Workforce 2024 - SHRM · 9/29/2014  · By 2050, a Majority of the U.S. Workforce Will Be Hispanic...

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Workforce 2024: Transforming Your Mindset for the Evolution of Work SHRM Foundation 2014 Thought Leaders Retreat September 29, 2014

Transcript of Workforce 2024 - SHRM · 9/29/2014  · By 2050, a Majority of the U.S. Workforce Will Be Hispanic...

  • Workforce 2024:Transforming Your Mindset for the Evolution of Work

    SHRM Foundation2014 Thought Leaders Retreat

    September 29, 2014

  • The EIU Report Highlights Important Themes for Our Future

    • Challenging demographic shifts

    – An aging population in many areas– Large pockets of youth

    • A broad mismatch between education and opportunity

    – Rise of the service sector– Concerns regarding educational vigor

    • Technology-driven changes in the way work is done

    – Remote, globally linked– Decline of mid-tier jobs

    • Growing workplace diversity

    Evolution of Workand the Worker

    2 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • And Issues a Challenge . . .

    Major companies . . . have the resources and the collective manpower to understand and even fashion the future, and then modify their organizations accordingly. . . .People are the very lifeblood of a knowledge economy. And those people, along with their working routine and the nature of their jobs, are changing in front of our eyes. Will companies be sufficiently alert and nimble to respond to this huge challenge?

    3 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • What’s New About the Workers?

    • Hispanic• Female• Old(er)• Entrepreneurial• Mobile

    4 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H7paK5UjskFj8M&tbnid=O4RUiOEgfXnyVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.glennllopis.com/2011/01/hispanic-leadership-in-the-next-decade-we-must-unite-to-earn-the-right-to-have-sustainable-influence.html&ei=aK52UqveK5a1sATAsYCABw&bvm=bv.55819444,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNG3n5PO4z_sOnsrDlXUJ6TJ1P0dQA&ust=1383595998633588http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H7paK5UjskFj8M&tbnid=O4RUiOEgfXnyVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.glennllopis.com/2011/01/hispanic-leadership-in-the-next-decade-we-must-unite-to-earn-the-right-to-have-sustainable-influence.html&ei=aK52UqveK5a1sATAsYCABw&bvm=bv.55819444,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNG3n5PO4z_sOnsrDlXUJ6TJ1P0dQA&ust=1383595998633588

  • Pulling in Divergent Directions

    The workforce within large corporations

    People who do work broadly

    5 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UcH7_XC1mu5BZM&tbnid=2BqakmUTIqoEMM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://seekingsharedlearning.blogspot.com/2013/06/tug-of-war.html&ei=egcxU7zKJ4juoAT4_4DADg&psig=AFQjCNFxrnYRvrds3CEw0olcF-jnv0_uXw&ust=1395808506700790http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UcH7_XC1mu5BZM&tbnid=2BqakmUTIqoEMM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://seekingsharedlearning.blogspot.com/2013/06/tug-of-war.html&ei=egcxU7zKJ4juoAT4_4DADg&psig=AFQjCNFxrnYRvrds3CEw0olcF-jnv0_uXw&ust=1395808506700790

  • By 2050, a Majority ofthe U.S. Workforce Will Be Hispanic• By 2050, Hispanics will represent 55% of the nation’s workers, aged 18-65• On average, Hispanics are almost a decade younger than the general

    population• More than a third of Hispanics are less than 18 years old• Fertility rates of Hispanics are higher than the natural replacement level

    Source: Nevaer, Louis E. V. and Vaso Perimenis Ekstein, HR and the New Hispanic Workforce, Davies-Black Publishing, 2007

    6 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GqXS_mOyt0odoM&tbnid=GEh53nv-o5649M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://govcentral.monster.com/benefits/articles/387-federal-workforce-diversity-why-agencies-seek-out-minority-workers&ei=fqp5UrbMFMGpsATGuoH4DQ&bvm=bv.55980276,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNGPhPcQ_R8jN-T1DTgU1IR64LlzSg&ust=1383791588484506http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GqXS_mOyt0odoM&tbnid=GEh53nv-o5649M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://govcentral.monster.com/benefits/articles/387-federal-workforce-diversity-why-agencies-seek-out-minority-workers&ei=fqp5UrbMFMGpsATGuoH4DQ&bvm=bv.55980276,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNGPhPcQ_R8jN-T1DTgU1IR64LlzSg&ust=1383791588484506

  • Proportion of the U.S. Working-Age Population, Ages 25-64

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    90

    1980 2020

    WhiteAfrican AmericanAsianNative AmericansHispanic or Latino

    Sources: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Population Projections, based on the 2000 Census

    7 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Projected Change in the U.S. Population, 2000-2020

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    0 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 65 andOlder

    WhiteAsianAfrican AmericanHispanic or Latino

    Source: U.S. Census Bureau

    Mill

    ions

    8 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • College Enrollment Rates Among18 to 24-Year-Old High School Grads

    Source: Pew Research Center

    analysis of the CPS Historical School Enrollment Time

    Series Tables

    9 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Hispanics Are Likely to be the Most Important Source of Talent for Large Firms

    • The overall Hispanic population is growing rapidly

    • Hispanics are particularly drawn to larger, well-established firms with recognized brands

    • Gen Y’s as a whole prefer working in small organizations and having entrepreneurial opportunities

    – A recent Deloitte survey found that only 20% of Y’s overall want to be a leader in a large organization

    Source: Deloitte 2013

    10 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    Source: “Building and Supporting Ethnic Diversity,” Tammy Erickson Associates 2013

  • • Hispanics place a large value on an employer’s stability and reputation– Companies should emphasize well-thought-out career development options --

    attractive promotion possibilities and access to skills required to attain them

    • Work plays a very important role in Hispanics’ lives– A major source of pride and a route to upward mobility and economic security

    • Learning and development are core elements of the optimum experience– Receiving needed training and development is important in creating engagement

    • Job security and the employer’s reputation and stability are extremely important to the Hispanic workforce

    – 91% said the company would have to be financially stable and secure

    Emphasize Traditional Values . . .

    Source: “Building and Supporting Ethnic Diversity,” Tammy Erickson Associates 2013

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    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H7paK5UjskFj8M&tbnid=O4RUiOEgfXnyVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.glennllopis.com/2011/01/hispanic-leadership-in-the-next-decade-we-must-unite-to-earn-the-right-to-have-sustainable-influence.html&ei=aK52UqveK5a1sATAsYCABw&bvm=bv.55819444,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNG3n5PO4z_sOnsrDlXUJ6TJ1P0dQA&ust=1383595998633588http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H7paK5UjskFj8M&tbnid=O4RUiOEgfXnyVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.glennllopis.com/2011/01/hispanic-leadership-in-the-next-decade-we-must-unite-to-earn-the-right-to-have-sustainable-influence.html&ei=aK52UqveK5a1sATAsYCABw&bvm=bv.55819444,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNG3n5PO4z_sOnsrDlXUJ6TJ1P0dQA&ust=1383595998633588

  • • Hispanics are not looking for traditional work arrangements

    – Often part of large extended families, with a strong sense of responsibility to other family members, most Hispanics are looking for flexible arrangements

    • Ideal work arrangements include time shifting, asynchronous work, and flexible schedules

    – Embrace family-friendly flexibility• Provide ways to communicate workplace

    success with a broad community– Include innovative status-related recognition

    (such as badging) that can be easily shared with an extended community

    . . . Offer Forward-Thinking Practices

    Source: “Building and Supporting Ethnic Diversity,” Tammy Erickson Associates 2013

    12 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    http://g92.org/immigration-and-family-values/hispanic-family/http://g92.org/immigration-and-family-values/hispanic-family/

  • Women in the Workforce

    “Women are poised to play a significant role in the global economy in the coming decade – as significant as that of the billion-plus populations of India and China– yet this Billion has not yet received sufficient attention in many countries from governments, business leaders or other decision makers. This represents a missed opportunity.”

    Melanne VerveerU.S. Ambassador-at-Largefor Global Women’s Issues

    Source: “Unlocking the full potential of women at work,” Joanna Barsh and Lareina Lee, McKinsey & Company, 2012

    13 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=women+around+the+world&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=UH2QooK5NTB2VM&tbnid=yQd7I6PQ5Cz02M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://kidculture.org/tag/best-places-for-women-around-the-world/&ei=OCLkUd6JE4apyAHhioGADg&bvm=bv.48705608,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEMKSMVPRwU-5p6dFcJ-VU01ek2dw&ust=1373991856871344http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=women+around+the+world&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=UH2QooK5NTB2VM&tbnid=yQd7I6PQ5Cz02M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://kidculture.org/tag/best-places-for-women-around-the-world/&ei=OCLkUd6JE4apyAHhioGADg&bvm=bv.48705608,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEMKSMVPRwU-5p6dFcJ-VU01ek2dw&ust=1373991856871344

  • Educational Attainment in 2013

    Associate Degrees

    MenWomen

    Masters Degrees

    MenWomen

    Doctorates

    MenWomen

    Bachelor Degrees

    MenWomen

    14 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Important Educational Gainsfor Women Around the World

    Proportion of Adults with Tertiary Education

    Source: “Report on the Gender Initiative: Gender Equity in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship,” OECD, May 2011.

    15 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    PresenterPresentation Notes

  • Fixing the “Leaky Pipeline”

    • Design task-based work– Structuring important work so it

    can only be done on a full-time basis severely limits its attractiveness to women (and many men)

    • Make flexible hours the norm– Equating long hours with the price

    of success has a profoundly negative effect on women’s emotional commitment to the company

    • Show approbation for diversity– Leaders who exhibit a warm

    acceptance of diverse perspectives, along with an appreciation of and curiosity about different points of view, are more inviting to women

    Source: “Women in the Global Workforce,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

    16 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • The Re-Generation’s Shared Experiences

    17 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    From 2008 onward• Recession and refinancing• Resource shortages – energy,

    water• Self-reliant parents• Reality TV• Mobile technology

    The cold water reality of inconvenient truths

    Those born after 1995 are not Millennials or Gen Y’s

    Source: “Preparing for the Re-Generation,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

  • Characteristics of the Re-Generation . . .

    Piggy Bank Kids: They defer gratification and save for the futureDigitization of Status: They will downsize and accrue value in new formsNor a Borrower Be: They will rent – and generally access goods and services in innovative ways – and are reluctant to incur debtSwap Shop: They recycle, share, borrow, trade and barterParenting by Text: They are normal, not exceptional, users of technologyHashtag: They function in – and through – a networkE-Trade Experts: They are licensed and authorizedModern McGuyvers: They improviseFinite Limits: They care about the environmentSomething for Everyone: They compromise

    18 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    Source: “Preparing for the Re-Generation,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

  • Preparing for the Re-Gens: New Finances

    • They will be unlikely to make impulse purchases of major items based on financing offers• The popularity of old fashioned models for purchasing, such as lay-away, will grow • Industries dependent on consumer credit must adapt to their reluctance to incur debt • Debit cards and pre-loaded purchase cards will increase in popularity over credit cards• They will have an extended sense of time, a willingness to be enrolled for the long term

    and to defer gratification

    Source: “Preparing for the Re-Generation,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

    19 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • For Re-Gens, Neither Houses Nor CarsAre Status Symbols

    05

    101520253035404550

    A nice home is an important status symbol A nice car is an important status symbol

    Perc

    ent

    Agree Strongly Agree

    Results based on a proprietary online survey of 1,077 teens, ages 13, 14, 15, and 16, conducted in October 2012

    by Carbonview Research for Tammy Erickson Associates

    Source: “Preparing for the Re-Generation,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

    20 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Preparing for the Re-Gens: New Offerings

    • Most have an utilitarian view of capital goods and a diminished desire for ownership

    • Home ownership rates are likely to decline – many will rent for significant portions of their lives

    • Develop business models to spread the cost of goods over a broader network of individuals

    – Leverage technology to find creative approaches to access goods on-demand

    – Play to their financial caution• Expect the Re-Gens to live in cities where they can take

    advantage of public transportation and other shared services –consider when locating offices and outlets

    • Re-Gens’ better understanding of the value of money and savings will influence their preferences for benefits

    – They will be smarter consumers of health care, and raise their expectations for retirement and pension plans from employers

    Source: “Preparing for the Re-Generation,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

    21 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Behavior for a World of Finite Limits

    • Sensitivity to multiple points of view

    • Pragmatic consideration of trade-offs and long-term balance

    • Acceptance of compromise as inevitable – a normal and necessary process

    • Group dynamics that recognize differing needs

    • While Gen Y’s were good at collaboration, the Re-Gens bring the added skill of compromiseSource: “Preparing for the Re-Generation,”

    Tammy Erickson Associates 2014

    22 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Globally, Many of the Re-GensLive in China and India

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400

    US Brazil China Egypt Germany India Nigeria Russia SaudiArabia

    UnitedKingdom

    Mill

    ions

    0-1415-29

    Source: International Data Base, US Census Bureau

    23 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Significant Shifts within the Workforce: Gender Imbalance

    0 50 100 150

    China

    India

    Women in their 20'sMen in their 20's

    Male Surplus in 2025 China 16 millionIndia 11 million

    Population in 2025

    24 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Global Youth

    • Appreciate– Withhold judgment – don’t jump to

    conclusions

    • Acknowledge– Legitimize diverse perspectives– Be cautious of “global” approaches

    • Arbitrate– Surface differences and establish

    clear and effective group norms

    • Adapt– Frame and deliver messages in ways

    that are meaningful to each individual

    Source: “Generations and Geography,”Tammy Erickson Associates 2013

    25 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Declining Birth Rates Around the World

    Source: "Changing Global Demographics," H.S. Dent Publishing, 2007, based on data from the United Nations.

    4

    6

    2

    0

    1

    3

    5

    Births per 100 Population

    1820 1900 1950 1998

    African Avg

    India

    Brazil

    ChinaUnited States

    Western European Average

    Japan

    26 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • United States: Population Pyramid

    Source: International Data Base, U.S. Census Bureau

    27 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Germany: Population Pyramid

    Source: International Data Base, U.S. Census Bureau

    28 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Thirty Productive YearsAfter Your First Corporate Career

    13.6

    19.420-25

    1.2

    Year

    s

    30 +

    29 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    Chart1

    1900

    1980

    1990

    2000

    2010

    1960

    1.2

    13.6

    19.4

    22

    30

    Sheet1

    19001980199020002010

    19601.213.619.42230

  • Life Expectancy After Pensionable Age

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30

    United States

    United Kingdom

    Spain

    OECD Average

    Italy

    Germany

    France

    MenWomen

    Age in Years

    Source: Pensions at a Glance: Retirement-income Systemsin OECD and G20 Countries, OECD, 2011

    30 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • The Human Race Is DevelopingNew Life Stages

    Old AgeActive AdulthoodChildhoodActive Adulthood(post child-rearing)

    Odyssey Years

    Gen Y’s have added a 10 year period of exploration:

    Odyssey Years

    Most Boomers will havea 30 year period of post child-rearing

    Active Adulthood

    31 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • The Most Significant New Life StageOccurs After Age 60

    Old AgeActive AdulthoodChildhood

    Active Adulthood(post child-rearing)

    Odyssey Years

    18-20 30-ish 60-65 90+

    32 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • What Are the Implicationsof This Life Stage?

    • For individuals: Retire retirement . . . or have a really good, 30-year plan• For society: Capitalize on a plethora of human capital

    – Harness energy, time, and skills for social, entrepreneurial, cultural benefit– Create national (or global) “give back” programs – Boomers are the generation to

    do it

    • For governments: Assume – and assure – economic contribution• For businesses: Prepare to tap into the largest pools of talent possible

    – Recognize that we are headed for a talent shortage– Even the increasing rate of participation in the workforce forecasted for older

    people will not compensate for the decreasing rate of participation by younger people. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics has projected an overall decrease of 1.5 % in the labor force participation rate by 2018.

    • For Gen X’ers: Create new roles for them

    Source for BLS data: “Flex Strategies To Attract, Engage & Retain Older Workers,” Innovative Practices Executive Case Report No. 5, The Sloan Center for Aging & Work at Boston College, 2012

    33 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Break the Stereotypes: Some WorkBenefits from Age and ExperienceFour major relationships between work and age:

    1. Age-enhanced activities – performance benefits from experience;2. Age-neutral activities – work that requires firmly established skills that can be

    used automatically with no influence of age3. Age-counteracted activities – aging workers face increased difficulty in some areas

    but are able to compensate;4. Age-impaired activities – tasks demanding

    speed and muscle power, such as those requiring continuous rapid information processing (air traffic controllers) and/or strenuous physical activity (professional athletes)

    • Often any decline in cognitive processes is due to disuse or atrophy and can be counter-acted through positive challenge

    Source: “Working and Ageing: Emerging Theories and Empirical Perspectives,” European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Publications Office of the European Union, 2010 citing Warr, 1994

    34 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • The Shape of Careers to Come:“Down Shifting” for Ongoing Contribution

    20s

    30s

    40s50s

    60s

    70s

    80sCareer

    Development

    Career Deceleration

    Source: Workforce Crisis: How to Beat the Coming Shortage of Skills and Talent by Dychtwald, Erickson, and Morison, April 2006

    35 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Ten Plus One:Actions to Take Now!

    1. Restructure the time and place of work 2. Make work physically easier 3. Develop approaches to tap expertise4. Broaden your definition of “workforce” 5. Leverage Boomers’ specialized skills,

    unique capabilities, and lifestyle 6. Help them plan7. Train them8. Help them experiment 9. Help them leverage their skills outside

    your organization 10. Develop realistic succession plans and

    well-grounded workforce strategies

    36 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    1. Turn the leadership reins over to Generation X

    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=dLRs794YSMGPgM&tbnid=VOjkODmKcGv4MM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.sodahead.com/united-states/should-older-workers-be-kicked-out-of-the-workplace/question-1886275/&ei=AJYpVNDRCMnaoASgyIKwBg&psig=AFQjCNEXwRTIo3GGq8nHhrcKFXasid_5Pw&ust=1412097920267192http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=dLRs794YSMGPgM&tbnid=VOjkODmKcGv4MM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.sodahead.com/united-states/should-older-workers-be-kicked-out-of-the-workplace/question-1886275/&ei=AJYpVNDRCMnaoASgyIKwBg&psig=AFQjCNEXwRTIo3GGq8nHhrcKFXasid_5Pw&ust=1412097920267192

  • The Contingent Workforce:30% Today, Growing 3-4 Times Faster

    The notion of permanency is slipping away . . . The idea of lifetime employment is gone . . . The idea of teams where all of the people come from within one company is past . . .

    It’s a contingent world

    Source: Lessons of the ‘Great Recession,’” Adecco USA White Paper, December 21, 2010, from The Contingent Knowledge Workforce, by Dr. Margaret Schweer, March 17, 2011

    37 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • An Explosion of Mobile Technology Offering Constant Contact

    • Small mobile devices with significant computing power have become a routine part of day-to-day life

    • By age 11, half of the children in the U.S. have their own cell phones

    • 6% of 2- to 5-year-olds have their own smartphone

    Source: “CyberTots: Pre-teens Drive iPad Purchases, Join Social Networks,” Jack Neff, Advertising Age, April 20, 2011; LMX Family Study 2011, Ipsos OTX

    38 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • Technology Drives News Ideas About Work

    • Expect new relationships to authority –“authorized”

    • Re-think your decision-making and authorization processes

    • Recognize that they will be turned off by organizations that limit their access to information

    • Don’t expect workers to schedule or plan• Use peer-to-peer influence• Sell your ability to help make connections• Recognize that organizational boundaries

    make no sense to many – sharing is fundamental to the way they work

    39 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

  • The “Fraying” of the Workforce:Distinct Segments ~ Divergent Needs

    Old (er)

    Hispanic

    Female

    Mobile

    Entrepreneurial

    Flexible

    40 | © 2014 Tammy Erickson Associates. All Rights Reserved.

    http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UcH7_XC1mu5BZM&tbnid=2BqakmUTIqoEMM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://seekingsharedlearning.blogspot.com/2013/06/tug-of-war.html&ei=egcxU7zKJ4juoAT4_4DADg&psig=AFQjCNFxrnYRvrds3CEw0olcF-jnv0_uXw&ust=1395808506700790http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UcH7_XC1mu5BZM&tbnid=2BqakmUTIqoEMM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://seekingsharedlearning.blogspot.com/2013/06/tug-of-war.html&ei=egcxU7zKJ4juoAT4_4DADg&psig=AFQjCNFxrnYRvrds3CEw0olcF-jnv0_uXw&ust=1395808506700790http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UcH7_XC1mu5BZM&tbnid=2BqakmUTIqoEMM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://seekingsharedlearning.blogspot.com/2013/06/tug-of-war.html&ei=egcxU7zKJ4juoAT4_4DADg&psig=AFQjCNFxrnYRvrds3CEw0olcF-jnv0_uXw&ust=1395808506700790http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UcH7_XC1mu5BZM&tbnid=2BqakmUTIqoEMM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://seekingsharedlearning.blogspot.com/2013/06/tug-of-war.html&ei=egcxU7zKJ4juoAT4_4DADg&psig=AFQjCNFxrnYRvrds3CEw0olcF-jnv0_uXw&ust=1395808506700790

  • [email protected]“Ask Tammy” at www.tammyerickson.com

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