, irrigation and trade protection are not the only factors in increased chemical use. The purpose of this study is to uncover household determinants and possible policy levers to reduce fertilizer use. Data from a survey of 40 farm households (conducted in summer 2003) from three agricultural settlements located around Palo Verde were used to build a model of irrigated rice production using fertilizers. By applying the conditional factor demand approach, we estimate a fertilizer demand function that explains the factors influencing the amount of fertilizers farmers use to cultivate rice. Explanatory variables are used to test the impact of different policy scenarios that could discourage fertilizer use. The results suggest that the prices of fertilizer and rice seeds are the variables that most affect the fertilizer use. A 6% tax on fertilizer leads to a 3% reduction in fertilizer use, suggesting that price signals can alter fertilizer uses. We also find that a 1% change in the use of fertilizer is associated with a 2.6% change in rice production, suggesting that farmers will bear large costs from policies that discourage fertilizer use. Future policies should consider a mix of compensation payments and price incentives to enable the coexistence of people and parks by encouraging farming practices that do not threaten ecosystems downstream. Contact Information: Rodrigo Arriagada, NC State Univ, Campus Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Phone: 1-919-8211939, FAX: 1-919-5156193, Email: [email protected]

Subhrendu K. Pattanayak, Senior Economist, RTI International, Health Social and Economics Research Division; Research Associate Professor, North Carolina State University, Phone: (919) 541-7355, Email: [email protected]


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Surviving Sprawl and Other Insults: Land Tenure Resiliency in Mexican Ejidos Grenville Barnes1 and Tom Ankersen2

1SFRC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 2Levin College of Law School, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

This paper relates to the conference theme of working forests in indigenous landscapes. Three out of the seven communities investigated have large community forests, and their ability to conserve and manage these forests is being compromised by competing interests, urban sprawl, or conflicts with neighboring communities. Indigenous forests in Latin America have largely survived due to the remoteness of their locations. In our case, we are examining forest conservation and management in an area that is highly connected and anything but remote. The study area is located in the Sierra Nevada region of Mexico, immediately east of the second largest city in the world, Mexico City. This region of Mexico is inhabited by a number of communities who hold their land under community or ejidal tenure. Within these communities, land has traditionally been used for sheep farming, forestry, and agriculture. However, today the land is under tremendous pressure from the sprawl of Mexico City which increasing by some 3.5 million people per decade. In this paper we investigate the customs and rules that control the use of resources inside these communities as well as the strategies adopted to counteract increasing urban sprawl. These communities have recognized the daunting challenge of finding sustainable strategies to manage and protect the natural resources upon which their livelihoods depend. Our research includes a legal analysis of the formal laws controlling land and resources in these communities, as well as, the de facto tenure arrangements operating inside the community. Through this analysis we illuminate conflicting ideas of property and how these evolve as land values increase and new stakeholders challenge traditional customs. Our analysis is based on interviews with key informants, site visits, legal analysis and questionnaires. This is one of several case studies that we are carrying out in Latin America under a grant from the MacArthur Foundation to gain a better understanding of the tenure dynamics of communities and their resiliency as they absorb the shocks of globalization and urbanization. We are investigating the key question of whether community tenure systems, including community forests, can survive the invasiveness of globalization and withstand the “insults” caused by these forces of change. Contact Information: Grenville Barnes, Geomatics Program, SFRC, 303 Reed Lab, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, Phone: 352-392-4998, Fax: 352-392-4957, Email: [email protected]


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Community Forestry and Foreign Aid in Guatemala Lilian Márquez Barrientos

Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana USA Concerns for the conservation of dwindling forest resources and the environmental and human consequences of such losses have generated multiple efforts. Among these, community forestry focuses on the ability of local indigenous groups to manage/protect forest resources. Community forestry acknowledges the rights and ability of indigenous and other local communities to govern, use, and protect their forests. As forest tenure shifts from state to communal ownership and as states are recognizing and promoting the rights of indigenous and other local groups to forest resources, it is important to reflect on the role of community forestry in sustaining sound forest use and conservation. Theoretically based contributions and empirical case studies have shown that local users are able to maintain sound forest use. Three case studies in Eastern Guatemala shed light on the different challenges that local forest users face when protecting/using their forest resources. These case studies present a gradient of “successful” community forestry and the role foreign aid plays in their efforts. From both a successful community forestry project and a failed attempt at community forest management, the research explores the complexities of community donor partnerships and their impact on local organization and empowerment. Empirical data includes social and forest ecology methods. The study considers the role that foreign aid plays on community forest governance and land use. Contact Information: Lilian Márquez Barrientos, 926 W 4th St, Bloomington, Indiana, 47404 USA, Phone: (812) 336 3729 Email: [email protected]


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Role of Participatory Agro-forestry for Sustainable Use of Forest Land and Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh Cassia Sanzida Baten

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,Canada Bangladesh currently possesses an alarmingly small and shrinking productive forest base. The standing volume of forest resources is limited and significantly declining in the face of growing demand in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh most of the deforestation has occurred in the government forests, underlining the inadequacy of the bureaucratic-custodian approach to forest management. Social forestry is the most practicable approach to the solution of wood deficit, environmental problems and rehabilitation of the depleted homesteads and denuded forests. The main participatory social forestry interventions by the government are agro-forestry, woodlot plantation and strip plantation. To explore the past, present and potential contributions of participatory agro-forestry, studies were made in the agro-forestry projects of Dhaka Forest Division and Chittagong Forest Division of Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to answer the question: “What are the contributions of participatory agro-forestry in denuded forest areas of Bangladesh for sustainable use of forest land and poverty alleviation?’’ Questionnaires were developed for this purpose and a field investigation was done in Bangladesh during the middle of 2003. The data were collected concerning the issues of group formation, group activity, training, tree maintenance, socio-economic status, types and usage of benefits from the agro-forestry projects. Project farmers and expert persons were interviewed and data were analyzed both in quantitative and qualitative ways. The economic conditions of the farm families have improved significantly since they joined the agro-forestry projects. Before the initiation of the projects most of the areas were barren and unproductive. After initiating the projects a considerable portion of the area became covered by trees. Though agro-forestry intervention has great promise, it faces numerous problems and constraints in its implementation in Bangladesh. Contact Information: Cassia Sanzida Baten, 5 Massey square, Apartment 2001, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4C 5L6, Phone: 416-699-8458, Fax: 416-978-3834, Email: [email protected]


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Policy Implications of the Logging Industry’s Cost Simone C. Bauch1, Gregory S. Amacher1 and Frank D. Merry2

1Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA 2Woods Hole Research Center, MA, USA

The environmental, social and economic impact of different land uses and economic development in the tropics are related issues. The logging industry plays a role in the pattern of observed land use; and the impact of the logging industry on deforestation and land use change in the Amazon is widely acknowledged but scarcely studied. The current literature has focused on single case studies, which do not allow for estimation or prediction of regional industry behavior or for the response of processing to changes in site-specific characteristics. Our study focuses on the economic decision variables that affect the logging industry and draws policy implications from the results. We estimate harvest, transportation and milling cost functions based on a survey of 527 logging firms in the Brazilian Amazon. Due to the high number of observations and the econometric analysis used in this study, the estimated functions can be used as predictors of the firms’ decision-making process based on cost minimization. We also estimate rent functions for the firms to explain how they affect their decisions; and to show how they are associated to changes in policies that influence access to timber or to the costs of inputs used in forest processing. We find that factors such as distance, road paving, input costs, and returns to scale are significant predictors of forest industry behavior, and therefore should be considered as key variables by policy makers. Contact Information: Simone C. Bauch, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 USA, Phone: 1-540-2313596, FAX: 1-540-2313698, Email: [email protected]


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Comparing Strategies for Commercial Timber Exploitation of Thirty Indigenous Forest Management Organizations in Bolivia

Charlotte E. B. Benneker Forest and Nature Conservation Policy group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

The new forest law in Bolivia caused mayor changes in access to forest products for local actors. Indigenous people capitalized this opportunity requesting forest concessions for commercial timber exploitation in their territories. Collective land ownership is being granted to most territories and forest management served both consolidation and economic purposes. Currently, more than 600.000 ha. are legally managed by 24 indigenous forest community enterprises (CFE) and another 7 groups are elaborating their management plans. No systematic information is yet available on the performance of these enterprises but internal reports suggest that their performance is diverse. The paper presents the results of a recent study on CFE performance. Based on the transaction cost concept the study parts from the idea that the cost of transacting with the institutional environment and the cost of organization determine business strategies and performance. The objectives, results and problems of interaction with the institutional environment and organizational capacities were explored for 30 CFEs through interviews and participatory assessments. Results indicate that the characteristics of transactions were rather similar for most CFEs. Enterprises depend on aid agencies and timber traders for operational capital and investments. Interest is paid in the form of time spent on meetings, low timber prices and decreased control. Low legal security over land and forest results in continuous loss of resources and high costs for conflict resolution. The abundance of cheap timber originating from illegal logging and harvesting from agricultural lands leads to low prices for unprocessed timber. Contract violation by buyers and service providers results in delays in production and payments and costly re-negotiation of agreements. Mediation from state agencies seems crucial to achieve fulfillment of contractual obligations. Between CFEs, organizational capacities varied considerably but were generally limited. Internal organization is therefore costly due to inefficient operations, low information availability, low transparency, internal conflicts and high training requirements. Contact Information: Charlotte E.B. Benneker, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Phone: 31-317-478004, Fax: 31-317-478005, Email: [email protected]


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Trade-Offs between Timber Production and Carbon Sequestration in Bolivian Humid Forests G. M. Blate1, Francis E. Putz1, Paul D. Phillips, Benjamin Bolker1, Todd S. Fredericksen2, Marielos Peña-Claros3 and Lourens Poorter4

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA 3Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 4Wageningen University, The Netherlands

Managing tropical forests involves trade-offs because not all values can be simultaneously maximized. The trade-offs between timber production and carbon sequestration objectives may be especially high where intensive silviculture (e.g., liana cutting and soil scarification) is required to improve commercial tree regeneration and growth to secure sustained yields. Here, I use SYMFOR to quantify the trade-offs between potential timber yields and carbon sequestered in Bolivian humid forests subjected to different management intensities. SYMFOR is a strategic modeling tool for simulating long-term forest responses to different management treatments. Simulations are based on linked sub-models for growth, mortality and regeneration of individual trees from different species groups. Data to calibrate these sub-models come from a long-term silvicultural research project (LTSRP) situated in a Bolivian logging concession; they include annual growth, mortality and recruitment rates as well as records of height, position, and liana infestation from 20,094 trees. The four LTSRP treatments (no logging control and three harvest intensities) are modeled with functions to simulate the various management options. Compared to normal logging, intensive management improved commercial species regeneration and increased growth rates (by 2-3 times), which in turn would allow sustained yields to be achieved with cutting cycles half as long. Because faster growth is mainly attributable to liana cutting, the trade-offs between timber and carbon objectives may be less than expected but depend on several assumptions, including the persistence of liana tangles and allometric equations for biomass calculation. These diminished trade-offs only can be realized, however, if damage to future crop trees is avoided and with adequate investment in silviculture and prevention of fires, which are prevalent in the region. Contact Information: Geoffrey M. Blate, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 118526, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 20906, USA, Phone: 352-392-1821, Fax: 352-392-3993, Email: [email protected]


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Post-Agricultural Abandonment Tree Species Assemblages in the Northern Karst Belt of Puerto Rico Thomas J. Brandeis

USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Knoxville, TN Aerial photographs, land use maps, and historical accounts show that the northern karst belt of Puerto Rico, a region of limestone-derived soils and geologic formations, was almost entirely deforested by the early 1950s. Economic policies resulting in widespread abandonment of agricultural activities and migration from rural to urban areas caused a steady increase in forest cover over the past 50 years. This study describes the tree species communities that have formed during reversion back to forest. I also examine how these assemblages reflect past land uses and topography as described by a recent forest inventory. For each inventory plot field crews described physiographic class, land use and disturbances. Plot elevation and Holdridge life zone were extracted from digital maps. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering produced 10 groups of plots with similar species compositions. Indicator species analysis provided statistically significant indicator values for species defining 9 of the 10 groups. The tenth group consisted of approximately one-third of the plots which did not have any significant indicator species. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) resulted in clear delineations between the species groups however their correlations with the environmental and land use variables collected by the forest inventory were weak. Overall the introduced species S. campanulata was the most important species found in the overstory and midstory of karst forests. S. campanulata seedlings were also frequently found, indicating either colonization of recently abandoned agricultural sites or a limited ability to regenerate under some forest canopies. The first and most notable division made in the cluster analysis occurred between plots heavily dominated by the S. campanulata and all others. There was a weak correlation in NMS which showed that S. campanulata stands occurred predominately at lower and mid-elevations, on less steep lower slopes, floodplains and bottomlands, with few ridge and no upper slope sites. Plots grouped by their high importance values of Guarea guidonia, Dendropanax arboreus, Inga vera and Persea americana also commonly had Inga laurina, Mammea americana, Citrus sinensis, and Coffea arabica, strongly suggesting stands of inactive coffee shade and associated fruit trees. G. guidonia and associates were found on mid-elevations on steeper slopes than where S. campanulata-dominated stands were found. The indicator species Bursera simaruba, Coccoloba diversifolia, Licaria parvifolia, and Drypetes alba identified an assemblage of species typically associated with karst in Puerto Rico. B. simaruba and associates were found on steeper slopes, as were stands indicated by Tabebuia heterophylla, but both were at lower elevations than G. guidonia and S. campanulata stands. Remaining groups consisted of species indicative of disturbance, younger stand ages, and the lack of residual trees found in coffee shade. These stands showed little correlation with environmental variables. The species assemblages found in the forest inventory data are in good agreement with descriptions in previous studies karst forest, and some of the groupings reflect past land use. I was not able to demonstrate statistical correlations between species assemblages and site topography or previous land use. This lack of correlation is probably due to the inadequacy of the forest inventory’s site descriptions, either the variables themselves or the scale at which they are measured, for use in describing site conditions that are affecting tree species composition in the karst forests. Contact Information: Thomas J. Brandeis, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 4700 Old Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919, Phone: 865-862-2030, Fax: 865-862-0262, Email: [email protected]


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The New Role of the “Forest Reposition Tax” in the Acre State, Brazil Alexandre Anders Brasil and Carlos Ovídeo Duarte Rocha

State Secretary of Forest - SEF, Acre State, Brazil The state of Acre is the only one in Brazil that has a secretariat structure exclusively dedicated to strengthening the forest economy. The role of the Forest Secretary is based on sustainable development of forests, social collaboration, and forest benefit sharing. As a consequence, the Brazilian government and the general public have confidence in the state of Acre regarding its commitment to the environmental concerns. As a part of an agreement with the federal environmental institution, (Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente – IBAMA), the “Term of Technical Cooperation” (number 007/2004) was passed whereby the state controls forest regulations, rather than the federal government. This policy includes the following: regulation of silviculture activities, forest management, transportation, forest industries, forest reposition, alternative soil usage, commercialization; and the respective monitoring, control and finance of all these legal activities. Prior to this agreement, the forest reposition tax were imposed by IBAMA and would fall into a Federal account, never achieving its purpose of “be applied (by the federal entity) in the state raw material origin”, and “assuring that the product would be, at least, equivalent to the annual volume necessary for the production activity” (Environmental Ministry, Normative Instruction 001, Set/05/1996). The forest reposition tax originally addressed reforestation activities in the southeast and south of Brazil and was rarely applied in the Brazilian Amazon, where sustainable management is more of a concern. After its amendment, the forest reposition tax is now collected by the Forest Council and deposited into the Acre State Forest Fund. The tax will principally fund the forest sustainable management for the sawmill, veneer and plywood production demands. Using the tax income, the Forest Fund will be able the double volume of wood from sustainable forest management. Contact Information: Alexandre Anders Brasil, Secretaria de Floresta, Avenida Nações Unidas 233, 2º andar, Bosque, 69909-720, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Phone: (68) 2234308, Fax: (68) 2234367, Email: [email protected]


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Indigenous Land Use, Livelihoods, and Demographic Change: An Interdisciplinary Research Project to Assess the Future of Indigenous Resource Management Jason Bremner1, Clark Gray2, Richard E. Bilsborrow3 and Flora Lu-Holt4

1Department of City and Regional Planning and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

2Department of Geography and Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel Hill 3Department of Biostatistics and Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel Hill

4Department of Anthropology and Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel Hill The Ecuadorian Amazon, part of the Upper Amazonia Major Tropical Wilderness Area, is considered a global priority for conservation. Agricultural expansion by small landholders, however, is rapidly depleting the remaining forests of the Ecuadorian Amazon. The largest remaining tracts of forest are either under the control of indigenous populations in the form of communally held reserves or under state control in two large protected areas that are inhabited by indigenous populations. Hence, future conservation outcomes for the Ecuadorian Amazon depend greatly upon current and future patterns of indigenous resource management. This paper describes a cross-cultural study of five indigenous populations of the Ecuadorian Amazon that are enduring a complex combination of circumscription by colonists, market integration, demographic change, and changing livelihoods. The research project incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collection, carried out in 2001, involved two phases of fieldwork: (1) an intensive ethnographic study in eight indigenous communities; and (2) household and community surveys in 36 communities and more than 500 households. The sample was selected to be representative of the largest groups of the region including the Quichua, Shuar, Cofán, Siona-Secoya, and Huaorani. We present descriptive results, which show that the groups have very different strategies of land use, market interaction, and population mobility. Using multi-level statistical models, we investigate the process of forest clearing by analyzing the demographic, geographic, ecological, and socio-economic determinants of the size of agricultural plots. These results suggest that conservation programs and policy working with multiple indigenous populations must be context specific and should address the different resource strategies and institutions of these populations. Contact Information: Jason Bremner, Carolina Population Center, CB# 8120 , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, Phone: 919-843-4450, Email: [email protected]


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Remote Sensing of Forest Disturbances Resulting from Selective Logging in Lowland Bolivia: Linking Field and Remotely Sensed Measurements Eben N. Broadbent1,2, Dan Zarin1, Gregory Asner2, Marielos Pena~Claros3, Amanda Cooper2 and Ramon Littell1

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, USA 3BOLFOR, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Acquiring accurate estimates of selective logging using satellite monitoring systems within the tropics has proven difficult. However, newly developed sub-pixel analysis techniques show promise for monitoring temporal variations in forest disturbances. This study combines extensive field measurements of the spatial and temporal dynamics of felling gaps and skid trails <1-19 months post-harvest in a forest in lowland Bolivia with remote sensing measurements through simultaneous ASTER satellite overflights during the summer of 2003. An advanced probabilistic spectral mixture model, referred to as AutoMCU©, is used to derive estimates of per-pixel fractional cover estimates of photosynthetic vegetation (PV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and soil. These results are compared with that of the normalized difference in vegetation index (NDVI) and field derived GIS maps of felling gaps and skid trails. This study found that NDVI, PV, NPV, and soil fractions were useful for identifying felling gaps > 400 m2 for up to 6 months after logging, and felling gaps < 400 m2 for up to 3 months after logging, but were not useful for identifying skid trails. The PV fraction was most sensitive to felling gaps. The NPV and soil fractions were both highly correlated with topographic shade and were thus less useful for monitoring forest disturbances, especially in areas with more pronounced relief. These results identify important spatial and temporal thresholds relevant to monitoring selective logging with remote sensing and may be used in the development of automated programs for the identification of selectively logged forests in the region. Contact Information: Eben N. Broadbent, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, Phone: 650-323-1394, Email: [email protected]


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Relationship between Succession and Diversity of Microfungi in Tropical Forest Stands in Costa Rica Priscila Chaverri1 and Braulio Vílchez2

1Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 2Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica

It is widely reported that deforestation in the tropics is related to the extinction of plants and animals. The relationship between deforestation and diversity of microorganisms, however, is not well documented. This study addresses this issue by investigating if a relationship exists between species richness and abundance of Hypocrealean microfungi (Ascomycetes) and forest stands in different stages of succession. Hypocrealean fungi are known to be plant pathogens, decomposers of plant material, and bio-control agents of insect pests and fungal diseases, and are common in tropical ecosystems. We measured species richness and abundance of hypocrealean fungi in four forest stands representing three stages of succession. Three stands, surrounded by old growth forest, were 1-2 years, 20-25 years, and >75 years. A fourth stand, surrounded by secondary growth forest and grassland, was 20-25 years old. The youngest stand had the highest overall diversity, followed by the 20-25 year stand, and then the old growth stand. Further, the 20–25 year-old forest fragment had significantly lower species diversity than the rest of the stands that were surrounded by old growth forest. The results of this study show that there is a trend toward lower overall Hypocrealean fungal diversity as the forest ages. However, when this group of fungi is separated according to species of plant pathogens, saprophytes, and insect pathogens, different trends are found. Fungi that are plant pathogens and saprophytes are abundant and diverse in young stands, and fungi that are parasitic on insects are more diverse in old growth stands. Nearly 22% of species collected in this study were “new”, reflecting claims that only 5% of the estimated 1,500,000 species of fungi have been classified. If fungal diversity in tropical regions is not studied, many fungal species important for agriculture and forest ecosystems may disappear before they are discovered. Therefore, public policies that stimulate land use changes in tropical regions need to consider the “full diversity” of tropical forests, which include not only plants and animals, but also microorganisms such as fungi. Contact Information: Priscila Chaverri, USDA-ARS-SBML, Rm. 304, B-011A, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA, Phone: 1 (301) 504-5365, Email: [email protected]


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Public Benefits and Private Costs of Forest Reserves on Private Land: Can Forest Reserve Requirements Meet Conservation Goals? Brian Condon

UF Food and Res. Econ. Department; Working Forests in the Tropics Program Widespread deforestation along the agricultural frontier in the neotropics has led governments to enact legislation aimed at preserving forest cover throughout the landscape. One type of policy adopted by some governments is a requirement that landowners retain a certain percentage of forest cover on their property. This requirement is substantial - generally 25-50%, and sometimes more, of existing forest cover - and on a landscape scale represents an important victory for the conservation community. Unfortunately the microeconomic conditions created by such policies may not encourage preservation of the very conservation values they were enacted to protect. Legislation established to secure public ecosystem good and service flows arising from forest cover on private land costs society at large very little, but imposes a significant cost on individual landowners. Financial returns from forests are often lower than for extensive row crop or cattle production, resulting in a significant opportunity cost to landowners who obey the law and establish forest reserves. Furthermore, many tropical forest parcels on private land are subject to threats such as timber theft or, at the extreme, outright invasion by landless peasants from surrounding communities, both of which can cause large financial losses to landowners and cost money and effort to defend against. The public good, or conservation, value of a forest parcel – that which forest retention policies seek to preserve – is equivalent to the sum of the various ecosystem goods and services provided by the parcel. Generally speaking, many of the processes that can be expected to affect tropical forest parcels on private land have the potential to erode the ecosystem goods and services provided by the resource. Forest reserve requirements may result in isolated forest fragments susceptible to fire and other disturbances, and these fragments may also be structurally degraded by removal of commercially valuable species in the absence of management activities needed to sustain the initial condition of the parcel. Forest reserve requirements represent society’s effort to capture a stream of benefits by requiring landowners to bear the cost of provision of these benefits, and profit-seeking individuals naturally seek to minimize this cost. To landowners, reducing individual costs while satisfying the law amounts to short term exploitation rather than investment in the types of management activities that maintain the conservation value of the forest. Even if these processes are active at a low level at any point in time, many of their impacts are to a degree irreversible, and the time horizon for the conservation of values from forest parcels is necessarily measured on a grand scale. Thus while forest reserve requirements may succeed in maintaining a given percentage of forest cover in the landscape, the overall conservation value of what remains may be much diminished. In economic terms the current conditions create the potential for losses in both producer and consumer surplus – losses that are potentially dramatic in the long term. The present work is a preliminary effort aimed at framing the problem and identifying opportunities for collecting data that will allow the quantification of some components of consumer and producer surplus. It further explores the potential for comparing societal welfare derived from alternative forest conservation policies, and thus seeks to address the question of whether the imposition of forest reserve requirements on private property is the best way to achieve conservation goals. Contact Information: Brian Condon, UF/IFAS Food and Res. Econ. Department, Working Forests in the Tropics Program, Email: [email protected]


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Implementation of Sustainable Forest Management Practices for Timber Production by Small Scale Forest Enterprises in the Department of Madre de Dios, Peruvian Amazon Rosa E. Cossío

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Forests cover more than 60% of Peru. They are home for many people, terrestrial plants and animal species, and they provide important environmental services. Madre de Dios department, known as “the biodiversity capital of Peru”, with 60% of its territory in protected areas and indigenous reserves, is undergoing severe forest degradation because of illegal timber extraction. Lumbering was first based on mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and cedar (Cedrela odorata), but now includes several lesser-known species (LKS). Due to the new Peruvian forest law (Ley 27308), small and medium loggers have increasingly become stakeholders of the forests of this region. This fresh role for local forest managers is supported by a new multimillion dollar conservation and development project of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) through a locally created project the Center for Forest Development (CEDEFOR). This project focuses on implementing sustainable forest management practices in Peru. The conditions that permit regeneration and sustainable harvest of mahogany are highly controversial, and less is known about most of the other species now being harvested in Peru. This research will evaluate 1) the extent to which current inventory and management prescriptions in Madre de Dios will assure the regeneration of mahogany and 2) the capacity and motivation for community and small-scale loggers to implement these practices. I present preliminary results of the field work I carried out this summer (2004) with the intention of getting knowledge of the study area, compiling information about the CEDEFOR project and the communities working in the area, as well as the socio-cultural and ecological context of the area. Contact Information: Rosa E. Cossío, UF, School of Forest Resources and Conservation 226 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, Phone: 846-5666, Fax: 352-392-1707, Email: [email protected]


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Timber Investment Returns and Timber Trade for Exotic and Native Plantations in the Southern Cone of South America Frederick Cubbage1, Patricio Mac Donagh2, Jacek Siry3, Jose Sawinski4 and Arnaldo Ferreira4

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 2Universidad Nacional de Argentina de Misiones, Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina 3University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 4Rigesa-Mead Westvaco and University de Contestado-Canoinhas, Canoinhas, Brazil

Forest plantations in the tropics and subtropics of Latin America have increased production for industrial wood and are expected to provide an increasing amount of timber volumes for trade. This paper will (1) analyze the timber investment returns for the principal exotic and native plantation species in the Southern Cone of Latin America; (2) estimate the current plantation area by species; and (3) estimate the timber volumes by species that will be available for annual harvest. Comparative marketing and trade prospects for exotic and native plantation species will be assessed based on interviews with foresters in the relevant countries. Financial returns for timber investments will be calculated for loblolly/slash pine in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, radiata pine in Chile, and eucalypts in all four countries, as well as native species such as araucaria and alerce. Based on the financial analyses and the marketing interviews, implications for management and trade of exotic and native forest plantations will be discussed, as well as for natural stands. Contact Information: Fred Cubbage, Department of Forestry, NC State University, Box 8008, Raleigh, NC, USA, Phone: (919) 515-7789, Fax: (919) 515-6193, Email: [email protected]


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Monitoring Of Hunting Pressure And The Testing Of Decoys As An Anti-Poaching Device In The Korup National Park Cameroon

Asong Cyprian-Nkeng1 and Peter Atembe2 1Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF) 2National Center for Education and Development (NCED)

The Korup National Park created in 1986 from the then Korup Native Administrative Forest Reserve which was established in 1937. Studies have shown that unlike most of the forest in Africa that have either been destroyed or severely degraded, Korup is a pristine primary rainforest with it’s full complement of species virtually intact (Songwe, 1997). Recognizing this, the Government of Cameroon, working together with WWF and the British government established the Korup Project in 1998 with the goal of conserving and protecting the biodiversity of the park. The Korup tribe lived in this area from the 17th century (Inyang, 1988) while the Bakoko, Batanga and Bima tribes since the 16th century (Elangwe, 1988). The forest was their source of income and food thus one of the main threats to conservation of biodiversity of the Korup National Park has been the over exploitation of animal population by the villagers in and around the Park (Ogork & Brown. 1996). This is because almost all the people of the division depend on wildlife for animal protein and income (Waimdah, 1986). The use of traps and modern automatic weapons remains a threat to wildlife in the Park This work was carried out in the heart of the Korup forest where the Korup project is established. The greatest problem facing wildlife has been that of over exploitation by the forest dependent people. This is carried out indiscriminately regardless of the species, age, sex and status. The study showed that the use of decoys as an anti-poaching device and the integration of the local population in the monitoring and reporting of illegal hunting practices will lead to results that management can use to make better decisions on the enforcement of conservation education activities and anti-poaching surveillance and thus increase in the number of endemic animals and plant species in the park. Contact Information: Asong Cyprian-Nkeng, P.O.box 360 Kumba SW Province Cameroon , Phone: (237)7753976, Fax: (237)3354009, Email: [email protected]


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Black Earths, Red Soils and Indigenous Agriculture: Venues for Local Management of Natural Resources by the Yudja People, Xingu Park, Southern Brazilian Amazon Geraldo Mosimann da Silva and Simone Ferreira de Athayde

University of Florida - UF, Gainesville, FL, USA At the time of the contact with the Europeans, the Yudja people lived close to Altamira in Pará State. Due to the violence of the newcomers, during the eighteenth century they decided to move and headed to the South, arriving at the Xingu Park area by the turn of the twentieth century. Their former territory is characterized by equatorial rainforest, contrasting with the environment in the new area where an ecotone between savannas and forest occur. Today, the Yudja live in three villages at the Northern region of the Xingu Indigenous Park in Mato Grosso state, circumscribed by other indigenous tribe. Their total population sums up some 300 individuals, which was estimated to double in the next 15 years. Currently the Yudja people are involved in a process of cultural rescue in which agriculture plays an important role. Although their staple crop is cassava, they also grow corn, cotton, beans, yams, squash and other crops both for food and for craft production. These crops require nutrients levels and water availability that are not found in the regionally abundant red soils (oxisols). Thus, they rely on Black Earth (BE) soils sites for diversified agricultural activities. BE spots are small and confined to some portions of the regional landscape, and some of them are difficult to access both by canoe or by foot. Thus, the BE are facing increasing pressure of use, and the fallow length is decreasing. It is not uncommon to see polycropping sites in red soils yielding poor results. Given this situation, a preliminary participatory study of the territory under Yudja control was carried out through educational activities with youngsters and elders. It included mapping of broad ecological zones as perceived by the emic perspective. Later, based on satellite imagery techniques the BE spots were identified and agricultural sites in the area were mapped. Currently we are preparing materials (systematization of the information gathered and maps) to return the findings to the villagers. We will present the results of this study to them and discuss strategies to deal with the depletion and conservation of agricultural potential, as well as the shortage of key resources as a basis for informed local management. Contact Information: Geraldo Mosimann da Silva, University of Florida, Department of Geography, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL, US, 32611, Phone: 352-392-0494, Email: [email protected]


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Combining Non-Timber Forest Product Extraction and Selective Logging: Can it Increase Profits in Belize? Ginger Deason1, Erin Sills2 and Wilber Sabido3

1North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 3Programme for Belize, Belize City, Belize

Bayleaf palm (Sabal mauritiiformis) is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) found in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area (RBCMA) of northwestern Belize. Studies have found that there are ecologically sustainable ways to harvest bayleaf and that there are commercial markets for it in Belize. Programme for Belize (PfB), owner of the RBCMA, has zoned areas for NTFP extraction but has not begun harvest of bayleaf. This study considers whether bayleaf harvest would be more feasible if it were combined on the same land as selective logging. The principal elements analyzed were added costs, demand, and market structure in order to (i) develop an estimate of the costs and revenues from bayleaf harvest by PfB, (ii) assess current and potential future trends in the demand for bayleaf, and (iii) determine the current structure of the bayleaf market and identify any obstacles to PfB’s participation in the market. It was determined that a stock survey of bayleaf palm on the RBCMA could be added to the timber stock survey with low additional costs. Moreover, labor costs would be minimal. Depending on how PfB transports bayleaf from Hill Bank Field Station to the market, however, the transportation costs could be extremely high. With a rise in use in tourism for tourist facilities, bayleaf could become a valuable commodity on the Belizean market. Currently, its price does not fetch enough for PfB to make a generous profit. However, PfB could possibly foster healthy community ties by allowing locals to enter the RBCMA and cut bayleaf for a small fee and still make a small profit. Furthermore, if the populations of bayleaf dwindle and the tourism sector continues to grow, attitudes of lodge owners might change making certification of bayleaf an option and increasing the price of the leaf as well as the profit margin for PfB. Contact Information: Ginger Deason, NCMNS, 11 W. Jones St. Raleigh, NC 27606, USA, Phone: 919.733.7450, Fax: 919.715.6439, Email: [email protected]


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Advantage or Prejudice? Viewpoints of Indigenous and Non Indigenous Sciences on the Relationship between Honeybees and Native Bee Species in Brazil Wemerson Chimello Ballester1, Simone Ferreira de Athayde2, Kátia Zorthea1, Geraldo Mosimann da Silva2, André Villas Boas3, Paula Mendonça de Menezes3 and Paulo Junqueira3

1Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil 2University of Florida - UF, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Instituto Socioambiental – ISA, Programa Xingu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

The European bee, Apis mellifera, was introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese in 1839. In 1956, a Brazilian scientist undertook a breeding experiment between the European and the African A.mellifera, resulting in a new, aggressive hybrid bee, which has dispersed throughout Brazil and other American countries. Honeybee keeping has increased as a commercial activity, both on small and large scales. A project for the production and commercialization of Apis honey has been carried out since 1995 at Xingu Indigenous Park, Mato Grosso, in a partnership between ATIX (Xingu indigenous organization) and ISA (Instituto Socioambiental, Brazilian NGO). Almost ten years later, the beekeeping activity is a successful business for indigenous peoples in Xingu: Xingu’s honey is the first Brazilian indigenous product to get both the SIF (Ministry of Health) seal and the organic certificate from IBD institute. The indigenous people have been trained to achieve a greater autonomy to run the business through a cooperative. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the project, there is a concern related to the possible ecological impacts of honeybee keeping on the diversity of stingless bee species at the Park’s region. To address this concern, a survey was carried out in order to know different opinions on the relationships between the Africanized honeybee and the native bee species in Brazil and within Xingu Park. Educational activities were carried out with four indigenous peoples involving both school and field activities and interviews were carried out with the young and the elderly. We also interviewed Brazilian specialists to get their opinions on the issue. The results show different viewpoints of indigenous peoples and non-indigenous specialists. While some non- indigenous scientists defend the non-migratory beekeeping activity as a promising economic activity for small producers with almost no ecological impact, some indigenous people compared the honeybee to the “white” man, which reproduces fast and competes for the niches of stingless bee species, reflecting a competitive and ecologically prejudicial relationship. Contact Information: Simone Ferreira de Athayde, University of Florida, SNRE, 103 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA, Phone: (352) 846-6078, Fax: (352) 392-0085, Email: [email protected]


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Using Ethnographic Linear Programming Models to Assess Resource Management Alternatives for Rural Producers in the Brazilian Amazon Maria DiGiano

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Proambiente is a recent policy initiative promoting sustainable development and natural resource conservation in the Brazilian Amazon. Proambiente provides incentives to rural producers, by means of environmental service payments, technical assistance and credit, to maintain or adopt sustainable resource management practices. The breadth and complexity of Proambiente’s objectives and the socio-economic, environmental and cultural diversity of the Amazon require research tools to attain a keen understanding of the livelihood systems of rural producers and to project and compare producers’ responses to resource management alternatives proposed by the program. The study compares the livelihood systems of extractivists and colonists included in Proambiente, investigates the viability of resource management alternatives proposed by the program, and considers the use of Ethnographic Linear Programming (ELP) models as a tool for evaluation of resource management alternatives by rural producers and extension agents. Study sites include one extractivist community, characterized by traditional forest based extractivism, and one colonist community, characterized by agro-pastoral activities. ELP models are used to compare the two livelihood systems and project three alternative production scenarios five years into the future. Future scenarios are then discussed with producers and extension agents in community based workshops and focus groups. A ranking exercise, asking producers and extension agents to evaluate alternatives based on interest, income generation and forest conservation, measures perceptions of alternatives both before and after workshops and focus groups. The study contributes valuable information regarding the viability of resource management alternatives and rural producers’ perceptions of these alternatives which assists in the adaptation and implementation of the Proambiente program. Contact Information: Maria DiGiano, University of Florida, 308 B NW 2nd Street, Gainesville, FL 32601, Phone: 352-337-9246, Email: [email protected]


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Sustainable Forest Management for Small Farmers in Acre State in the Brazilian Amazon Marcus V.N. d’Oliveira, Evaldo Muños Bráz, Luiz Claudio Oliveira and Henrique José Borges de Araujo

Embrapa Acre, Acre, Brazil, The objective of this study is to apply a forest management system on small farms, especially in the settlement projects of the Brazilian Amazon. The proposed forest management system was designed to generate a new source of family income and to maintain the structure and biodiversity of the legal forest reserves. The system is unique in the following three main characteristics: the use of short cycles in the management of tropical forest, the low harvesting intensity and environmental impact and the direct involvement of the local community in all forest management activities. This system requires a minimum felling cycle of ten years and an annual harvest of 5-10 m3 ha-1 of timber. Trees are directionally felled to facilitate their transport and minimise damage to the forest. After felling a tree, the logs were sawn into planks, boards or other timber products using chainsaws or one-man saws in the forest. This method yielded ~ 50%. The planks were skidded by the “zorra” from the felled tree to the main skid trail and an ox-pulled wagon skidded the planks from the main skid trail to the border of the secondary roads. The study indicates that the conversion of the logs to planks was the most expensive and labour-intensive operation and that the total production costs were between US $ 33.5 and U$ 35.5 per cubic metre of sawn planks at the road-side before transport to the market. Contact Information: Marcus V.N. d’Oliveira, Embrapa Acre. Br 364 km 14, Rio Branco, Acre. Brazil, CEP 69901-180, Caixa postal 321, E-mail: [email protected]


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The Role of Tropical Forests in Supporting Biodiversity and Hydrological Integrity: A Synoptic Overview Ellen M. Douglas1, Kate Sebastian2, Charles J. Vörösmarty1 and Stanley Wood2

1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA 2International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA

Efforts to articulate the value of biodiversity have been frustrated by a lack of scientifically based assessments of the functional contributions that biodiversity makes to rural livelihoods and economic development. While there are many such contributions, one of the most frequently discussed is that of biodiversity on hydrological integrity, such as the provision of sustainable water yields, reduction of flood hazard, and erosion control. In this study, we evaluated the role of tropical biomes, both managed and natural, as a source of water and of waterborne vulnerability. Combining existing regional-to-continental scale biogeophysical data sets, models, and policy-relevant scenarios, we analyzed the pan-Tropical domain (30-min latitude and longitude) through the prism of river network topology (i.e. the hierarchical organization of river systems and drainage basins). We quantified the impact of forest conversion on biodiversity and hydrology for two scenarios: historical forest conversion and the potential future conversion of the most threatened remaining tropical forests. In aggregate across the pan-Tropical domain, approximately 4.1 million km2 (23%) of moist forests and 4.5 million km2 (50%) of dry forests were lost by the mid-1990s, while at the same time, agricultural land (rain-fed and irrigated cropland and pasture) increased by 21.2 million km2 (cropland = 6.6 million km2, pastureland = 14.6 million km2). More than 80% of converted forests resided in areas that possess globally or regionally significant biological distinctiveness. Conversion of the most threatened of the remaining 15 million km2 tropical forests would mean the loss of another 3 million km2 (20%) of tropical forests and would have a more focused impact on biodiversity and human vulnerability than in the past. Increased annual yield from the conversion of threatened tropical forests would be less than 5% of contemporary yield but would impact about 100 million people, with nearly 80 million living downstream of the highest impacted areas. Our analyses suggests that the costs of the hydrologic impacts would out weigh the increased basin yield that might be gained by conversion of threatened forests to agriculture. Contact Information: Ellen M. Douglas, Water Systems Analysis Group, Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824 USA, Phone: (603) 862-0850, FAX: (603) 862-0587, Email: [email protected]


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Brazil Nut: An Indicator of Change in Western Amazonian Extractive Reserves Amy Duchelle and Karen Kainer

School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) is a key indicator of the environmental and socioeconomic changes precipitated by road development in Western Amazonian extractive reserves. The MAP tri-national frontier region, comprised of the states of Madre de Dios, Peru, Acre, Brazil, and Pando, Bolivia, provides an exceptional opportunity for exploring the resilience of Brazil nut production to rapid infrastructural change. The development of the Trans-oceanic highway, an extension of the newly paved Brazilian BR-317 into Bolivia and Peru, will change the nature of this formerly remote region, by providing access to Pacific ports. Brazil nut is a unique non-timber forest product because it has a relatively high economic value on national and international markets. Legislation prohibits cutting it down, and optimal regeneration of this species is dependent on intact, healthy forests to support pollination and seed dispersal regimes. Recent studies have shown that both small and large-scale producers overexploit Brazil nuts and that more environmentally-destructive timber and agricultural activities often accompany Brazil nut harvesting in the Western Amazon. A major challenge is to identify the thresholds at which Brazil nut harvest and deforestation cause this extractive economy to become ecologically unviable, and how forest policies promoting management of this species can offset these processes. Our proposed research will address this challenge by comparing forest policies, deforestation, and Brazil nut harvest, management and regeneration in Tambopata Reserve in Madre de Dios, Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve in Acre, and Manuripi Reserve in Pando. We hypothesize that three forest policies, designed to support Brazil nut production in these reserves, will differentially affect the future of this non-timber forest product. Ecological, anthropological and spatial research methods are combined to quantify this causal relationship. This research is critical to informing regional policy and management decisions focused on Brazil nut extraction in this dynamic region, while illuminating the broader question of the viability of the extractive reserve model as a conservation and development strategy in light of highway development. In-country collaborations with researchers at Embrapa in Acre, Herencia in Pando, and the Amazon Conservation Association in Madre de Dios will provide key institutional support for our work in the region and will benefit from the collaborative research process and results, as will local Brazil nut producers. Contact Information: Amy Duchelle, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL, Phone: (352)846-2803, Fax: (352) 846-1332, Email: [email protected]


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Agroforestry, Income Generation and Food Security: The Role Of Women Self-Help Groups in Ondo State, Nigeria A. R. Eleyinmi1, A. A. Oshodi1, I. A. Amoo1 and A. F. Eleyinmi2

1Centre for Continuing Education, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria 2Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Agriculture is one of the highest priorities for dealing with hunger and food insecurity in Nigeria and many other developing countries. The steep growth in population, accompanied by enormous depletions of renewable and non-renewable resources, result in serious environmental deterioration. The problem of sustainable agriculture and food security is complex, beyond the capability of agronomists and hence would require a multidisciplinary and multidimensional approach. In Ondo State, most crops are grown on small family farms, with the principal crops being cassava, yam, maize, palm kernels, cacao, cola, coffee and plantain. Women self-help groups play important roles in the socio-economic life of urban and rural women. These groups have well-established structures, organize enlightenment programs and give loans of up to twice the savings on a monthly basis. This study investigates the potentials of agroforestry in addressing food security, the effectiveness of intervention programs and policies that facilitate the achievement of developmental objectives. The role of women self-help groups in agricultural productivity and cottage industries and their impact on the economic activities were also investigated. Contact Information: Adebimpe Eleyinmi, Centre for Continuing Education, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo 340001,Nigeria, Phone: 234-8035804074, Email: [email protected]


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Evaluation of an Environmental Education Program for the Andean Bear in an Indigenous Community in the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve, Ecuador Santiago Espinosa and Susan K. Jacobson

Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA This study evaluates the impact of an environmental education program to protect the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve in Ecuador. Andean bears are threatened by reduction and fragmentation of their habitat, hunting, and persecution by farmers. To help conserve this species, the Andean Bear Conservation Project (ABCP) and its Environmental Education Program (EEP) were implemented in 1997 in the Quichua indigenous community of Oyacachi, located within the boundaries of the reserve. The EEP’s objective was to stimulate local support toward conservation of the Andean bear and its habitat by targeting school children and adults. We assessed the EEP’s impact on the community through the use of a personal survey with 146 adults; a written survey completed by 44 children; and three focus groups conducted with authorities, teachers and para-biologists. Program success was analyzed based on changes in levels of environmental knowledge, attitudes and behavioral intentions toward bear protection after program inception, along with support for the program. The evaluation revealed partial success of the EEP in achieving its objectives. Children’s level of knowledge, attitudes and behavioral intentions did not change after program implementation, although the frequencies of positive responses were high in these two last indicators. Adults’ positive attitudes toward bear protection, and behavioral intentions were associated with participants’ levels of knowledge and education. Positive attitudes toward bear presence in Oyacachi were negatively correlated with respondents’ past experiences with livestock predation. Program support was positively associated with respondents’ participation in the Andean Bear Conservation Project. Recommendations to increase EEP’s success include creating more continuity in project activities; reaching more sectors of the population; improving communication strategies for informing the public about activities conducted by the ABCP, along with the results of these activities; and planning future evaluations and monitoring of the ABCP-EEP. Since Andean bear predation on livestock decreased community support for conservation of this species, our study suggests the importance of coordinating educational activities with development projects that shift dependence on cattle to other livelihoods and thereby reduce conflicts with bears. Contact Information: Santiago Espinosa, University of Florida, P.O. Box 1104030, Gainesville, FL, Phone: (352)846-0647, Fax: (352) 392-6984, Email: [email protected]


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Community Integration and Adaptive Management at El Pilar Anabel Ford and Melanie C. Santiago-Smith

ISBER/MesoAmerican Research Center, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Many developing countries establish parks and protected areas as a means of addressing environmental effects of growing populations and diminishing environmental resources. The surrounding communities can view these areas as opportunities to gain benefits or as obstacles restricting traditional practices. Management of these areas has centered on the preservation of cultural and natural resources and on enacting laws for non-compliance and communities react with resistance. Yet, when possibilities of benefits exist, communities are likely to see and express value for protected resources. Effective resource management needs community involvement, the input of experts and the commitment of government officials. These partners, working in collaboration, allow more flexible management and provide opportunity for all partners to engage in decision-making related to the management objectives. Our objective is to demonstrate how the El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna promotes the integration of these partners in its unique management plan wherein all interested groups are partners and recognized as important participants in achieving long-term goals. Contact Information: Anabel Ford, ISBER/MesoAmerican Research Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 93106-2150, Phone: +1-805-893-8191, Fax: +1-805-893-5677, Email: [email protected]


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Long-Term Assessment of the Growth of Native Tropical Tree Species Planted in Abandoned Pastures in Costa Rica Eugenio Gonzalez-J 1, Annie Russell2, James Raich2 and Ricardo Bedoya1

1Organization for Tropical Studies, Costa Rica 2Iowa State University, IO, USA

Most of the reforestation projects all over the Neotropics planted exotic tree specie due to the lack of information regarding the native species. In 1988 a series of forestry trials were established on degraded soils of abandoned pastures at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, in order to evaluate the adaptability and growth of little known tropical tree species. Since then, the growth of the tree species has been studied through permanent plots. Initially, eleven species were planted in a randomized block design, with plots of 0.25 ha in size and four replicates. Additionally, a control or follow was incorporated. On each 0.25 ha plot a single species was planted at a 3 x 3 m spacing. In order to compared the species performance, fifteen years later an evaluation of the surviving species was done. Of the eleven species originally planted, only seven were evaluated (Hyeronima alchorneoides, Pentaclethra macroloba, Pithecellobium macradenium, Virola koschnyi, Vochysia ferruginea and Vochysia guatemalensis, and Pinus patula – exotic species used for comparison). The other species, Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea, both exotics species, were eliminated according to site master plan; Inga edulis and Stryphnodendron microstachyum, native species, died back completely. At fifteen years of age, the native species with the highest growth rate was V. ferruginea (mean DBH 34.2 cm and mean total height 25.5 m), followed by P. patula and V. guatemalensis. P. macradenium had the lowest growth, with mean DBH of 12.0 cm and mean total height of 9.0 m. When comparing the data with previous analyses done at three-years-old, interestingly the ranking of the species was nearly the same, except by the fact that P. patula seems to better adapt to the site conditions. Contact Information: Eugenio Gonzalez-J, Organization for Tropical Studies, P.O. Box 676-2050 San Pedro, Costa Rica, Phone: 506-524-0607, Fax: 506-524-0608, Email: [email protected]


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Incorporating African Pastoralists into Conservation Area Management: The Case of the Gashaka Gumti-Tchabal Mbabo Trans-boundary Conservation Project Arthur Green1, Dennis Anye2 and Francois Tiayon2

1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 2BirdLife International, Yaoundé, Cameroon

This case study documents the potential for conflict and collaboration between conservation projects and Muslim pastoralists in Cameroon. Secular governments and conservation organizations face unique challenges in working with Muslim pastoral communities. Pastoralists are notoriously under-represented in government policies of Sub-Saharan Africa. This trend is especially evident in the creation and management of conservation areas, as documented in a long history of regionally unsuccessful efforts to integrate pastoralist stakeholder groups into conservation management. In order to change this trend, the Gashaka Gumti-Tchabal Mbabo Transboundary Conservation Project seeks to involve semi-sedentary and sedentary Fulbé and Mbororo pastoralists in the delimitation and future management of a proposed conservation area. This proposed conservation area will protect rare and endemic flora and fauna of Afromontane forests and woodland savanna on the border of Cameroon and Nigeria. From the perspective of the local pastoralists and agriculturalists, these are “working forests” that provide fuel wood, medicine, fishing and hunting opportunities, potable water, cattle transhumance (migration) routes, and cash income from products such as Prunus africana. This project is using some unique approaches to involve the pastoral communities in participatory resource management, including: audio-video publications that help illiterate herders understand project goals, the creation of pastoralist enclaves, collaborative management of cattle transhumance routes through the core of the conservation area, use of traditional authority and locals to report illegal plant harvesting or hunting infractions, and development of pastoral and woodland resources around the park to reduce resource extraction. Efforts to engage Sub-Saharan, Muslim pastoralists in conservation initiatives and modern natural resource management bring together some of the greatest problems of African political realities: land tenure; political representation and access to power structures; secular versus Islamic-based governance; biodiversity loss; loss or abuse of indigenous knowledge and rights; food security; and political stability. New approaches to solving these issues are important steps to advancing ecological and political stability on the continent. Contact Information: Arthur Green, NCSU, Department of Forestry, 3003 Biltmore Hall, Campus Box 8008, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Phone: 919-413-8409, Fax: 919-515-6193, Email: [email protected]


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Is Ecotourism Promoting Conservation in the Lacandon Forest? Hugo A. Guillén-Trujillo1 and J. R. Stepp2

1University Autonomous of Chiapas, Mexico 2University of Florida

Ecotourism activities are encouraged in natural protected areas as additional economic incentives for indigenous communities. In 1996, data was collected in the Lacandon Forest, Chiapas, Mexico, relating to different land uses and economic activities (shifting cultivation, cattle grazing, xate palm extraction and ecotourism) (Guillen, 1998). At that time, there was not a significant difference in land conservation practices between people involved in ecotourism and those not involved. In 2003, data was collected again to see if ecotourism activities had promoted different land uses. In this paper these different land uses are contrasted and the implication for conservation of the Lacandon Forest is discussed. Contact Information: Hugo A. Guillén-Trujillo, Edificio de Recursos Humanos, Blvd. Belisario Domínguez Km. 1081, Tuxtla Gutiérez, Chiapas, México, Phone: 961-6155517, FAX: 961-6155517, Email: [email protected]


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Pre-Montane Forest Succession Reconstructed from a Chronosequence in Costa Rica Bruce L. Haines1, Ivelisse Ruiz-Bernard2, Chris Peterson1 and Darryl Cole-Christensen3

1University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 2University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA 3Finca Loma Linda, Agua Buena, Coto Brus, Costa Rica

Secondary succession was investigated to determine the time required to naturally regenerate forest on abandoned agricultural lands near Agua Buena, Costa Rica (Lat 8.7 N, Long 82.9 W, elev. 1400 m). Trees of > 10 cm diameter at breast height were inventoried in 7 conterminous patches of forest 11, 12, 29, 38, 40, and 50 years of age and in old growth forest (approximately 500 years of age). Preceding agricultural uses of these patches were plantings of beans and corn, coffee, beans, pasture, pasture, unknown, and corn and cassava, respectively. Tree species richness values were 9, 2, 4, 17, 17, 20 and 22, respectively, while basal areas were 7, 6, 8,20,36, 39 and 30 m2/ha. respectively. Densities were 500, 110, 300,750, 410, 752 and 620 stems/ha. Tree species richness and basal areas differed little between the 50-year old and the old growth patches, suggesting very little accumulation between these ages. Forest regeneration on isolated abandoned patches will likely be slower because of seed dispersal limitations. These findings have important implications for landscape management. Contact Information: Bruce Haines, Plant Biology Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Phone: 706-542-1837, Fax 706-542-1805, Email: [email protected]


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The Socio-Ecological Consequences of Market Integration among the Chachis of Esmeraldas, Ecuador Juli Hazlewood

University of California, Davis, CA, USA Indigenous people often live in lowland tropical forests that conservationists value for biodiversity. As these communities become more integrated into local, regional, and national economies, a key question thus arises as to whether indigenous income-generating activities are detrimental to rainforest conservation. This research addresses how increasing market integration of Amerindian groups affects their internal social dynamics/organization and natural resource use. I focus on the Chachis, who live in the buffer zone of the Cotocachi-Cayapas National Park in the Chocó region of Northwestern Ecuador. The design of the investigation is based on a comparative analysis of two Chachi villages which predominately differ in terms of their relative isolation from urban centers and access to markets. I use the theories of political ecology (specifically, how markets affect indigenous communities and their environments) and social capital, as well as the Panarchy framework to sharpen the analysis. The results show that the closer village spends more time on newer, environmentally threatening activities such as timber extraction and subsequent cattle ranching; the more isolated village spends more time on environmentally benign market activities such as working in schools and craft sales. The concentration on distinct income generating activities in the two communities correlates with divergent levels of social capital, or norms and social bonds that may contribute to the capacity to self-organize and sustainably manage natural resources. The conclusion of this research demonstrates that market integration does not have uniform socio-environmental consequences. The effects of market integration depend on historical, social (the level and type of organization and the capabilities of communal leaders), and ecological contexts, as well as how a community decides to incorporate markets into their daily lives. A better understanding of shifting market activities and social dynamics/organization of indigenous groups with improved market access may simultaneously foster environmental and cultural resiliency. Contact Information: Juli Hazlewood, Native American Studies, University of California, Davis, 847 L Street, Davis, CA 95616, Phone: 530-220-3202, Fax:(530)752-7097, Email: [email protected]


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The Impacts of FSC Forest Certification on Communities in the Western Brazilian Amazon Shoana S. Humphries

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Nearly one-fourth of forested lands in developing countries are owned and/or controlled by low-income communities1. Increasingly, communities are partnering with governmental and non-governmental organizations to implement forest management projects for a variety of products and services. Communities are also being encouraged by donors and others to obtain forest certification as a way to command better prices for forest products and/or to access competitive national and international markets. However, the impacts of forest certification on community-based forest management projects have not been widely studied. From May to August 2004, I conducted research on the costs and benefits (financial and non-financial) of Forest Stewardship Council-endorsed forest certification in three communities in Brazil’s western Amazonian state of Acre. I interviewed the stakeholders involved in each community’s forest management project regarding their perspectives on the impacts of certification. Stakeholders included community members participating in each project, representatives of each project’s principle partner organization, and donors who helped pay the costs of certification for these projects. The impacts identified and evaluated by the stakeholders include socio-economic, environmental, and technical changes, which are directly and indirectly related to obtaining certification. Preliminary results indicate that although there are some similarities among all stakeholder groups across the three communities, the differences in results between communities is of particular interest. These differences are related to the variation among the projects in the amount of experience with certification to date, the management regimes employed, and several other factors.

The results of this study will assist other communities, their partner institutions, and other stakeholders to develop realistic expectations concerning the potential costs and benefits of certification for community-based forest management operations. Contact Information: Shoana S. Humphries, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Phone: 352-281-9964, E-mail: [email protected]

1 White, Andy and Alejandra Martin. 2002. Who Owns the World's Forests? Forest Tenure and Public Forests in Transition. Forest Trends and Center for International Environmental Law: Washington, DC


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Development and Maintenance of Complex Agroforestry Systems after Forest Conversion M. E. Isaac1, V. R. Timmer1, J. Quashie-Sam2 and A. M. Gordon3

1University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 3University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

The benefit of trees in agroecosystems after forest conversion has been well documented, including increased nutrient inputs, efficient nutrient cycling and economic potential. Complex agroforestry systems create a stratification of agroecosystem architecture by including at least two vegetation layers and more than one tree species. Theobroma cacao (cocoa) based multi-strata agroforestry systems in Ghana are highly diverse, both structurally and compositionally. Cocoa farms are prepared in a similar fashion throughout the region, where secondary forests are selectively cleared, commonly burned and cocoa is planted with understory food crops. Upper canopy trees are retained (i.e. Ceiba pentandra, Newbouldia laevis) and fruit trees may be planted (i.e. Persea americana, Mangifera indica). This study, located in the western region, Ghana, focused on the development and stability of nutrients after forest conversion, via soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and on the social nature of maintaining complex agroforests. A twenty-five year chronosequence, with three treatments, was selected as on-farm research sites: 2, 15 and 25-year-old multi-strata plantations. Soil carbon (C, to a depth of 15cm) varied between treatments (2 years: 22.6 Mg C·ha-1; 15 years: 17.6 Mg C·ha-1; 25 years: 18.2 Mg C·ha-

1) with a significant difference between the 2 and 15 and the 2 and 25-year-old treatments (p<0.05). Total soil nitrogen in the top 15 cm varied between 1.09 Mg N·ha-1 and 1.25 Mg N·ha-1 but no significant differences were noted between treatments. By 15 years, nutrients approached a steady state and by 25 years, results suggest system-level attributes were progressing towards those of a natural system. Fifty participants were involved with a preliminary formal questionnaire. Two years after the initial interviews, follow-up focus group meetings were conducted. ‘Scenarios’ were developed from the previous interview data and categorized into four themes: shade interactions, management practice, complexity and species selection. Reasons given for including non-cocoa trees partitioned into three main categories: shade (51%), income (16%) and food (13%). The distribution of non-cocoa trees was mostly on a random basis (64%); however, 35% of the participants based tree distribution on some ecological principle, particularly light infiltration and soil moisture. There was a general sense that a particular balance was needed in the density of the upper canopy trees, since either extreme would result in a negative impact on farm health and cocoa production. This was confirmed in focus groups as farmers discussed their use of informal shade-based experimentation. Based on the biophysical data and results from the original interviews and focus group meetings, sustained nutrient dynamics in complex systems was demonstrated and explicit knowledge on multi-purpose structural diversity was observed.

Contact Information: Marney E. Isaac, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B3, Phone: 416-978-3329, Email: [email protected]


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Effects of Fertilizer on Short- and Long-Term Survival and Growth of Twenty-Six Species of Economically Valuable Trees, Shrubs and Palms Planted in Eastern Amazonia Kelly Keefe1, Daniel Nepstad2, Salvador Gezan1 and Daniel Zarin1

1School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA 2Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA

Twenty-six species were planted in 1989 near Paragominas, Para, Brazil, in control and treatment groups. The treatment group received NPK fertilizer at planting. The objective of this research was to determine if this fertilization regime had a short- and/or long-term effect on growth and survival. ANOVAs were conducted on height and diameter data collected in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 2003. The effect of fertilizer on the height of all species pooled was significant in 1990 and 1991 (P=<0.0001 for both), and in 2003 (P=0.0062). The effect of fertilizer on diameter of all species pooled was significant in 1990 and 1991 (P=<0.0001 for both), and in 2003 (P=0.0069). In 2003 the effect on height was significant only for Coco (Coco sp.) (P = 0.0076). The effect on diameter growth in 2003 was significant only for Jaca (Astrocarpus heterophyllus) (P=0.0009). We performed Fisher’s Exact Chi Square two-tailed tests of survival for 2003 for each species. Treatment effect was marginally significant for Abiu (Pouteria caimito), with 0% survival in the treatment group and 40% survival in the control group. Survival between groups of Genipapo (Genipapo Americana) was significantly different. Fertilized trees had 80% survival and the control group had 20% survival. We conclude that this fertilization treatment may be appropriate to improve the growth of Coco and Jaca, and to improve the survival of Genipapo. This regime would be economically unsound for use on the other species when planted in similar settings. Contact Information: Kelly Keefe, University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Bldg. 107, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-0760, USA, Phone: 352 337 0223, Email: [email protected]


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Soil-Atmosphere Exchange of Nitrous Oxide, Nitric Oxide, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide in Logged and Undisturbed Forest in the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil Michael Keller1,2, Ruth Varner2, Jadson D. Dias3, Hudson Silva2, Patrick Crill4, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Jr.5 and Gregory P. Asner6

1USDA Forest Service, IITF, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA 2CSRC, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA 3ESALQ, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil 4Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 5EMBRAPA, Belem, Para, Brazil 6Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, USA

We studied the soil-atmosphere fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) on two soil types (clay Oxisol and sandy loam Ultisol) over two years (2000-2001) in both undisturbed forest and forest recently logged using reduced impact forest management in the Tapajos National Forest, near Santarem, Para, Brazil. Sampling in logged areas was stratified from greatest to least ground disturbance covering log decks, skid trails, tree-fall gaps, and forest matrix. Areas of strong soil compaction, especially the skid trails and logging decks were prone to significantly greater emissions of N2O, NO, and especially CH4 as compared to undisturbed forest areas. In the case of CH4, estimated annual emissions from decks reached extremely high rates comparable to wetland emissions in the region. We calculated excess fluxes from logged areas by subtraction of a background forest matrix or undisturbed forest flux and adjusted these fluxes for the proportional area of ground disturbance. Our calculations suggest that selective logging increases emissions of N2O and NO from 30% to 350% depending upon conditions. While undisturbed forest was a CH4 sink, logged forest tended to emit methane at moderate rates. Soil-atmosphere CO2 fluxes were only slightly affected by logging. The regional effects of logging cannot be simply extrapolated based upon one site. We studied sites where reduced impact harvest management was used while in typical conventional logging ground damage is twice as great. Even so, our results indicate that for N2O, NO, and CH4, logging disturbance may be as important for regional budgets of these gases as other extensive land use changes in the Amazon such as the conversion of forest to cattle pasture. Contact Information: Michael Keller, CSRC Morse Hall, U. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, Phone: +1-603-862-4193, Fax: +1-603-862-0188, Email: [email protected]


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The Influence of Cattle Grazing Pressure on Natural Regeneration of Merchantable Timber Species in a Primary, High-graded Forest in Paraguay Matthew Langholtz1, Norman Breuer2, Manuel Avila Chytil 3 and Robert Miller4

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2University of Miami 3 Alta Genetics, Uberaba, Brazil 4Waimiri Atroari, Brasilia, Brazil

On many large-scale ranches in Paraguay, native, high-graded (deteriorated) forests are grazed/browsed by cattle with the objective of maintaining the live weight of cattle through the winter. However, the timber component of this forest grazing system as it is currently practiced is incidental, if not compromised, as made evident by the reduction in the stand density of merchantable timber species over the past 50 years. The inclusion of forest management could convert this existing forest use into a silvopastoral system, achieving forest conservation and increased timber production, as well as live weight maintenance of cattle. We call this potential silvopastoral system Forest-Based Silvopasture (FBSP), i.e. the practice of deliberately associating animal husbandry with silvicultural treatments in natural forest to meet timber management objectives. FBSP is an alternative that could be applied to the oft-overlooked land-use niche of high-graded and secondary forests that are grazed for winter forage. An experiment was established in July of 2002 in Eastern Paraguay to compare side-by-side natural regeneration of merchantable timber species in high-graded forest with and without cattle grazing pressure. Between July 2002 and October 2004, the density of natural regeneration of merchantable timber species in transect openings increased by an average of 0.45 and 0.12 seedlings m-2 to 0.53 and 0.31 seedlings m-2 with and without cattle grazing pressure, respectively. The regeneration grew in height by an average of 1.8 and 2.1 meters with and without cattle grazing pressure, respectively. A commercial trial of this potential system is being established in November of 2004. Contact Information: Matthew Langholtz, University of Florida/IFAS, SFRC, PO Box 110831, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Phone: 352-846-3052, Email: [email protected]


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Are Reserves Effectively Protecting the Populations of Five Endangered Plant Species of the Yucatán Coastal Scrubland? Jorge L. Leirana-Alcocer1 and Alejandra González-Moreno2

1Cuerpo Académico de Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México

2 Maestría en Manejo de Recirsos Naturales Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Mérida, Yucatán, México

Due to its aridity and other special features, the coastal scrubland of Yucatán is the habitat of several endemic or endangered plant species. Nevertheless, it is being destroyed at a very rapid rate for building roads and developing tourism facilities. Some of the remaining vegetated areas are so small that are subject to detrimental effects such as border effect or habitat fragmentation. In this work the population density and structure of five endangered and legally protected species: Coccothrinax readii, Pseudophoenix sargentii and Thrinax radiata (Palmae), Mammillaria gaumeri (Cactaceae) and Myrmecophila christinae (Orchidaceae) were assessed on five sites along the Northern coast of the Yucatán Península, we aimed to find the most representative sites for habitat preservation. Three of the sites were outside protected areas and two of them inside the Reserva Especial de la Biósfera Ría Lagartos. It was found that only P. sargentii and T. radiata had their densest populations within the reserve, C. readii had some individuals inside the reserve but its densest populations were outside. No coastal populations of M. gaumeri and M. christinae were protected. This has implications for conservation; M. christinae is probably exclusive to the coastal ecosystems of the Yucatán Peninsula; M. gaumeri and C. readii have large populations growing in the forests of Yucatán and Quintana Roo but under different climate. The lost of great part of the coastal scrubland is reducing the geographical range and environmental diversity of at least three of the five species studied. Contact Information: Jorge L. Leirana-Alcocer, Cuerpo Académico de Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Apdo. Postal 4-116, Itzimná, Mérida, Yucatán, México, Fax: +52 (999) 9 42 32 05, Email: [email protected]


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Spatial Structure of Thrinax radiata, a Native Palm of Telchac, Yucatán, México Jorge Leirana-Alcocer1 and Alejandra González-Moreno2

1Cuerpo Académico de Ecología Tropical. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México

2Maestría en Manejo de Recursos Naturales Tropicales. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México

Thrinax radiata is a native palm in the coastal dune scrub of Yucatán, México. It is listed as endangered by the Mexican laws, has some traditional uses and is collected from the wilderness for public and private gardens. It is ecologically important in the arid coastal scrublands, in some locations it is the dominant species in cover and abundance; so it competes with adult shrubs, provides shade for the seed germination of cacti and gives supports to epiphytes. The aim of this work is to describe the spatial structure of the species, the association between its seedlings and other seedling and adult species; and the effect of an environmental gradient (which runs from sea to inland) on its abundance and size. For describing the spatial association between seedlings we plotted 90 one square meter quadrats all at the same distance from the sea; we counted seedlings of palms and other shrub species. We performed a spatial association analysis using the ECOSIM software. For the gradient analysis we counted and measured palms found in ten 20 m2 quadrats, plotted at different distances from sea. It was found that seedlings grew spatially aggregated and occurred more frequently in quadrats of 1 m2 in which adults of its own species were present. The palm seedlings were spatially segregated with seedlings of Coccoloba uvifera and Metopium brownei, both dominant shrubs in patches where the palm is absent. The palm was more abundant and larger in the 20 m2 quadrats which were at a distance 240 m or farther from the sea. The results imply that this species does not disperse very far away from established adults, so population recovery in sites without adults requires replanting individuals. The colonization source of this location is 240 m away from the sea, so the habitat should be continuous between this zone and any patch which needs to be repopulated. Contact Information: Jorge Leirana-Alcocer. Cuerpo Académico de Ecología Tropical. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Apartado postal 4-116, Itzimná, Mérida, Yucatán, México. C.P. 97000, Fax: +52 (999) 942 32 05, Email: [email protected]


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Highway Paving, Deforestation, and Governance along the Trans-Oceanic Highway in the Brazilian State of Acre Jeffrey Luzar1 and Ivana Guerreiro2

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA 2Ambiente--Agencia de Consultoria Sócio-Ambiental, Rio Branco, AC Brazil

A central issue in discussions about sustainable development in Brazil today involves highway paving in the Amazon Basin. While road paving carries the promise to improve access to goods and services among previously isolated rural and urban communities, it also holds the potential to bring about negative environmental and social consequences, including deforestation and the displacement of rural smallholders under pressure from external colonization and land-speculation. Currently, in academic and policy circles, a considerable debate exists regarding the capacity of governance to prevent these potential repercussions from highway paving. An on-going research project evaluates the relationship between local level governance systems and land use choices by residents of two adjacent land-management areas in the Amazonian state of Acre: Colonization Project (PC) Quixadá and Agro-Extractive Reserve (PAE) Santa Quitéria, both of which are bisected by the recently paved (2002) Trans-Oceanic Highway. Semi-structured interviews regarding land use and degree of participation in local-level governance systems (e.g. associations and rural workers’ syndicates) are conducted with male and female heads of household in randomly selected households in the study site. Additional data regarding the institutional characteristics of local associations and syndicates has been obtained through direct observation during association and syndicate meetings and through key informant interviews. Preliminary findings suggest that participation in local level governance systems has a positive influence in directing household production strategies toward land uses that both promote family income and conserve forest cover. This relationship appears to be further strengthened when participation in local level governance systems involves both male and female heads of household. These findings, in turn, suggest that the strengthening of local governance systems may be an effective strategy to counter adverse social and environmental impacts of highway paving in this region. Contact Information: Jeffrey Luzar, Rua Pedro Alexandrino Neto 185, Bairro Samauma, Brasiléia, AC, Brazil CEP:69-932-000, Phone: 55-68-9984-2376, Email: [email protected]


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Soil Carbon Gain and Loss During Eighty Years of Tropical Reforestation Whendee L. Silver1, Erika Marín-Spiotta1 and Rebecca Ostertag2

1Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA 2Dept. of Biology, U of Hawaii, Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA

Land use change can affect global atmospheric carbon (C) concentrations by changing the quantity and residence time of C stored in plant biomass and in soils. Currently, large areas of agricultural and pastureland in the Neotropics are being abandoned and replaced by secondary growth. The prevalence of secondary forests has focused scientific and political attention on reforestation as a potential C sink. Our research examines the importance of physical and chemical mechanisms of soil organic C storage during forest re-growth. Using a long-term successional chronosequence approach, we sampled replicate pastures and forests including primary forests, and secondary forests re-growing on pastures abandoned 10, 20, 30, 60 and 80 years ago. We take advantage of a shift in photosynthetic pathway with the conversion of pasture to forest that results in a strong signal in the soil C isotope composition. We used a two-compartment, isotopic mixing-model to determine contributions of C3-C (forest) and C4-C (pasture) to the total soil C pool at each site. After 10 years of reforestation, half of the pasture-derived C was lost from the top 10 cm of mineral soil. In the following decades, the loss of C4-C was slower, following an exponential decay model, and was compensated by a gain of new forest C, resulting in no net change in total soil C stocks down to 1 m depth across 80 years of succession. Aboveground, tree basal area and stem density (DBH >10cm) increased significantly with time since pasture abandonment, although annual leaf litterfall rates did not vary with forest age. Tree species composition did vary along the successional chronosequence. The most abundant species in the first thirty years after reforestation was Tabebuia heterophylla, a common secondary species on abandoned pastures, which was absent from all three primary forest sites. The older secondary sites (60, 80 years) and mature forests were dominated by the palm Prestoea montana. We are currently investigating the effect of different litter qualities with changing tree species composition on soil carbon turnover rates as determined by stable and radiocarbon isotopes. A better understanding the controls on soil carbon dynamics will not only increase our understanding of soils as C sinks but also enhance our ability to restore degraded tropical soils. Contact Information: Erika Marín-Spiotta, Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy & Management. Ecosystem Sciences Division. 151 Hilgard Hall, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110 USA, Phone: 510-642-3874, Email: [email protected]


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Logging Activity in the MAP Region of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru: The Challenge of Avoiding the Collision between Exploitation, Conservation, and Public Policies Elsa Mendoza1,2, Favio Rios3, Ronald Calderon 4 and Foster Brown2,5

1Institute for Environmental Research in Amazonia, Belem, Para – Brazil 2Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre – Brazil 3PRONATURALEZA, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios – Peru 4Fundación Jose Manuel Pando, Cobija, Pando – Bolivia 5Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA - USA

Logging activity in southwestern Amazonia is poised for rapid expansion. This can be seen clearly in the trinational frontier region of the Region of Madre de Dios, Peru, the State of Acre, Brazil, and the Department of Pando, Bolivia. This region is known as MAP, the name derived from the initial letters of the three political units. Since 2001, a social movement based on collaborative activities, called the MAP process, has brought together researchers, loggers, and government officials in a series of meetings to determine the trends of timber extraction and the impact of public policy initiatives. This activity, mini-MAP Madeira, involves more than 20 logging firms, 12 NGOs, 14 government agencies, and four universities with more than 100 persons participating. Recently-created concessions in the MAP region now total five million hectares, from which 65 million m3 of timber are expected to be extracted in the coming decades. Estimated timber extraction - legal and illegal - was 500,000 m3 in 2000, to and 650,000 m3 in 2003. Clear-cutting in Acre and selective extraction in Madre de Dios and Pando produced the largest portion of this timber; only a small percentage comes from areas with management plans. Peruvian firms in Madre de Dios face problems such as small concessions, lack of knowledge about forest management, and above all, uncertainty about tenure of concessions. These factors have contributed to the continued use of conventional techniques, focusing on three timber species in Madre de Dios. Logging firms in Pando have more experience in forest concessions than their counterpart firms in Acre and in Madre de Dios, but the lack of knowledge about post-harvest management techniques, uncertainty of supply chain accounting, and the high cost associated with certification have discouraged these firms from using certified forest management. Currently, firms in Pando focus their extraction on only seven timber species. In Pando, indigenous and campesino communities are becoming active partners in logging. Logging activity in the MAP region is coming to a crossroads where effective public policy, possibly by including non-timber products and environmental services, will be necessary to avoid growing forest impoverishment. Without resolving the current impasses, logging trends will significantly hinder conservation efforts in this region of extraordinary biodiversity. Contact Information: Elsa Mendoza, IPAM/UFAC, Parque Zoobotanico, UFAC, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 69.900-900, Phone: 55-68-9991-4060, Email: [email protected]


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The Maya Forest is a Garden: Example from El Pilar Anabel Ford and Kelly L. Moore

ISBER/MesoAmerican Research Center, Santa Barbara, CA, USA With 24,000 species of plants, 5,000 of which are endemic, Mesoamerica is one of the most biodiverse regions on earth. It is also one of the most threatened. The burden of this threat has been laid on the traditional farmers who have been blamed for slashing and burning the forest. In our study, however, 18 forest gardeners located near the El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna in Cayo District, Belize, identify 365 species of plants in their gardens, encompassing 75 dicotyledon families and 15 monocotyledon families. Over 53% of these species are native and at least 1 species is endemic to the Maya Forest. These gardens are dominated by such native species as Brosimum alicastrum, Sabal morrisiana, Manilkara zapota, and Attalea cohune. The most dominant species in the Maya forest and the most common species in the forest gardens are comparable. The average garden contains ~ 75 species of plants. Supporting data derive from plots of 50 by 50 meters in each garden examined by local environmental studies students to determine all tree species greater than 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH). The border of the garden is mapped as well as each individual species using a handheld GPS system. At this coarse scale of resolution, these data demonstrate that the community is playing a significant role in conserving resources and that they are the real conservationists of the Maya forest. Contact Information: Kelly L. Moore, ISBER/MesoAmerican Research Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-2150, Phone: +1-805-893-8191, Fax: +1-805-893-5677, Email: [email protected]


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Integrating Farm Level Land Use Choices and Satellite Land Change Detection to Assess Costa Rica’s Program of Payments of Environmental Services (PES) Wayde C. Morse, Steve Sesnie and Jessica Schedlbauer

University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), Turrialba, Costa Rica

Costa Rica’s Forestry Law of 1996 (No. 7575) prohibits forest change to other land uses and provides the legal and institutional framework to begin an innovative market based forest conservation program of Payments for Environmental Service (PES). The social and ecological impacts of Costa Rica’s PES program are relatively unexamined in the context of biological corridors. The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) is a multinational project designed to integrate the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity with sustainable economic development. This research is a case study designed to integrate investigation of underlying social factors (economics, policy, infrastructure, institutions, etc.) that influence farmer conservation and production decisions with land change detection studies quantified using remotely sensed information. We will combine analyses to reveal where and why forests and agricultural land uses are changing in the San Juan - La Selva section of the MBC where PES programs are focused. A mixed methods qualitative-quantitative design was used for the social analysis. In-depth interviews were conducted with regional NGOs, extension agents, and local farmers. The qualitative interview data were analyzed with the NVIVO software and results used to design the survey instrument. The survey was administered to 210 randomly selected farmers. PES participants and non-participants were surveyed to allow for comparison. Analysis of survey data was conducted using SPSS to identify how key social factors such as market trends, agricultural policies, access, and location specific land use histories have influenced farmer decisions. An enhanced land classification method is currently being developed to quantify spatial and temporal changes in forest vegetation and structural types and agroecosystems. Landsat TM images from 1986, 1996 and 2001 are being used to assess the impacts that Costa Rica’s Forest Law and PES have had on specific habitats. Preliminary results suggest that participation in PES forest conservation programs differ across variables such as absentee ownership, geographic location of farm, and alternative livelihood options, among others. These overlapping social and land change detection analyses will shed light on important factors that can enhance or inhibit PES programs and sustainable forest management within the San Juan - La Selva section of the MBC. Contact Information: Wayde C. Morse, University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Moscow, ID 83844-1139, Phone: (208) 885-2269, Email: [email protected]


91

Resprouts as an Alternative for Natural Regeneration in a Bolivian Tropical Dry Forest Bonifacio Mostacedo1,2, Armando Villca3 and Turian Palacios3

1Intituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Santa Cruz, Bolivia 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Natural tree regeneration is key in achieving sustainable forest management. However, natural tree regeneration in Bolivian tropical dry forests is very limited. Seed propagation seems to be deficient for some species, while vegetative propagation seems to be the alternative used by other species to overcome this problem. This study hopes to show how important the resprouts promoted by logging activities are for the regeneration of 15 commercial species. The goals of this study are: a) determine which commercial species have stem and/or root resprouts; b) compare the abundance stem/root resprouts in different logging microsites; c) and evaluate the growth rate of seedlings from different propagation types. We found that 53% are stump-resprout species and 40% are root-resprout species. Centrolobium microchaete, Zeyheria tuberculosa, Caesalpinia pluviosa and Machaerium scleroxylon were the most common stump-resprout species, while C. microchaete and Tabebuia impetiginosa were the most common root-resprout species. We found that 44% of the seedlings are resprouts and most of them are root resprouts. The abundance of root resprouts was similar in all microsites. Stem resprout abundance was higher in secondary skid trails. Centrolobium microchaete and T. impetiginosa root resprouts were the most abundant and had a higher growth rate, while Copaifera chodatiana stem resprouts were the most abundant. Because of their abundance and growth rate, tree resprouts seems to be an efficient regeneration strategy in tropical dry forest trees. Resprout management should be considered as a silviculture practice especially for species that have regeneration problems. Contact Information: Bonifacio Mostacedo, Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Phone: 591(3) 3480766, FAX: 591(3) 3480854, Email: [email protected]


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Comparing the Trajectories of Indigenous Land Titling and Territorial Governance in the Tropical Forests of Peru and Bolivia Gerald Mueller-Riverstone

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Recent decades have seen an unprecedented increase in the formal recognition of indigenous peoples’ land and resource rights by Latin American governments. As a result, in many nations indigenous peoples hold legal control over large extensions of tropical rainforest. While the trajectories of indigenous struggles in different nations have taken their own particular course depending on each nation’s history and geography, these trajectories also share much in common. As is described in the generalized framework that follows, struggles to assert indigenous rights to land and natural resources have typically ensued according to three periods or phases:

1. Initial organizational phase: In this phase new indigenous organizations are founded or revitalized, formulate their goals and demands, and pressure the State to adopt a legal framework that defines the processes for indigenous land titling.

2. Land titling phase: In this phase, a variety of technical procedures and political negotiations are undertaken with the ultimate goal of securing legal recognition of indigenous territories. This phase has often proven to be complicated and conflictive and has lasted for several years or even decades.

3. Post-titling phase: After securing a land title and being formally recognized by the State, indigenous territorial governments shift their attention to internal governance.

This presentation will discuss some of the key issues that are presently being faced by indigenous peoples in two nations (Peru and Bolivia) that are at different points along the previously described trajectory. In Peru, the Native Communities Law was passed in 1974, and in the subsequent decades over 1200 Native Communities have received land titles to over ten million hectares of tropical forest in the nation’s Amazonian region. Since these communities are in the post-titling phase, current issues revolve around internal land and resource tenure issues. In some communities, for example, a transition is underway from a more fluid mode of land tenure based on temporary usufruct of agricultural plots to a more defined system of individual parcels. The balance that is struck between individual and collective rights has important implications for the types of activities that may best promote sustainable forest management and conservation, such as reforestation initiatives. In Bolivia a law establishing the legal framework for indigenous territories (TCOs) was not passed until 1996, and currently several proposed territories are in the midst of the land titling phase. Some of the difficulties encountered during this process, and the potential implications of the land titling and demarcation processes for future forest management activities will be discussed. Contact Information: Gerald Mueller-Riverstone, SNRE, POB 116455 Black Hall, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: (352) 392-9230, Email: [email protected]


93

The FLORA Fair: An Economic Initiative for Sustainable Development for Traditional Populations of Acre, Brazil and Amazônia Paulo Sérgio Braña Muniz

Research and Extension in Agroforestry Systems in Acre (PESACRE), Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil The forest products fair of Acre, or FLORA, is a pioneering market inititive that emerged from the social movement in Acre, Brazil in the southwest Amazon region. Established in 1994 and coordinated by PESACRE, FLORA has the objective of promoting the economic potential of forest biodiversity and the agroforestry and agro-extractive experiences of traditional Amazonian populations, particularly in Acre. Over the years, FLORA has developed into a fair to present the results of rural development projects, where rubber tappers, indigenous groups, river dwelling people, small farmers, artisans, small businesses, as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations, have the opportunity to display and sell their products, works and ideas. FLORA is also a space to expresss regional social, cultural, historical and environmental values. The 10th FLORA took place in the city of Rio Branco in August 2004 with the theme, “10 Years Cultivando Life.” Ninety-two exhibiters from nine Amazonian states participated in the four day fair, which attracted approximately 30,000 visitors. The 10th FLORA included the exposition and sale of forest products, a Rodado de Negôcios that brought together associations and cooperatives, and businesses to negotiate commercial transactions, practical workshops, training courses on management, commercialization and entrepreneurialism, a two-day seminar with presentations on the use of natural resources and agroforestry and the launching of the Agrarian Reform Program for Sustainable Development in Acre by the state government. These events were complemented by other cultural attractions, such as theater and musical shows. During the fair, expositores selling artisan items and regional food dishes had sales of approximately R$70,000.00. The Rodado de Negôcios resulted in transactions between cooperatives and associations, and businesses of approximately R$383,000.00, with future transactions estimated to reach nearly R$2 million. The large number of visitors, as well as the high volume of commercial transactions demonstrate that the FLORA fair has had an important impact in facilitating community access to markets and promoting the sustainable development of tropical forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Contact Information: Paulo Sérgio Braña Muniz, PESACRE, Rua Carneiro Leão, Nº 120, Floresta, Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, Phone: 68- 226-5288, FAX: 68-226-5289, E-mail: [email protected]


94

Low-Impact Logging Uchechukwu Chikodi Obasi

MTN Office, Nigeria Today we are preaching the concept of low-impact logging and the sustainable management of forests. The idea is to harvest timber in such a way that doing so inflicts minimal damage on the forest and its wildlife. The forest gradually recovers, permitting another harvest a few decades later. Faced with pressure from conservationists, some traders now advertise their timber as originating from forests that have been certified as being sustainably managed. First is the forest inventory, the tree census is taken, with each tree marked with a registration number and the species identified. There are hundreds of varieties so considerable expertise is required. The next step, however requires modern technology. Using a hand held device that communicates with satellites of the Global Positioning System, GPS, the tree’s size, species,and registration number are keyed in. Then when the “enter button” is hit, all the details of that tree, including its exact position, are instantly sent from the forest to a computer far away. The forest manager can now print out a map in his computer detailing every tree of value in the forest. He chooses precisely which trees may be felled in harmony with official regulations. In the case of many species, it is permissible to fell only 50% of the trees larger than a certain diameter specified in the concession. The oldest and healthiest trees must be left standing as seed bearers. With the map now as the key, tree harvest can be planned so as to cause minimum damage to the forest. Even the direction of felling can be planned to minimize collateral damage. Extraction of logs can be done by winches, instead of using bulldozers to break through to every tree felled. Before felling, loggers, cut the vines that connect crop trees to their neighbors-again to reduce collateral damage. The concession is worked in rotation, each year mapping and harvesting a section so that plots will not be returned to until at least 20 years have passed. Contact Information: Uchechukwu Chikodi Obasi, MTN Office, 41-43 Tafawa Balewa way Kano, Nigeria, Phone: 234 (0) 803 200 4684, Email: [email protected]


95

Grassroot Strategies for the Conservation and Management of Water and Allied Resources in Ebo Itumbonuso, Ini Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Uwem R. Otu and Iboro Robert

African Youth Movement (AYM), Nigeria Grassroots participation in the management of rural water-related environmental problems aimed at providing sustainable and safe water for drinking, farming and other domestic and public uses is discussed. The scheme integrates the rural water stakeholders comprising the association of Women, Men, Youths, Traditional rulers, Religious leaders, Peer groups and the Parliamentarians (politicians) into a neatly-woven sphere for the containment and abatement of water-related environmental problems that includes flooding of river line communities, silting of rivers and water bodies from overlying farmlands, pollution of water bodies from refuse dumps and animal grazing activities, erosional hazards, and outbreaks of diseases such as Typhoid fever, Polio, Hepatitis, Diahorrhea, Dysentery and Cholera. This approach had found use in the efforts to conserve our fast degrading forest reserves to prevent desertification. The participatory approach includes sustained public awareness and education programmes hinged on a values-based approach using TV, Radio, Newsletter, Magazines, and Illustrative Drama as well as the creation of a water sanitation agency, a training scheme to develop manpower as well as a knowledge enhancement programme with detailed drafting of a curriculum for the primary and secondary schools and the setting up of water use and rights groups in these schools. Contact Information: Uwem R. Otu, African Youth Movement (AYM), Environment, 42 Dibue Road, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom, P.O.BOX 263, Nigeria, Phone: 2.34802E+12, Fax: 23485203840, Email: [email protected]


96

Examination of Canopy Disturbance in Logged Forests in the Brazilian Amazon using IKONOS Imagery Michael Palace1, Michael Keller1,2, Bobby Braswell1 and Stephen Hagen1

1 Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

2 International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, PR, USA Forest canopy gaps resulting from natural tree mortality and logging increase light in the understory, release nutrients, and create structural habitat for some species of flora, fauna, and fungi. The measurement of gap formation using remotely sensed data over broad areas would allow foresters and ecologists to study forest dynamics over greater areas than those available from plot level surveys. Previously, we developed a crown detection algorithm that used high resolution (1 meter) satellite image data. We have extended the algorithm to examine logged forests and the disturbances of such forests. Log decks and canopy gaps have spectral signatures that can be differentiated from surrounding trees in multi-spectral 4 m resolution IKONOS images. By combination of multi-spectral data with the higher resolution panchromatic data from IKONOS, our refined algorithm estimated gap size and frequency and spatial patterning. Remote sensing estimates of gap frequency and size will be useful for understanding carbon budgets and fire susceptibility in logged forests. Contact Information: Michael Palace, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA Phone: 603-862-4193 FAX: 603-862-0188 Email: [email protected]


97

The Development of a Community Forestry Coalition in Western Amazonia, Brazil Franklin Paniagua

Tropical Conservation and Development Program, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA This research contributes to the definition of how forest communities could be linked to markets on “their own terms”. In particular, it analyzes the development of a community forestry coalition in the Western Amazon of Brazil. The study builds on the growing interest in pro-grassroots coalitions that integrate organized communities, NGOs, governmental and international agencies aspiring to successfully link communities with markets. The study presents a comprehensive assessment of the internal, external and design factors involved in the development of a coalition composed of four community timber projects in the states of Acre and Rondonia. The results indicate that the development of an intermediary organization, such as the coalition, represents a self-organized response to the social and organizational challenges of executing community timber extraction projects. A major challenge for the projects was meeting market demands while simultaneously responding to local social and political constraints. This coalition was still at a very early stage in comparison to cases in other regions, such as southern Mexico’s Sociedad de Ejido; therefore it is difficult at this stage to confirm whether or not it is a secure structure for equitable market integration. The study also demonstrated that the coalition followed an NGO-project pattern instead of a collaborative organization pattern, which created a gap between the original idea of the coalition and the real process. Finally, the study suggests that there is a need to adjust the role of social learning for building autonomous alliances among community forestry organizations, and for contributing to the development of instruments to assess collaborative organizational innovations at an early stage. Contact Information: Franklin Paniagua 919 A SW 5th ave. Gainesville FL, 32601 USA, Phone: (352) 378-6656, Email: [email protected]


98

The Need of Silvicultural Treatments for Sustainable Forest Management in Bolivia Marielos Peña-Claros1,Wiliam Pariona1, Todd Fredericksen2, Alfredo Alarcón1, Juan Carlos Licona1 and F. E. Putz2

1Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 2Ferrum Collage, Ferrum, NC, USA 3University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Since the implementation of a new Forestry Law in 1996, the Bolivian forestry sector has seen major changes. Nowadays Bolivia has the largest area of tropical forest under FSC certification. There are however several challenges ahead. Several studies have shown that commercial species regenerate poorly and grow more slowly than predicted to determine current cutting cycles. A long-term silvicultural research project is being carried out at operational scale (20 – 27 ha plots, 24 plots established). Its main objective is to provide management tools to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. Large, replicated plots are established in areas under management in three forest types(tropical humid forest, tropical dry forests and Amazonian wet forests). Plots received one of four treatments that vary in intensity of silvicultural treatments applied, so that there are 1- 3 replicates per treatment per forest type. All trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) > 40 cm are measured, mapped and tagged. Trees 10 – 40 cm are sampled in subplots. Silvicultural treatments applied include vine cutting (on commercial and future crop trees –FCT), marking and liberation of FCT from overtopping, timber stand improvement, and soil scarification. About 70 % of trees above 10 cm in diameter show some degree of line infestation. Liana cutting resulted on higher growth rates of future crop trees. Marking of future crop trees reduced their damage during logging, suggesting that marking made them more visible to workers. These two silvicultural treatments are easy to implement and their cost is low. More importantly they generate large economic benefits during the next cutting cycle. Results strongly suggest that silvicultural treatments should be applied in Bolivian forests not only for ecological but also economical ones. Contact Information: Marielos Peña-Claros, IBIF, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Phone: 591-3-3480766, Fax: 591-3-3480854, Email: [email protected]


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Regeneration of Logging Gaps in an Upland Forest in Eastern Amazonia Andréia C.B. Pinto1 and Claudia Azevedo-Ramos2

1Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil 2Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Belém, PA, Brasil

Timber harvesting in Brazilian Amazonia affects from 10,000 to 15,000 Km2 annually, and it is historically related to the advance of deforestation. In the last years, the number of certified timber companies were increased and Brazilian environmental policies were redirected to expand National Forest areas. In both areas, resources can be used only under sustainable management plans. However, the primary logging impacts, even under reduced impact techniques, need special attention, because they can be determinant for forest regeneration dynamic. Canopy fragmentations are one of the primary consequences of logging, resulting in gaps of different sizes. This study compares ecological aspects of plant regeneration in different gap sizes after the use of reduced impact logging in an area of eastern Amazonia. Fifteen gaps of 1.5 years old were selected: five small (< 100 m2), five medium (500 < 800 m2), and five large (> 1500 m2). Each gap had at least two percent of its area sampled. Control plots under closed canopy near the gaps were also sampled. All seedlings from 20 to 500 cm height were identified. Overall, 2,808 seedlings (excluding vines) were recorded from 103 different species. Seedling densities (individuals/m2) did not significantly differ among treatments (ANOVA, F(3, 16) =2.931; P= 0.065). However, species richness/m2 was significantly lower in larger gaps (ANOVA, F(3, 16) =25.830; P= 0.0001). The seedling diversity/m2 was similar between medium gaps (H’= 0,082) and small gaps (H’= 0,076), and it was lower in larger gaps (H’= 0,046). The trend towards lower diversity/richness in largest gaps may be due to the dominance of few pioneer species in stress condition. Logging techniques that decrease gap sizes may beneficiate forest diversity at the beginning of the regeneration process if the intention was the conservation of the original structure. Contact Information: Andréia C. B. Pinto, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos (NAEA). CEP: 66.075 – 900, Belém - PA, Brasil, Phone/Fax: 55+91-2493593, Email: [email protected]


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Cultural Impacts on Natural Resource Use and Community Forestry in El Chore, Bolivia Carlton Pomeroy1, Roberto Menchaca2 and Vicente Camargo3

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2The Municipal Forestry Unit, Santa Rosa del Sara, Bolivia 3CIPCA Santa Cru, Bolivia

This paper examines the cultural differences in natural resource use and community forestry by communities of colonists from the highlands, Collas, who are regarded as the primary destructors of forests; and by communities of colonists from the lowlands, Cambas, who are viewed as more “environmentally friendly”. Both groups inhabit the legally colonized portion of the Forest Reserve of El Chore, which is composed of 900,000 hectares and was created on the third of August of 1966 (D.S. 07779). This reserve is highly valued for its forest resources, with a usable volume of 33.29 m3 per ha. This annual logging potential guarantees the production of 400,000 m3 of wood in a sustainable form, with an annual value of 80 million dollars. As far as its ecological function, the Reserve of the Chore plays a role in the watershed system and the temperature fluctuations of the city of Santa Cruz. The climate of Santa Cruz is regulated by the North and South winds which determine rainfall and temperature. The soils in the area are sandy and susceptible to drought, mainly in the south and extending to the north up to the city of Montero,. Desertification is increasingly evident to the population in general, even in the urban areas. The winds, carrying sand, are stronger and drier, and the rivers have increased sedimentation: aspects that constantly threaten the districts of the city of Santa Cruz. Between the years 1993-2000, deforestation rates were 200,000 ha. per year. One of the main causes of deforestation has been slash and burn agriculture by colonists of the reserve. This paper draws conclusions from the area concerning the organizational structure, natural resource use, and overall relationships with other institutions. These conclusions are crucial for the remaining portions of the reserve that are currently being invaded. Contact Information: Carlton Pomeroy, BOLFOR, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Phone: 591-3-480766, Fax: 591-3-480854, Email: [email protected]


101

Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULCC) Comparison of Two Regions in the Selva Maya: Policy and Market Implications Luciana Porter-Bolland1, Edward A. Ellis2 and David B. Bray3

1Instituto de Ecologia, A. C. 2Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana 3Florida International University.

Two Mayan regions of the central Yucatan Peninsula have similar natural and socio-cultural contexts but different outcomes in terms of landscape mosaics. Pathways in land use/ land cover change (LULCC) may vary according to policy and market drivers. LULCC analysis coupled with socio-economic research was conducted in the northern portion of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in Campeche (CBR), and in the Maya Zone of central Quintana Roo, Mexico. The two areas contain tropical deciduous forests and are inhabited by Mayan communities whose land tenure was established as large chicle communal lands (ejidos) between the 1920 and 1940s. The Campeche site, an area with conservation status, overlaps with the northern buffer zone of the CBR and has recently been designated as a focal area of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. The “Maya Zone” of central Quintana Roo, in contrast, has a strong history of forest use, recently influenced by the multinational forestry project known as the Plan Piloto Forestal (PPF). Market opportunities and public policy have resulted in different deforestation rates among the two study regions; greater in the Campeche site compared to Quintana Roo (1% vs. 0.1% annual deforestation rates, respectively). Public policy in Quintana Roo has been greatly influenced by community forest management incentives stimulated by timber markets and supported strongly by the PPF through institutional strengthening and technical assistance. In the Campeche site, the construction of roads has spiraled into the typical deforestation process, characterized by the expansion of the agricultural frontier, mainly through cattle ranching. Conservation policies in the area have been pursued with the creation of the CBR, but public policy that supports sustainable productive systems as a deforestation reduction strategy has been largely absent. Lower deforestation rates in Quintana Roo are strongly associated with the presence of Permanent Forest Reserves established in forestry based ejidos. This comparison suggests that sustainable use strategies may be more effective at reducing deforestation than formal protected areas in some contexts. Contact Information: Luciana Porter-Bolland, Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. Km.2.5 Antigua Carretera a Coatepec #351, Congregacion El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, C.P. 91070, Phone: 52-228-8421800 ext. 4317, Email: [email protected]


102

Linking Social and Political Dimensions of Agroforestry Promotion with Ecological Consequences: Case Studies from Central Quintana Roo, Mexico Alexis E. Racelis1 and David B. Bray2

1University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA 2Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

One of the most common strategies proposed in recent years for addressing environmental degradation in rural areas of the tropics is agroforestry. In the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, agroforestry, or the intentional combination of trees with crops, has recently become an attractive option to traditional agriculture, both as a way to raise farmer productivity and to reduce agricultural burning, which has been seen as a source of forest fires. Specifically, two independent agroforestry initiatives arose in the last 15 years. Although both agroforestry initiatives had some overlapping goals, what neither initiative foresaw was that in agroforestry systems differences in policy choices as to agroforestry packages and their associated extension can have unforeseen impacts on the patterns of emergent ecological interactions in the new agroecosystems. The research presented examines selected aspects of agroforestry promotion in the Mayan forests of central Quintana Roo since the mid-1990s, comparing and contrasting the political and social origins, organizational strategies, and ecological dimensions of the two different agroforestry initiatives in two case study communities in central Quintana Roo. This research demonstrates how political processes and institutional motives shape methods of extension and promotion of each agroforestry initiative. One agroforestry package was a large-scale government sponsored program, with the ultimate intention to promote and implement agroforestry as a land use option to as many participants as possible on a regional level, with low-levels of training and technical assistance. Cash subsidies were offered as an incentive for enrollment, resulting in 1,632 hectares of agroforestry registered in the first year of promotion. In contrast, a non-government institution promoted a second smaller agroforestry initiative with limited funding concurrently, with only 30 hectares registered in the first year. Participants were selected through multiple participatory workshops. Each selected participant was given trees, tools, and was offered high-quality technical assistance to design and implement their own agroforestry plot. Additional results show that the different patterns of promotion and extension have lead to different levels of plant biodiversity and pest infestation within sampled agroforestry plots, showing clear relationships, if not causal links, between policy, social dimensions such as extension, and certain ecological dimensions of agroforestry projects in the state. Contact Information: Alexis E. Racelis, University of California at Santa Cruz, Department of Environmental Studies, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, Phone: 831-426-4253, Email: [email protected]


103

Functionality of the Land Use Planning Legal Frame Work in the San Juan La Selva Biological Corridor, Sarapiqui, Costa Rica Luis Antonio Ramos1, Alberto Barandiarán2, Viviana Gutiérrez3 and Ilan Saltzberg4

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2Lima, Peru. Independent Environmental Lawyer 3Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica 4University of Denver, Colorado, USA.

The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) is an initiative that promotes the linkage of Mesoamerican protected areas through biological corridors. In 1997, the Presidents of Mexico and the countries of Central American defined the MBC as a land use planning system comprised of protected areas, buffer zones and inter-connection areas. The San Juan La Selva Biological Corridor (SLBC) in Costa Rica connects Maquenque National Park, along Costa Rica’s north-central border with Nicaragua, and Braulio Carrillo National Park. This is a vital conservation corridor for the Green Macaw (Ara ambigua). While many successful conservation efforts have been conducted by the SLBC Committee, no coordinated effort has been made to incorporate land use planning law to guide the sustainable development of this region. Unplanned development along the major road bisecting the corridor is a threat to the corridors connectivity. During the UF/UCR Summer 2004 Environmental Law Clinic we assessed three issues: the role of municipal government in implementing the SLBC, regional knowledge of the SLBC, and potential for land use planning law to achieve the goals of the SLBC. Key informants were interviewed including Sarapiqui Mayor, City Representative appointed to the SLBC Committee, land use permits municipal officer, local entrepreneurs and Environmental Ministry officers. The municipal government did not recognize the potential of the SLBC to promote sustainable growth in the region and did not act to implement the corridor. Corridors were only seen as a conservation measure. Costa Rican land use planning law is presented as corridor development tool. Suggestions to facilitate implementation land use plans are made. An analysis of potential changes in the current tax structure to promote more planned growth is presented. An alternate real estate mortgagee program is proposed to finance and encourage sustainable growth. Contact Information: Luis Antonio Ramos, SNRE/UF, 311 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, Phone: (352) 892-8372, Fax: (352) 392-6984, Email: [email protected]


104

Impacts of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor Project on Public Perceptions and Policies Toward Protected Areas: A Research Proposal Luis Antonio Ramos

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA International conservation organizations invest significant funds in projects aiming to change people’s perception and behavior toward natural ecosystems and resources. However, the expected impacts are seldom monitored. Frequently, donors and beneficiaries do not learn if goals were achieved. In 2000, the Global Environmental Facility granted Central American and Mexican Governments $12.5 million to conduct a six-year project to establish the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC). This initiative seeks to link Mesoamerica’s natural protected areas by establishing biological corridors, through biodiversity-friendly production activities. The project sought to change public perception and policy, and to provide technical information and capacity building. In 2001 the MBC Project conducted a survey among the eight countries to establish a baseline of general public knowledge and perception of the MBC, of protected areas and their role in sustainable development. A total of 4000 randomly selected persons (500 in each country), from capital cities and selected cities within priority conservation areas, answered an oral questionnaire. The survey showed little perceived linkage between expressed environmental problems (water problems, pollution and solid waste) and deterioration of natural areas (7% related natural resources to water supply). There was little knowledge about related environmental laws and policies. Some believed the MBC Project was a waste of resources and more than 91% had never heard of the MBC until that time.

My research will evaluate the impacts of the MBC by conducting a second survey during the final year of the project in a tri-national area shared by Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador (Trifinio Region). Trifinio contains one of the few remaining cloud forests: a tropical ecosystem threatened by nearby agricultural development, and rises in population and poverty. I will also analyze related national environmental policies and implicit local policies of specific stakeholders (agriculture and forestry groups), as representative of social behavior. Data from the 2001 study, research design and implications of my proposed study is presented. Contact Information: Luis Antonio Ramos, SNRE/UF, 311 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, Phone: (352) 892-8372, Fax: (352) 392-6984, Email: [email protected]


105

Fire and the Proambiente Program in Eastern Acre State, Brazil: Regional Context and Dissemination to Local and Regional Societies Karla da Silva Rocha1, Sumaia Saudanha Vasconcelo2, Nara Vidal Pantoja2 and I. Foster Brown2,3

1Geography Department, Federal University of Acre – UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil 2Parque Zoobotanico, UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil 3 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, USA

The Brazilian Amazon is transforming rapidly through deforestation and fires. Extrapolation of current trends over the coming decades suggests that the Amazon could be converted to a mosaic of forests, agriculture lands, pastures and degraded areas; a significantly attributed to small rural producers. An excellent indicator of this conversion is fire frequency, indicated by the number of hot pixels derived from satellite imagery (http://www.cptec.inpe.br/queimadas/). Although Acre State represents a small percentage of the total hot pixels in the Brazilian Amazon, it contains a representative range of land uses and land covers. Deforestation is concentrated in the eastern region of the state, where five satellites detect 87% of the total number of hot pixels for the entire state. Tens of thousands of rural families live in this region and contribute significantly to the fires. The new Program of Socio-Environmental Development of Rural Family Production (Proambiente) proposes to reduce deforestation and fire utilization and will provide subsidies to sustain environmental services. In Acre, the Proambiente pilot program involves 400 families, which have between 10% to >80% of their properties covered by forests. The success of Proambiente depends on a critical step of developing understanding at the regional and local levels of the loss of environmental services (fire being a principal cause of this loss) and suggesting possible solutions. In 2004, we attempted to enhance regional understanding via four newspaper articles about fire and smoke, one TV interview, one international workshop, maps provided to schools and environmental institutions, four lectures in regional seminars, and four meetings with representatives of institutions which enforce fire regulations. We conducted five workshops for local communities on how to use satellite imagery and GPS measurements to help maintain environmental services. To be effective in changing the current projection of deforestation in Acre, it will be necessary to expand the Proambiente initiative to reach at least 10.000 rural families in the State of Acre, a 25-fold increase of the current pilot program. Contact Information: Karla da Silva Rocha, Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Br 364, km 4, CEP: 69915-900 Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. Phone: 55 68 212 3567, Fax: 55 68 229 6720, Email: [email protected]


106

Debt-for-Nature Swaps and the Tropical Forest Conservation Act, Implications for Conserving Forests in the Tropics. Pervaze A. Sheikh

Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C., USA Extensive foreign debt and degrading natural resources in developing nations led to the creation of debt-for-nature initiatives that reduced debt obligations and generated funds for the environment. These initiatives typically involved re-structuring, reducing, or buying a portion of outstanding debt of a developing country with a percentage of proceeds being used to support conservation programs within the debtor country. The United States has extended the utility of debt-for-nature transactions with the Tropical Forest Conservation Act. This Act enables the U.S. to re-structure debt of eligible developing countries in exchange for funds earmarked for conserving tropical forests within the debtor country. An overview of debt-for-nature transactions used under this Act is presented, as well as an analysis of the potential benefits and disadvantages of the implementing debt-for-nature transactions in countries with tropical forests. In conclusion, early lessons learned from implementing the Tropical Forest Conservation Act is discussed. The views expressed in this abstract are not necessarily those of the Congressional Research Service or the Library of Congress. Contact Information: Pervaze Sheikh, Congressional Research Service, 423 Madison Building, Washington D.C., USA 20540-7450, Phone: 202-707-6070, Fax: 202-707-3342, Email: [email protected]


107

Bamboo-Forest Structure and Dynamics, and the Forest Management in Acre State, Brazil: an Alert Signal to the Southwestern Amazonia Marcos Silveira

Universidade Federal do Acre, Natural Sciences Department, Rio Branco, AC, BRASIL To enhance equitable and responsible management of tropical forest the integrated knowledge of ecological processes in natural systems is needed. The bamboo forests in Acre State, southwestern Amazonia are an example of this; studies across scales show that some patterns observed in one scale are resulted from mechanisms occurring in others scales. At the individual scale, for example, evidence of physiological integration between ramets and clonal growth form combining guerrilla and phalanx strategies are mechanisms of sharing resources and space capture and foraging, that reflects the competitive abilities of the G. weberbaueri, the widespread bamboo species in the region. The culms growth is affected by the seasonality, but especially during the rainy season, the average increment in the total height was 3,4 m/month. The average net rate of the culms recruitment and mortality during 1996-2000 period, was respectively, 21% and 14%, both sensitive to the climatic variations in El Niño and La Niña years. The performance of this species at individual and population scales, contribute to the G. weberbaueri canopy dominance. The bamboo affects the community structure reducing the tree density, the basal area, and 30-50% of the carbon storage in the forest. As G. weberbaueri occurs in almost half of the Acre State, these data have implications for medium and large scale forest management. They can invade and dominate exploited areas very fast, affecting the floristic composition by reducing by almost 40% the number of species in a one hectare plot, that causes a richness loss, considered one of the smallest reported in Amazonia. The selective action of the bamboo favors the growth of early successional species, whose short life cycle may have direct implications on the forest dynamics and management; the annual tree mortality rate in these forests is 3,4%, superior to the median value found in neotropical forests. As this forest is one of the more dynamic in Amazonia, adapted management systems are needed to avoid dramatic changes in the structure and dynamics of the regional forests, and in the wood production. Contact Information: Marcos Silveira, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364, Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, Phone: 68 212-3662, Email: [email protected]


108

A Property-Level Analysis of Mato Grosso’s State Deforestation Licensing Program Claudia M. Stickler

School of Natural Resources & Environment, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Increased domestic and global demand for beef and soybeans drives ranchers and farmers in the Brazilian Amazon to convert large tracts of forest to pasture and planted fields at an alarming rate. Located at the hub of this agro-industrial expansion, the state of Mato Grosso lost over 10,000 km2 of forest in 2003: equivalent to nearly half of all deforestation in the Amazon that year and a 44% increase from the preceding year. According to the state’s environmental management agency, FEMA, more than two-thirds of this deforestation was illegal. Federal law requires landowners to maintain a percentage of their property as a “legal reserve” (80% of the property in the dense forest biome, 35% in the cerrado woodland biome), and to protect riparian zone vegetation, but enforcement has been difficult. To increase compliance, the state introduced a new licensing system in 1999, under which property owners intending to clear forest or woodland are required to register satellite-based maps of their properties and forest reserves. FEMA uses these maps to determine owners’ compliance. Recent state legislation requires that all landholders register their properties in this way, including those who are not soliciting deforestation licenses. By 2004, approximately 80,000 km2 of private property were registered under the program, and the same amount entered the process of being licensed. To evaluate the program’s effectiveness in reducing illegal clearing, we compare the amount of deforestation—both legal and illegal--on licensed versus unlicensed properties, using data for registered properties obtained from FEMA. We conduct a land cover change analysis using Landsat satellite imagery to independently establish annual deforestation tallies in selected regions of the state for the periods before and after the new system was introduced. We also compare the percentage of forest or cerrado vegetation maintained on licensed properties according to the satellite image analysis and FEMA’s registry. Preliminary analysis suggests that illegal deforestation is lower on licensed properties. Contact Information: Claudia M. Stickler, School of Natural Resources & Environment, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, Phone: 1-352-846-2804, Fax: 1-352-846-1332, Email: [email protected]


109

Ecology of Oil-Producing Palm Species: Implications for the Management of Native Palms in the Brazilian Amazon for Production of BioDiesel Joanna M Tucker

School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA With the launching of the ProBiodiesel Program by the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology in 2002, Brazil demonstrated a new dedication to alternative clean-burning fuels. Biodiesel is a combustible fuel, which can replace conventional diesel fuel, and is derived from vegetable oils found in a variety of fruits. Locally developed technologies already make conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel fuel possible, and several native palm species that occur abundantly in both forests and degraded lands in the Amazon annually produce large numbers of oil-rich fruits that can be exploited for biodiesel. Despite the abundance of palms across Amazonia and the vital importance of palms in the daily lives of Amazonian populations, the ecology of native oil-producing palm species remains poorly understood. While most palms favor forested environments, researchers have noted the aggressiveness of certain palm species in deforested lands, particularly in pastures. Few studies have carefully evaluated the impacts of forest conversion on palm communities or compared population dynamics between forested and deforested landscapes. With this study I aim to understand the ecology of native oil-producing palm populations in the Amazon in both forests and pastures, and apply this information toward building appropriate biodiesel management under two alternative scenarios: forest extraction and a mixed palm-pasture production system. The dependent variable in this study is palm productivity, or the annual amount of vegetable oil produced per area per year, which depends on both the number of fruits produced per palm (fecundity) and on the number of palm trees per area (population density). I propose that environmental conditions and the human land-use choices are the principal factors driving palm productivity and will answer the following research questions: (1) What environmental factors regulate the density and distribution of oil-producing palm populations in forested and deforested lands? (2) What environmental factors determine palm fecundity? and (3) How do land-use choices affect palm productivity – specifically, how do pasture management practices, such as fire intensity, weeding frequency, cattle stocking densities and pasture size influence productivity? Contact Information: Joanna M Tucker, School of Natural Resources and Environment, PO Box 110760, Gainesville, FL, USA 32611-0760, Phone: 352-846-2803, Fax: 352-846-1332, E-mail: [email protected]


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Progresses in FSC Certification for Community Forestry in the Brazilian Amazon Mauricio Voivodic and André Giacini de Freitas

IMAFLORA, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification involves a complicated process rendering it difficult to attain by communities and small landowners. This situation is changing in the Brazilian Amazon, which is indicated by the increase in community forestry certificates: the first operation was certified in 2002, presently four communities are certified, and another eight cases are in the final stages of the certification process. Two main factors contribute to this process: one linked to the growth and promotion of community-based forestry, and the other directly related to the certification. Two principal aspects characterize the sponsorship of community forestry: public policies and technical support. (i) Many improvements have been made concerning public policies for community forestry in the past few years. This is particularly evident in the state of Acre, where government policies provide incentives for communities to work with forest management. (ii) Regarding technical support, a network of governmental and non-governmental institutions presently supports community forestry operations for improving forest management. This generally targets wood production, but there are an increasing number of cases involving non-timber forest products. Three aspects are directly related to certification: cost reductions, informed certification groups and market demand. (i) New FSC policy for Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMFs) and initiatives from certification bodies, such as a Certification Social Fund significantly reduced the cost of certification. (ii) The increased number of certified community operations enables certifiers to better adapt the requirements of FSC to the individual situation of each community. (iii) With regard to market demand, certification is an effective mechanism to gain access to better paying markets for the increased demand for certified timber from community forestry operations. Such factors, in collaboration, contribute to facilitate the access and adoption of FSC forest certification by communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Today, the benefits derived from FSC certification are also available to communities that live in the forest and use forest resources for their livelihood. Contact Information: Mauricio Voivodic, IMAFLORA, cx postal 411, Cep. 13400.970, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Phone/Fax: +55 19 3414 4015, Email: [email protected]


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Brazil Nut Population Structure in Three Sites in the Acre River Valley, Brazil Rodrigo O. P. Serrano1, Lúcia H. O. Wadt, 2 and Karen A. Kainer3

1Masters student in ecology and management of natural resources, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil

2Embrapa-Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 3University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

In the Amazonian state of Acre, Brazil, Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) have been commercially collected for almost a century by traditional populations inhabiting the forests of the Acre River Valley. Brazil nut fruits fall to the ground in December through February when extractivists work almost exclusively in the collection and opening of these fruits to release the commercially valuable seeds or nuts. Based on income generated and labor utilized, this is the most important non-timber forest product activity in the state. Nonetheless, little is known about collection impacts on population structure. This study evaluated Brazil nut population structure in three traditional rubber tapper estates (sites) located in the municipalities of Xapuri and Brasiléia where the species occurs naturally: Filipinas, Cachoeira, and São Francisco Figueiredo. Four 9-ha plots were established in each site to examine juveniles (10 cm ≤ dbh < 50 cm) and reproductive adults (individuals ≥ 50 cm dbh). Within each hectare of each plot, 4-25x25 m subplots were randomly established to examine recruitment of seedlings (individuals < 1.5 m in height) and saplings (1.5 m in height ≤ individual < 10 cm dbh). Data collected for seedlings included height, diameter at base, and location within the subplot. For the other three classes, dbh, crown position, location within the plot or subplot, and data on vine presence were collected. One hundred and ninety-nine trees ≥ 10 cm dbh were encountered in the three sites, resulting in an average density of 2.01 individuals ha-1. Adult (≥ 50 cm dbh) densities were highest in Cachoeira (1.83 ha-1), followed by São Francisco Figueiredo (1.42 ha-1) and Filipinas (0.85 ha-1). However, Cachoeira had the lowest proportion of seedlings and saplings per adult (0.666) (São Francisco Figueiredo = 2.745 and Filipinas = 5.912). Average tree (juveniles and adults) dbh was different between sites (P ≤ 0.05) with Cachoeira having the highest average (95.5 cm) and Filipinas the smallest (70.9 cm). These preliminary data suggest differences in population dynamics between the three sites, possibly due to differences in nut collection intensities since Cachoeira has the longest Brazil nut collection history. Contact Information: Lúcia H.O. Wadt, Embrapa-Acre, BR-364, Km 14, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Ph: +55-68-212-3251, Fax: +55-68-212-3284, Email: [email protected]


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Liana Loads in Brazil Nut Trees in the Western Brazilian Amazon Lúcia H. O. Wadt1, Karen A. Kainer2, Daisy A.P.Gomes-Silva3 and Marinela Capanu2

1Embrapa-Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 2University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 3CNPq Fellow, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) is a long-lived emergent, distributed throughout much of the Amazon’s terra firme forests, and lianas that climb this forest dominant are in a superior position for accessing light. However, traditional ecological knowledge expressed by local extractivists asserts that lianas negatively impact Brazil nut yield. We investigated Brazil nut-liana relations in a 420 ha forest located in Extractive Reserve Chico Mendes in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Our objectives were twofold: (1) To determine the relationship between Brazil nut crown vine loads and vine origin, number, and basal area; and (2) To determine the relationship between vine loads and Brazil nut tree fruit and nut yield, diameter growth, and crown form, position and area. One hundred and forty reproductively mature trees (≥ 50 cm dbh) were studied, representing four crown liana load categories: (1) no lianas; and (2) ≤ 25%, (3) 25 to 75%, and (4) >75% crown covered. To further explore lianas on each tree, vine origin, number, basal area, and family-level taxonomy were assessed. Fruit and nut production were quantified in 2002 and 2003, and diameter growth was measured for two consecutive 12-month periods. Liana loads were explained by both vine basal area and number of vines (P ≤ 0.0001), and 90% of the associated lianas originated within 10 m of the trees. Almost half of the lianas were within the Bignoniaceae family. Trees with >25% of the crown covered with vines produced significantly fewer fruits and nuts than trees with ≤ 25% of the crown covered. Trees peaked in production at approximately 150 cm dbh, and those trees with perfect and good crowns produced significantly more fruits than those with tolerable, poor or very poor crowns. Average number of fruits produced per tree was not significantly different between years (69.6 and 71.4 in 2002 and 2003, respectively). Unexpectedly, trees with no lianas present in the crown and those with the most (≤ 75% of the crown covered) demonstrated the best growth rates. Liana loads were not significantly correlated with crown position or size, but trees with heavy liana loads had crowns with the poorest forms. Results suggest experimenting with liana cutting as a possible treatment to enhance nut yields. Contact Information: Lúcia H.O. Wadt, Embrapa-Acre, BR-364, Km 14, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Phone: +55-68-212-3251, Fax: +55-68-212-3284, Email: [email protected]


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Land and Forest Policies in the Brazilian Amazon: Conflict or Consistency*

Joseph S. Weiss1, Richard G. Pasquis2, Alessandra Valéria da Silva3 and Luciana Machado4 1University of Brasília, Brazil 2CIRAD (Center for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development), France 3Chamber of Deputies, Brazil 4National Indian Foundation – FUNAI, Brazil

Brazilian public policies to occupy (including most land policy) and to protect (including forestry policy) the Amazon have been contradictory. This study analyzes land and forest regulations in the Amazon based on surveys carried out in six states and at twelve settlements. The Agrarian Development Ministry’s and state land regulations are reviewed in four areas: recovering grabbed government land, settlements, environmental agenda and land titling. The Amazon has not had a true agrarian reform. Instead of redistributing land, colonization has been consistent with other regional occupation policies, opening cheap, new lands to deal with labor surpluses, leading to environmental devastation and social conflicts. While the Cardoso government may have achieved its numerical goals in terms of settled families, largely by taking forest in the Amazon, high rates of abandoned depleted lots show they were not sustainable, often aggrandizing cattle ranches. On the positive side, public lands began to be recovered from land grabbers and transferred to national parks and forests, as well as for settlement. Recently, more public policies are turning towards sustainable development. In addition to a few forestry settlements for community-based forest management and “quality agrarian reform”, the Lula government is implementing crosscutting environment policies such as efforts to build a Sustainable Amazon Plan, initially through the already-begun Action Plan to Prevent and Control Deforestation, the National Forests Plan and the Sustainable Cuiabá-Santarém Highway Area Plan. To implement land and forest regulations, further efforts are need to educate staff and beneficiaries on the environment, improve and make forest regulations more effective and overcome existing inertia between the planned and the implemented, due to funding and institutional limitations. While there is now political will to change policies, implementation strategies, funds and broad backing by key political actors are not assured. Contact Information: Joseph S. Weiss, SCLN 406 Bloco C Sala 109, 70. 847-530 Brasília, DF, Brazil, Phone/FAX: 55-61-273-5209, Email: [email protected] *Partly based on study contracted to FINATEC (Foundation associated with the University of Brasília) by the UNDP as part of the Amazon Forest Management Support Project (ProManejo) of the Pilot Program to Protect Brazilian Rainforests, supervised by the Secretariat of Biodiversity and Forests of the Ministry of the Environment, Brazil with British funding.


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Tree-Crop Diversity and Nontimber Forest Products on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands Sarah Workman1, Edward Ellis1 and Manual Palada2

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2University of the Virgin Islands, St Croix, VI, USA

Only 6% of the Virgin Islands remain covered with natural forest or woodland. Land use designs that combine annual and perennial crops can be employed to enhance food production, rehabilitate forested lands of the Virgin Islands, and buffer loss of additional natural forest. A participatory inventory of farms and homegardens was made to characterize species composition and geographic distribution with 204 farmers on St. Croix during 2003. Two objectives of the on-going project are to foster tree conservation on small farm watersheds and to promote marketing and enterprise development of nontimber products with local institutions, producers, and landowners. Based on survey results, data on soils, topography, vegetation and land use, GIS techniques are being used to integrate information and assist in determination of viable planting sites for native tree and fruit tree species. Semi-structured interviews and resource transects across each sample site with producers during 2003 confirmed 74 total tree species with mango, avocado, coconut, young mamee apple, and papaya as the most abundant fruit species. When asked what tree species they would plant, 95% wanted something to eat or sell. The most preferred Caribbean species for future planting named were mamee (Mammea americana), mespel (Manilkara zapota), sugar apple (Annona squamosa) and guavaberry (Myrciaria floribunda). Of the producers interviewed, 60% have a current business and 86% would like to begin or expand business. Additional data will be used for spatial analysis, formulate strategies to collect germplasm, site selection for on-farm trials and realize forestry activities with local partners. Contact Information: Sarah Workman, PO Box 110831, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0831, USA, Phone: 706 542 9737, Email: [email protected]


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Identifying and Measuring the Impacts of Community-Based Ecotourism on Livelihood Systems and Land-Use Decisions in the Maya Forest Miriam S Wyman1 and Taylor Stein2

1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, the Maya Forest is considered the largest area of humid, subtropical forest remaining in Central America. Today its natural and cultural richness is threatened by human population pressures, insufficient viable socio-economic opportunities, and unsustainable forest practices. In response, conservation initiatives are increasingly combining conservation with economic incentives and development; community-based ecotourism (CBE) is one such example. The appeal for many CBE projects is its potential for alleviating poverty and providing socio-economic alternatives to destructive activities, such as unsustainable forest harvesting, over-hunting, and expanding agriculture. Little is known, however, about the linkages between ecotourism benefits and conservation impacts. Considering CBE’s popularity and funding efforts within the Maya Forest, further assessments of existing projects are needed before deciding appropriate methods for implementing CBE in specific areas, or if CBE is even the most appropriate choice for conservation. This research examines the relationship between CBE projects located around protected areas and other household livelihood activities, such as slash-and-burn agriculture, chicle extraction, hunting, charcoal production, and ranching within several communities located around the 5000 ha Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh Reserve in Yucatan State, Mexico. An Ethnographic Linear Modeling tool for examining household livelihood systems and a Land-Use Land-Cover Change (LULCC) analysis of the forest landscape on a spatial and temporal scale are among the tools that will further evaluate if ecotourism activities are promoting conservation of protected forest area resources within the Maya Forest’s indigenous, rural communities. Contact Information: Miriam S Wyman, NSF/Working Forests in the Tropics Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Phone: (352) 846-0902, FAX: (352) 846-1277, Email: [email protected]


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Author Index Bold numbers indicate presenting authors.

Agama, Agnes Lee ..................................................34 Alarcón, Alfredo......................................................98 Alencar, Ane............................................................18 Almeida, Oriana T. .............................................. 7, 43 Almeyda, Angelica M. ............................................44 Amacher, Gregory S................................................52 Amaral, Paulo..........................................................24 Amoo , I. A..............................................................71 Anderson, Brooke....................................................29 Angelsen, Arild .......................................................13 Ankersen, Tom ........................................................49 Anye, Dennis ...........................................................75 Argüelles, Marcelo ............................................45, 46 Armijo-Canto, Natalia .............................................47 Armstrong, Gordon..................................................24 Arriagada, Rodrigo..................................................48 Asner, Gregory P. .............................................. 58, 82 Atembe, Peter ..........................................................63 Azevedo-Ramos, Claudia ..................................18, 99 Ballester, Wemerson Chimello................................66 Barandiarán, Alberto ............................................. 103 Barnes, Grenville.....................................................49 Barrientos, Lilian Márquez......................................50 Baten, Cassia Sanzida..............................................51 Bauch, Simone C. ....................................................52 Becker, Maia S. .......................................................25 Bedoya, Ricardo ......................................................74 Benneker, Charlotte E. B.........................................53 Bilsborrow, Richard E. ............................................57 Blate, G. M. .............................................................54 Boas, André Villas ..................................................66 Bolker, Benjamin.....................................................54 Brandeis, Thomas J. ................................................55 Brasil, Alexandre Anders .................................. 45, 56 Braswell, Bobby ......................................................96 Bray, David B................................................ 101, 102 Bráz, Evaldo Muños ................................................68 Bremner, Jason ........................................................57 Breuer, Norman .......................................................83 Broadbent, Eben N. .................................................58 Brown, I. Foster............................................... 88, 105 Brown, Nick ............................................................27 Cahuapaza, Hugo.....................................................29 Calderon, Ronald.....................................................88 Camargo, Vicente .................................................. 100 Capanu, Marinela .................................................. 112

Carvalho, Oswaldo de, Jr.........................................18 Cattaneo, Andrea .......................................................8 Chaverri, Priscila .....................................................59 Chirinos, Carlos.......................................................17 Chua, Rachel ...........................................................34 Chytil, Manuel Avila ...............................................83 Cleary, David...........................................................36 Cole-Christensen, Darryl .........................................77 Condon, Brian .........................................................60 Cooper, Amanda......................................................58 Cossío, Rosa E.........................................................61 Crill, Patrick ............................................................82 Cubbage, Frederick............................................ 48, 62 Curran, Lisa M. .......................................................18 Cyprian-Nkeng, Asong............................................63 d’Oliveira, Marcus V. N. .........................................68 da Silva, Alessandra Valéria.................................. 113 da Silva, Geraldo Mosimann .............................64, 66 de Araujo, Henrique José Borges ............................68 de Athayde, Simone Ferreira ............................. 64, 66 de Freitas, André Giacini....................................... 110 de Menezes, Paula Mendonça .................................66 de Oliveira, Raimundo Cosme, Jr............................82 Deason, Ginger ........................................................65 Dias, Jadson D.........................................................82 Diaz, Maria del Carmen Vera....................................7 DiGiano, Maria........................................................67 Douglas, Ellen M.....................................................69 Duchelle, Amy.........................................................70 e Silva , Zenobio Abel Gouvêa Perelli da Gama .....45 Eleyinmi, A. F. ........................................................71 Eleyinmi, A. R.........................................................71 Ellis, Edward A. ............................................ 101, 114 Espinel, Luis G. .......................................................29 Espinosa, Santiago...................................................72 Fay, Chip .................................................................14 Ferreira, Arnaldo .....................................................62 Ford, Anabel...................................................... 73, 89 Fredericksen, Todd S......................................... 54, 98 Gezan, Salvador.......................................................81 Gomes-Silva, Daisy A. P....................................... 112 Gonzalez-J , Eugenio......................................... 48, 74 González-Moreno, Alejandra ............................ 84, 85 Gordon, A. M. .........................................................80 Gray, Clark ..............................................................57 Green, Arthur...........................................................75


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Guerreiro, Ivana.......................................................86 Guillén-Trujillo, Hugo A. ........................................76 Gutiérrez, Viviana..................................................103 Hagen, Stephen ........................................................96 Haines, Bruce L. ......................................................77 Hazlewood, Juli .......................................................78 Humphries, Shoana S...............................................79 Isaac, M. E. ..............................................................80 Jacobson, Susan K. ..................................................72 Jiménez, Victoria Santos..........................................47 Junqueira, Paulo.......................................................66 Kaimowitz, David....................................................39 Kainer, Karen A.......................................70, 111, 112 Kaufmann, Robert......................................................7 Keefe, Kelly.............................................................81 Keller, Michael ..................................................82, 96 Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna.......................................10 Langholtz, Matthew.................................................83 Lawrence, Anna.......................................................27 Leirana-Alcocer, Jorge L. ..................................84, 85 Licona, Juan Carlos .................................................98 Littell, Ramon..........................................................58 Lu-Holt, Flora ..........................................................57 Luzar, Jeffrey...........................................................86 MacDonagh, Patricio ...............................................62 MacDonald, Alice....................................................18 Machado, Luciana..................................................113 Majluf, Patricia ........................................................17 Marín-Spiotta, Erika ................................................87 Marshall, Elaine.......................................................26 Martin, Gary J..........................................................34 Martínez, Gilber.......................................................29 Menchaca, Roberto ................................................100 Mendoza, Elsa..........................................................88 Meneses, Erick.........................................................17 Menton, Mary C.......................................................27 Merry, Frank D. .................................................27, 52 Millard, Edward.......................................................29 Miller, Robert ..........................................................83 Mohamed, Maryati ..................................................34 Molnar, Augusta ......................................................21 Moore, Kelly L. .......................................................89 Moreira, Adriana G..................................................16 Morse, Wayde C. .....................................................90 Mostacedo, Bonifacio ..............................................91 Mueller-Riverstone, Gerald .....................................92 Muniz, Paulo Sérgio Braña......................................93 Nais, Jamili ..............................................................34 Nepstad, Daniel C. ...................................7, 18, 43, 81 Neto, Manuel Amaral ..............................................24

Newton, Adrian........................................................26 Obasi, Uchechukwu Chikodi ...................................94 Oliveira, Ana Cristina M. ........................................18 Oliveira, Luiz Claudio .............................................68 Oshodi, A. A. ...........................................................71 Ostertag, Rebecca ....................................................87 Otu, Uwem R. ..........................................................95 Palace, Michael........................................................96 Palacios, Turian .......................................................91 Palada, Manual ......................................................114 Paniagua, Franklin ...................................................97 Pantoja, Nara Vidal................................................105 Pariona, Wiliam .......................................................98 Pasquis, Richard G.................................................113 Pattanayak, Subhrendu ............................................48 Peña-Claros, Marielos..................................54, 58, 98 Penados, Filiberto ....................................................33 Perz, Stephen ...........................................................44 Peterson, Chris.........................................................77 Phillips, Paul D. .......................................................54 Pinto, Andréia C. B..................................................99 Pomeroy, Carlton...................................................100 Poorter, Lourens ......................................................54 Porter-Bolland, Luciana.........................................101 Putz, Francis E. ..................................................54, 98 Quashie-Sam, J. .......................................................80 Racelis, Alexis E..............................................28, 102 Ráez-Luna, Ernesto F. .......................................15, 29 Raich, James ............................................................74 Ramos, Luis Antonio .....................................103, 104 Rios, Favio...............................................................88 Robert, Iboro............................................................95 Rocha, Carlos Ovídeo Duarte ..................................56 Rocha, Karla da Silva ............................................105 Ross, Cathy..............................................................17 Ruiz-Bernard, Ivelisse .............................................77 Russell, Annie..........................................................74 Sabido, Wilber .........................................................65 Saltzberg, Ilan ........................................................103 Santiago-Smith, Melanie C......................................73 Sawinski, Jose..........................................................62 Schedlbauer, Jessica ................................................90 Schmink, Marianne..................................................44 Schreckenberg, Kathrin ...........................................26 Schwartzman, Stephan.............................................35 Sebastian, Kate ........................................................69 Serrano, Rodrigo O. P............................................111 Sesnie, Steve............................................................90 Shanley, Patricia ......................................................22 Sheikh, Pervaze A..................................................106


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Sills, Erin..................................................... 22, 48, 65 Silva, Hudson ..........................................................82 Silveira, Marcos.....................................................107 Silver, Whendee L. ..................................................87 Sirait, Martua...........................................................14 Siry, Jacek ...............................................................62 Smith, Richard Chase ..............................................23 Soares, Britaldo .......................................................18 Soria, Carlos ............................................................15 Stein, Taylor .......................................................... 115 Stepp, J. R................................................................76 Stickler, Claudia M............................................ 7, 108 Tiayon, Francois ......................................................75 Timmer, V. R...........................................................80 Tucker, Joanna M. .................................................109 Valqui, Michael .......................................................17

Varner, Ruth ............................................................82 Vasconcelo, Sumaia Saudanha .............................. 105 Veríssimo, Adalberto.................................................3 Vílchez, Braulio.......................................................59 Villca, Armando ......................................................91 Voivodic, Mauricio................................................110 Vörösmarty, Charles J. ............................................69 Wadt, Lúcia H. O. ......................................... 111, 112 Weiss, Joseph S. ....................................................113 Wood, Stanley .........................................................69 Workman, Sarah....................................................114 Wunder, Sven ............................................................9 Wyman, Miriam S. ................................................115 Zarin, Daniel...................................................... 58, 81 Zorthea, Kátia..........................................................66


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Notes

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