Workbook E.qxd - FCM

W O R K B O O K

F E D E R A T I O N O F C A N A D I A N M U N I C I P A L I T I E S

for Susta inable Communit ies

Solid Wasteas a Resource

Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook

Copyright © Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM)

All rights reserved.

The Federation of Canadian Municipalities encourages the use, adaptation, and copying

of this publication for non-commercial use, with appropriate credit given to FCM.

Although reasonable care has been used in preparing this publication, neither

the publisher nor the contributors, editors, and writers can accept any liability for

any consequence arising from the use thereof or information therein.

The publication is available on FCM’s Web site (www.fcm.ca) and the Knowledge

Network of FCM’s Centre for Sustainable Community Development

(http://kn.fcm.ca) and on CD.

This publication is also available in French.

Federation of Canadian Municipalities

Centre for Sustainable Community Development

24 Clarence Street

Ottawa, Ontario

K1N 5P3

Internet: http://kn.fcm.ca

ISBN: 0-919080-77-4

FCM No: 5005E

March 2004

This publication was undertaken with financial support from

the Government of Canada provided through

Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada,

and the Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change.

Concept and Project Management:

Sherri Watson, FCM Environment Policy Advisor

Writers:

Overview: RIS International and Lura Consulting Group

Review of Waste Policies: Lura Consulting

Review of Waste Technologies: RIS, in association with Earth Tech Canada

Workbook: RIS International and Lura Consulting Group

Editor: CaretScript

Graphic Design: Design Matters

French Translation: Services linguistiques Ergé

www.fcm.ca

http://kn.fcm.ca

http://kn.fcm.ca

Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook i

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Using this Workbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Figure 1 – Decision-making Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Addressing Key Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Preliminary Groundwork – Setting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Figure 2 – Preliminary Groundwork – Setting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Stage A – Establishing Your Information Baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Worksheet A1 – Community Characteristics Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Worksheet A2 – Residential Waste Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Worksheet A3 – Residential Resource and Waste Management Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Worksheet A4 – IC&I Resource and Waste Management Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Figure 3 – Establishing Your Information Baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Stage B – Policy Decision-making Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Worksheet B1 – Community Innovation Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Figure 4 – Policy Decision-making Tree <50% Waste Reduction Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Figure 5 – Policy Decision-making Tree >50% Waste Reduction Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Figure 6 – Policy Decision-making Tree – Provincial/Municipal Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Stage C – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Figure 7 – Integrated Resource and Waste Management System Decision-making Tree

(<7,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40


(7,000 – 35,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41


(35,000 – 90,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42


(>90,000 tpy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Worksheet C1 – Establishing Partnerships with Other Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Figure 11 – Partnership Option Decision-making Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Worksheet C2 – Resources Available for Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Table 1 – Residential Waste Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

ii WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource

Figure 12 – Option A – Waste Reduction Target <25% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Figure 13 – Option B – Waste Reduction Target 25 – 50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Figure 14 – Option C – Waste Reduction Target >50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Figure 15 – System Design Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Introduction

This Workbook augments the Guide (Overview,

Review of Waste Policies and Review of Waste

Technologies) and provides a comprehensive,

do-it-yourself approach to making informed

decisions on how to achieve the efficient

resource management and waste reduction of

a sustainable community.

Using this Workbook

This Workbook will guide you through a “big

picture” integrated resource and waste manage-

ment planning process, outline your options and

rule out choices that are too challenging or cost-

prohibitive. The decision-making procedure is

divided into four sections corresponding with

key decision-making stages:

Preliminary Groundwork Stage – Setting Goals

Stage A – Establishing Your Information Baseline

Stage B – Policy Decision-making

Stage C – Integrated Resource and Waste

Management System Decisions

Each section describes required tasks, and

provides schematics of decision-making

trees and supporting worksheets. Figure 1–

Decision-making Tree, on page 2, provides a

visual overview of the Workbook’s decision-making

procedures.

It is recommended that you photocopy the decision-

making trees and supporting worksheets and keep the

originals for future use.

Solid Waste as a ResourceWorkbook 1

2 WorkbookSolid Waste as a Resource

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Addressing Key Considerations

Designing an integrated resource and wastemanagement system depends on your community’sobjectives, which are influenced by several keyfactors:■ Choosing appropriate system goals■ Innovation■ Policies■ Size■ Location■ System costs and available budgets■ Markets

These key factors are fully explored in the Guide.Identifying and evaluating trade-offs is the

key to making informed, pragmatic decisionsabout policies and technologies that lead to themost sustainable, integrated resource and wastemanagement solution.

Preliminary Groundwork– Setting Goals

It is vital to the successful design and implemen-tation of an integrated resource and waste management system to take the time, up front,to understand your community’s needs and priorities, and to set appropriate goals.

TASK 1: IDENTIFY BROADER COMMUNITY

GOALS

Identify the broad strategic community goalsand priorities that reflect your community’s economic, social and environmental visions.A review of existing visioning or sustainablegrowth documents may show that these broadgoals and priorities have already been identified.However, if goals and priorities have not beenclearly developed and articulated through a community-based participation process, thismust be the starting point of the process.

Information RequirementsComplete Q1 and Q2 of Worksheet A1–

Community Characteristics BackgroundInformation (Note: Worksheet A1 can be found withStage A of this Workbook)

Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview, Section 2)

TASK 2: IDENTIFY WASTE REDUCTION

GOALS/TARGETS

Identify your community’s current waste reduction goals or targets.

Information RequirementsComplete Q3 and Q4 of Worksheet A1–Community Characteristics BackgroundInformation


TASK 3: DETERMINE COMPATIBILITY

BETWEEN COMMUNITY GOALS AND WASTE

REDUCTION GOALS

Determine whether or not your community’swaste reduction goals or targets support thebroader community goals. It is important tounderstand clearly whether the reduction goalscould be compromised by other conflicting community goals (for example, setting a reduc-tion goal of 75 per cent will be difficult to attainif the community has a competing fiscal austerityprogram). You may need to review the wastereduction goals/targets by involving the community using a community-based approach.

Information RequirementsComplete Q5 to Q7 of Worksheet A1– CommunityCharacteristics Background Information


Figure 2 – Preliminary Groundwork – Setting Goals



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Stage A–Establishing YourInformation BaselineThis stage requires the generation of basic back-

ground information about your community’s

existing system for residential and IC&I waste,

including generation rates, material availability,

waste management costs, and community

characteristics.

TASK 1: DEFINE EXISTING WASTE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Identify current regulations and policies that

govern waste management and diversion

activities in your community, as well as

infrastructure and funding information.

The background information is generated

using Worksheet A1 – Community Characteristics

Background Information. At the end of this

exercise you should have completed your

community characteristics profile.

Information RequirementsComplete Q8 to Q14 of Worksheet A1 –

Community Characteristics Background

Information

Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide(Overview, Section 3 and Review of WastePolicies, Sections 3 and 4)


Q1. What is the expected populationgrowth of your community in the next five years?

Q2. What other broader community goals orpriorities have been established by yourmunicipal council?

Population growth in five years

� Achieving a sustainable community (e.g., promoting bicycle paths, public transportation, energy conservation)

� Achieving a healthy environmental quality (e.g., improved air quality , storm water management, pesticide-free areas)

� Job creation and economic prosperity (e.g., attracting new industry , construction development, promoting urban growth)

� Reduced operating costs through austerity measures (e.g., reducing social assistance programs, eliminating extravagant programs, trimming budgets)

� Other

COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION

WO R K S H E E T A1

QUESTION RESPONSE

COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION

QUESTION RESPONSE


WO R K S H E E T A1

Q3. What is the current waste reduction goalestablished for your community?

Q4. What factors have influenced the establish-ment of the current waste reduction goal?

(Rank in order of importance)

Q5. What priorities will affect decision-makingprocess used to develop an integratedresource and waste management strategy?

(Rank in order of importance)

Q6. How compatible are these broader communitygoals and priorities with your waste reductiongoal?

If the goal is inconsistent with other community goals, then reassess the wastereduction goals.

Q7. Do you need to revisit your waste reductiongoals/targets?

Will you use a community-based approach?

Waste Reduction Target% by the year

� Achieving a sustainable community

� Economic cost considerations

� Diverting waste from disposal

� Overall system cost-saving

� High quality of end-market materials

� Very compatible

� Somewhat compatible

� Yes � No

� Yes � No

� Community-driven

� Internally driven

� Environmental concerns (e.g.,reducing toxics, greenhousegases, smog, and promotingenergy conservation)

� Other

� Not very compatible

� Not at all compatible


COMMUNITY CHARACTERICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION

WO R K S H E E T A1

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q8. What current provincial legislation is enactedthat affects your residential waste generationand diversion rates? (Please check)

Q9. What current policies promoted by Council at the regional or local level affect your resi-dential waste generation and diversion rates?(Please check)

� Waste reduction target

% by the year

� Take back for

� Deposit/refund for

� Disposal ban for

� Mandatory recycling or source separation for

� User pay

� Carbon credits

� Other

� Take back for


� Mandatory recycling or source separation for


WO R K S H E E T A1


QUESTION RESPONSE

Q9. (Continued)

Q10. Is the Waste Management Department established as a Solid Waste Utility?

Q11. How are waste management services funded?

� User pay

� Tipping fee surcharges

� Solid waste utility

� Solid waste franchising

� Other

� Yes � No

� Property taxes %

� Business taxes %

� Flat fees %

� User fees %

� Tipping surcharges %

� Recycling revenues %

� Other %

Total 100%



WO R K S H E E T A1

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q12. How are your waste and recycling collection services provided to the residential sector?

Q13. Do you haul waste to a private facility for disposal?

Q14. If the municipality owns the disposal site, does it accept residential self-haul waste?

What are the restrictions?

� Municipal service %

� Contracted service %

� Franchised service %

� Private service %

Total 100%

� Yes � No

� Yes � No

Maximum limit by weight/volume

Tip fee

Free amount by weight/volume

TASK 2: DETERMINE RESIDENTIAL WASTE

GENERATION RATES

A credible baseline of information is required to

measure the success of policies and programs,

and to make year-to-year comparisons. Two

options are provided for generating information

about your residential waste generation and

waste flow: a comprehensive waste flow analysis

using GAP (Generally Agreed Principles –

Residential Waste Flow); and a simplified

process using a specifically prepared worksheet

(Worksheet A2 – Residential Waste Flow).

The GAP waste-flow analysis is a standard

method used by more than 40 Canadian munici-

palities. It provides a detailed understanding of

your waste generation and diversion rates. The

GAP protocol provides the only national standard

approach for comparing your waste diversion

performance from one year to another.

If you do not have adequate resources now

to complete the GAP analysis, the Residential

Waste Flow worksheet provides a simple

method for calculating the total waste generation

rate for your community. Although this work-

sheet provides sufficient information to work

through the decision-making tree process, it

should not be considered as a replacement for

the GAP Residential Waste Flow Data Analysis.

Information RequirementsComplete GAP Waste Flow Analysis or

Worksheet A2 – Residential Waste Flow

Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Overview,

Section 2); Introduction to GAP Waste-Flow

Analysis with accompanying manuals and guides

and completed waste-flow charts of 40 munici-

palities across Canada (hosted at the CSR Web

site under the heading “What’s New: For

Municipalities”: www.csr.org)


www.csr.org

Year __________

Population __________

Total households or dwellings__________

Single-family households (SFH) __________

Multi-family households (MFH) __________

Seasonal population households _________


RESIDENTIAL WASTE FLOW

S e c t i o n 1 : C o m m u n i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

WO R K S H E E T A2

COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS HELP

Statistics Canada 2001 Community Census Data: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm

Statistics Canada 2001 Community Dwelling Data: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfmOnce you have identified your community, several options are provided on the right side of the community profile, including the heading “Families andDwellings” which provides the total number of dwellings for the community .

Ideally, separate numbers should be identified for single-family and multi-family households, as waste management options vary for each.

Single-family households (SFH) are defined as any dwelling that is detached,semi-detached, or a structure less than five stories.

Multi-family households (MFH) are defined as any dwelling that forms a structure greater than five stories.

How many seasonal population households do you have in your community? What months of the year are affected by the seasonal population?

� January

� February

� March

� April

How does the seasonal population a ffect residential waste disposal and diversion rates compared with other times of the year?

� Significantly � Slightly � Negligible

� May

� June

� July

� August

� September

� October

� November

� December

http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm



WO R K S H E E T A2

S e c t i o n 2 : R e s i d e n t a l W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n

RESIDENTIAL WASTE GENERATION HELP

Total residential waste generation as reported toStatistics Canada in the year 2000 survey (if available)

tonnes/year

Total residential waste disposal

tonnes/year

Total waste diversion

tonnes/year

Total residential waste generation = Total disposal + Total diversion

Residential waste is defined as waste from single-family households (SFH)and multi-family households (MFH)

It is assumed that the seasonal population is captured in the total residentialwaste generation. However, special attention should be paid to peaks in residential waste disposal or diversion rates resulting from the seasonal population, which may affect future program design.

If your landfill does not have a weigh scale and all waste is recorded in volumes, use the following conversion rates to estimate residential wastegeneration weights:

Garbage/mixed waste: UNCOMPACTED COMPACTEDLbs/cubic yard = 600 – 800 Lbs/cubic yard = 1,200 – 1,500Kg/cubic metre = 343 – 476 Kg/cubic metre = 700 – 900

Garbage/mixed waste in cubic yard containersCubic yard UNCOMPACTED COMPACTED

2 0.41 tonnes 0.82 tonnes3 0.61 tonnes 1.22 tonnes4 0.81 tonnes 1.63 tonnes6 1.22 tonnes 2.44 tonnes8 1.63 tonnes 3.25 tonnes

Metric and Imperial conversions

1 cubic yard = 0.764 cubic metres 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds

1 tonne = 2,200 pounds

Total waste diversion is the sum of all materials diverted through the following programs:■ recycling ■ organics centralized composting■ backyard composting ■ household hazardous or special waste■ grass clipping bans ■ white goods






WO R K S H E E T A2


Total Recyclables Diversion

tonnes/year

= Residential component of deposit, return programs

tonnes/year+Paper recyclables

tonnes/year+Plastic recyclables

tonnes/year+Metal recyclables (not scrap)

tonnes/year+Glass recyclables

tonnes/year+Other recyclables

tonnes/year

Total organics diverted through backyard composting

tonnes/year

Total organics diverted through grass clipping

tonnes/year

The total waste diversion can be calculated by adding totals from the categories listed on the left.

If you do not have tonnage information for the amount of recyclables divertedthrough your recycling program, use the following density conversion rates toestimate weights for recyclable materials diverted through your program.

Use the following values to account for residential waste handled in yourprovince’s stewardship programs:

Alberta: 11.77 kg/capita (50% of beverage containers—10.67 kg/capita—and 5% of tires and oil—1.1kg/capita);

Nova Scotia: 10.81 kg/capita;

Ontario: 2.61 kg/capita (Brewers Retail System, 2.43 kg/capita glass, and 0.184 kg/capita aluminum).

Calculate the amount of organics diverted through backyard composters bymultiplying the total number of backyard composters sold by the municipalityover the years by 100 kg/composter/yr.

Fill in only if municipality has specific policies that divert grass from the wastestream. The amount is expressed as a % of the leaf and yard waste stream:■ use 2% of the leaf and yard waste stream where a grasscycling program

is in place with a promotion and education campaign;■ use 10% of the leaf and yard waste stream where there is a ban on grass

clippings in the yard waste pick-up, as well as a promotion and educationcampaign;



WO R K S H E E T A2


Total organics diverted through a centralized composting program

tonnes/year

Total household hazardous or special wastes(HHW/HSW) diverted though HHW/HSW programs

tonnes/year

■ use 15% of the leaf and yard waste stream where there is a ban on grass ingarbage and yard waste streams, and a promotion and education program;

■ use 20% of the leaf and yard waste stream where there is a ban on grass inyard waste and garbage streams, a three-bag limit or less, with user -pay onextra bags, and a promotion and education program.

Source: Recycling Council of Ontario, USEPA Reports, RIS In-house Reports

UNCOMPACTED COMP ACTEDMATERIAL lbs/cubic kg/cubic lbs/cubic kg/cubic

yard metre yard metre

OrganicsFood: kitchen waste 800-900 475-534 ● ●

Solid fats and liquid fats/greases 1450-1500 860-890 ● ●

Leaves (loose) 250-450 148-237 450-665 267-395Brush (loose) 250-350 148-208 ● ●

Brush (chips) 500 297 ● ●

Grass clippings 665-740* 395-439 1050-1110 623-659Yard waste (mixed) 300-600* 176-356 1037 615

Source: Recycling Council of Ontario, USEPA Reports, RIS In-house Reports


Paint waste: 1.47 kg/ litreMotor oil/engine coolant: 1 kg/ litrePropane tanks: one- 1lb tank + 9.08 kgLead-acid batteries (car): 17.9 kg/unitLead-acid batteries (motorcycle): 4.32 kg/unitDry cell/household batteries: 0.0588 kg/ unitMotor oil filters: 1.5 lb or 0.68 kg (average weight)Fire extinguishers: one-10 lb unit: 4.5 kgMisc. HSW (excluding motor oil): 1.235 kg/litre

Source: USEPA Report and Region of Peel, Ontario




WO R K S H E E T A2


Total white goods diverted through a collectionprogram

tonnes/year

APPLIANCE WEIGHTPounds (lbs) Kilograms (kg)

Air conditioners (room) 64.2 29.2

Dishwashers 92 41.8

Dryers (clothes) 130 59.1

Freezers 193 87.7

Microwave ovens 50 22.7

Ranges 181.1 82.3

Refrigerators 267 121.4

Washers (clothes) 177 80.5

Water heaters 131 59.5


TASK 3: DETERMINE RESIDENTIAL

RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM COSTS

Two options are provided for generating infor-

mation about your residential resource and

waste management system costs: a comprehensive

cost analysis using GAP (Generally Agreed

Principles – Cost Manual); and a simplified

process using a specifically prepared worksheet

(Worksheet A3 – Residential Resource and

Waste Management Cost).

The GAP residential cost-flow analysis uses

a full-cost accounting technique that captures all

direct and indirect waste management costs and

revenues. This information contributes to making

better decisions about which integrated resource

and waste management strategy makes the most

sense for a community.

If you do not have adequate resources to

complete the GAP analysis, the Residential

Waste Management Cost worksheet provides

a simple method for calculating waste management

costs. Although this worksheet provides

sufficient information to work through the

decision-making tree process, it is not a replace-

ment for the GAP Residential Cost Analysis.

Information RequirementsComplete GAP Cost Manual or Worksheet A3 –

Residential Resource and Waste Management

Cost


Section 2); Introduction to GAP Cost-Flow

Analysis with accompanying manual and guide

(hosted at the CSR Web site under: “What’s

New: For Municipalities” at www.csr.org); Full-

cost accounting is discussed in Solid Waste as

a Resource Guide (Review of Waste Policies,

Section 6); Full-cost accounting is described in

A Full Cost Analysis Guide for Municipal Waste

Managers. Published by Alberta Environmental

Protection. September 1995: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/

env/waste/aow/publications.html

www.csr.org

http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/waste/aow/publications.html

http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/waste/aow/publications.html


RESIDENTIAL RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COST

S e c t i o n 1 : C o m m u n i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

S e c t i o n 2 : T o t a l R e s i d e n t i a l W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m C o s t s

WO R K S H E E T A3

COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS HELP

RESIDENTIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT COSTS HELP

Year

Population

Total households or dwellings

Total waste management costs

$ /year

method used

Total household management costs

$ hhld/year

Statistics Canada 2001 Community Census Data http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm

Statistics Canada 2001 Community Dwelling Data:http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm

Once you have identified your community, several options are provided on the right side of the community profile, including the heading “Families andDwellings” which provides the total number of dwellings for the community .

Use one of the following methods to determine your total waste management costs:

Method 1 (preferred): Add the following expenditures using information gathered below:= Annual waste residue costs (2a) + Annual recycling costs (net revenues) (2b) + Annual composting costs (net revenues) (2c) + Other costs (2d) + Annual waste management department administration expenditures (2e) + Annualized capital (2f).

Method 2: Apply last year’s Annual Waste Management OperatingBudget. Add annualized capital (if available) and subtract revenues (e.g., from sale of recyclables and compost, etc.).

Divide annual residential waste management cost by total number ofdwellings identified above.





Total waste costs

$ /year

method used

Total household waste costs

$ hhld/year

WO R K S H E E T A3

S e c t i o n 2 b : R e s i d e n t i a l R e c y c l i n g C o s t s

RESIDENTIAL RECYCLING COSTS HELP

S e c t i o n 2 a : R e s i d e n t i a l W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t C o s t s

RESIDENTIAL WASTE COST HELP

Use one of the following methods to determine your total waste management costs:

Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budget dedicated to waste collection and disposal only and add in annualized capital (if available).

Method 2: Add the following expenditures: Annual waste collection contract + Annual disposal contract + Annualized capital costs.

Divide the annual residential waste cost by the total number of dwellingsidentified above.

Recycling costs

$ /year

method used

Total household recycling costs

$ hhld/year

Use one of the following methods to determine your total recycling costs(does not include HHW/HSW, bulky items, white goods, or electronic goods):

Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budgetdedicated to all recycling activities and add in annualized capital (ifavailable) and subtract revenues (e.g., from sale of recyclables).

Method 2: Add the following expenditures:Annual recyclables collection contract + Annual recyclablesProcessing contract + Annualized capital costs – Revenues from the saleof recyclables

Divide the annual residential recycling cost by the total number of dwellingsidentified above.


WO R K S H E E T A3


S e c t i o n 2 c : R e s i d e n t i a l C o m p o s t i n g C o s t s

RESIDENTIAL COMPOSTING COSTS HELP

Use one of the following methods to determine your total costs for other programs, including HHW, bulky items, white goods, and electronic goods:

Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budget dedicated to all other activities and add in annualized capital (if available) and subtract revenues (e.g., from sale of scrap metal, etc.).

Method 2: Add the following expenditures:Annual collection contract costs for other goods + Annual processingcontract costs for other goods + Annualized capital costs – Revenuesfrom the sale of scrap metal, etc.

Divide the annual other residential costs by the total number of dwellingsidentified above.

Use one of the following methods to determine your total composting costs:

Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budgetdedicated to all composting activities (including backyard composting),add annualized capital (if available), subtract revenues (e.g., from sale ofcompost).

Method 2: Add the following expenditures:

Annual organics collection contract + Annual organics processing contract + Backyard composting capital costs + Annualized capital costs –Revenues from the sale of compost.

Divide the annual residential composting cost by the total number ofdwellings identified above.

Other costs

$ /year

method used

Total household other costs

$ hhld/year

S e c t i o n 2 d : O t h e r R e s i d e n t i a l C o s t s

OTHER RESIDENTIAL COSTS HELP

Composting costs

$ /year

method used

Total household composting costs

$ hhld/year


WO R K S H E E T A3


S e c t i o n 2 e : A d m i n i s t r a t i v e C o s t s

ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS HELP

Use one of the following methods to determine your total costs for administration and promotion:

Method 1: Use last year’s Annual Waste Management Operating Budgetdedicated to administration and promotion, and educational campaigns and programs.

Method 2: Add the following expenditures: Annual administrative salaries + supply expenditures not covered elsewhere + any P&E not covered elsewhere.

Divide the annual administrative costs by the total number of dwellings identified above.

Administrative costs

$ /year

method used

Total household administrative costs

$ hhld/year

Use one of the following methods to determine your amortized capital costs:

Method 1: Use any available information that amortized capital costs forany waste management programs not included elsewhere.

Method 2: Calculate amortized capital costs for technologies, buildingsor equipment not covered elsewhere using the following amortized formulas:■ Land value should be amortized over 20 years, or a maximum of

40 years at 7% interest rate■ Buildings: 20 years (unless a different life identified) at

7% interest rate■ Equipment (MRF, etc): 12 years (unless a different life identified) at

7% interest rate■ Vehicles: 7 years (unless a different life identified) at 7% interest rate.

Divide the amortized costs by the total number of dwellings identified above.

Amortized capital costs

$ /year

method used

Total household amortized costs

$ hhld/year

S e c t i o n 2 f : A m o r t i z e d C a p i t a l C o s t s

AMORTIZED COSTS HELP


TASK 4: DETERMINE IC&I RESOURCE

AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS

Establish to what extent your community pro-

vides resource and waste management services

to the IC&I sector and track the amount of

waste, recyclables, and compostables serviced by

the municipality or potentially available from

the IC&I sector. You will need to identify revenues

received from the IC&I sector that support

municipal resource- and waste-related activities,

as well as any existing programs or policies

targeting waste reduction in the IC&I sector.

The process used in the accompanying

worksheet for determining resource and waste

flow for non-residential, municipally managed

waste and privately managed waste augments

the approach prescribed in GAP in the GAP 2

Municipal Waste-Flow Manual. It is recom-

mended that, over time, you complete the GAP

approach for determining waste flow for non-

residential resources and waste.

Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet A4 – IC&I Resource and

Waste Management Characteristics

Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide

(Overview, Sections 2 and 7); Introduction to

GAP Non-Residential Waste-Flow Analysis

with accompanying manual (hosted at the CSR

Web site under the heading “What’s New: For

Municipalities” at: www.csr.org)

www.csr.org


WO R K S H E E T A4

IC&I RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS

QUESTION RESPONSE

The process for estimating IC&I resources and waste is a simplified version of the approach used in the GAP 2Manual for non-residential waste. The GAP 2 Manual (see www .csr.org) distinguishes between municipally collected non-residential waste and privately managed non-residential waste, and defines the two categories as:

Non-Residential, Municipally Managed Waste (NRMMW) – Waste that is included in municipal responsibilities,but is generated by non-residential sources. This includes waste from small commercial generators picked upon the municipal route, and waste from various municipal institutions (agencies, boards, commissions, depart-ments, offices, parks, etc.). It also includes municipal waste from commercial operations that the municipalitymanages at MRFs and composting facilities (both fee paying and non-fee paying), and IC&I waste disposed atmunicipal landfills and incinerators.

Privately Managed IC&I Waste – All non-hazardous waste generated and managed off-site by the private sector.

Q1. Which municipal waste management servicesare provided to the IC&I sector? � Curbside collection of waste from small commercial generators or

municipal institutions (street service)

� Curbside collection of recyclables or organics from small commercialgenerators or municipal institutions (street service)

� Non-fee waste collection services provided to municipal institutions(containerized)

� Non-fee recyclable or organic collection services provided to municipal institutions

� Containerized service for waste, fee-for-service, provided to the IC&I sector (contracted service)

� Containerized service for recyclables or organics, fee-for-service or non-fee-for-service, provided to the IC&I sector

� Other

www.csr.org



WO R K S H E E T A4

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q2. Estimate the amount of waste, recyclables,and organics available from street-front businesses that are provided municipal curbside collection.

Total waste tonnes/yr

Total recyclables tonnes/yr

Total organics tonnes/yr

If the amount of waste, recyclables and organics collected from curbside isnot available, use the following approach to make simple estimates:

An estimate of the amount of waste involved can be developed by first estimating the number of stops on the routes that are non-residential.

# stops =

Use the following to calculate the rest:

With no data on weight per non-residential stop: If a route has 700 stops,with 70 non-residential stops and 630 residential stops, and picks up 14 tonnesper route per week:

■ 20 kg per stop is picked up■ 70 non-residential stops x 20 kg average per stop = 1.4 tonnes

non-residential per week■ 1.4 tonnes x 52 weeks collection/yr = 72.8 tonnes/yr .

With information on weight per non-residential stop: If additional research (weighing the amount set out per non-residential stop) shows thatnon-residential stops actually set out 30 kg/stop, then the estimates should bemodified as follows:

■ 70 stops x 30 kg/stop = 2.1 tonnes non-residential■ Residential waste = 14 – 2.1 = 11.9 tonnes■ Residential waste/stop = 11.9/630 stops

= 18.9 kg/stop/week


WO R K S H E E T A4


QUESTION RESPONSE

Q3. Estimate the amount of non-fee containerizedwaste that is provided to municipal institutions.




Q4. Estimate the amount of fee-for-service waste,recyclables and organics collected from otherIC&I clients (contracted containerized service).




If your landfill does not have a weigh scale and all waste is recorded in volumes, use the following conversion rates to estimate residential wastegeneration weights:

Garbage/mixed waste:

UNCOMPACTED COMPACTEDLbs/cubic yard = 600-800 Lbs/cubic yard =1200-1500Kg/cubic metre = 343-476 Kg/cubic metre = 700-900

Garbage/mixed waste in cubic yard containers:

Cubic yard UNCOMPACTED COMPACTED2 0.41 tonnes 0.82 tonnes3 0.61 tonnes 1.22 tonnes4 0.81 tonnes 1.63 tonnes6 1.22 tonnes 2.44 tonnes8 1.63 tonnes 3.25 tonnes

Metric and Imperial conversions

One cubic yard = 0.764 cubic metres

If your landfill does not have a weigh scale and all waste is recorded in volumes, use the conversion rates provided above.



WO R K S H E E T A4

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q5. What current policies are promoted by Councilat the regional or local level that affect IC&Iwaste generation and diversion rates? (Pleasecheck)

Q6. Does the municipality own the waste disposalfacility?

Q7. If the municipality owns the disposal site, doesit accept IC&I waste? What is the tip fee?

Q8. If the municipality owns the disposal site, doesit accept commercial self-haul waste?

What are the restrictions?


� Mandatory recycling for

� User pay for garbage

� Tipping fee surcharges

� Additional surcharges on specific items delivered for disposal

� Additional surcharges on loads containing recyclables delivered for disposal

� Fee-for-service, containerized collection

� Waste reduction and recycling plans

� Other

� Yes � No

� Yes � No

Tip fee per tonne/volume

� Yes � No

Maximum limit by weight/volume

Tip fee

Free amount by weight/volume


WO R K S H E E T A4


QUESTION RESPONSE

Q9. What revenues are received from waste-related services provided to the IC&I sector?

$ /year

Q10. Estimate potential tonnage of waste availablefrom street-front businesses that could be provided municipal curbside collection.

tonnes of waste potentiallyavailable per year

Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of TorontoBiodegradable Waste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto

Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001

Q11. Estimate potential tonnage of waste availablefrom non-fee containerized waste that is pro-vided to municipal institutions

tonnes of waste potentiallyavailable per year



$ Tip fees

$ Revenues (sale of recyclables, compost, etc.)

$ Additional tip fee surcharges

$ Enforcement fines

$ User pay

$ Fee-for-service, containerized collection

$ Other

If you have responded to Q2, use the information to generate waste estimates:

(Q2) (A)Total waste/yr / # stops = tonnes waste per stop

(A)Tonnes waste/stop x total stops = total tonnes of waste potentially available

If you have not responded to Q2, use the following approach to estimatepotential waste available:

Total the following:No. employees in food store (i.e., green grocer) x 3.31 tonnesNo. employees in restaurant/fast food x 1.66 tonnes/yrNo. employees in retail x 0.45 tonnes/yrNo. employees in office x 0.48 tonnes/yr


(Q3) (A)Total waste/yr / # employees = tonnes waste/employee

(A)Tonnes waste/employee x total employees = total tonnes of waste potentiallyavailable


Total the following:No. employees in municipal institutions x 0.24 tonnes/yr(may include educational institutions, see below for tonnages)



WO R K S H E E T A4

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q12. Estimate potential tonnage of waste availablefrom fee-for-service collected from other IC&Iclients (contracted containerized service).

tonnes of waste potentially availableper year



Q13. Estimate the tonnage of waste, recyclables,and organics that is or could be availablefrom street-front businesses and providedmunicipal curbside collection.


(Q4) (A)Total waste/yr / # employees = tonnes waste/employee

(A)Tonnes waste/employee x total employees = total tonnes of waste potentially available


Total the following:No. employees in manufacturing x 1.70 tonnes/yrNo. employees in office building x 0.23 tonnes/yrNo. employees in education x 0.39 tonnes/yrNo. employees in hospital/health services x 1.30 tonnes/yr

Identify the total amount of waste collected from curbside commercial generators (typically restaurants, green grocers, and retailers) as calculated in Q10.

tonnes/yr

Determine the percentage of establishments that are:

% food store (i.e., green grocer)% restaurants/fast food establishments% retail% office

100%

Multiply each percentage by the total waste to estimate tonnage of wastegenerated by each group:

tonnes from green grocerstonnes from restaurants/fast food establishmentstonnes from retailtonnes from office

Multiply the tonnes generated by each group by the corresponding wastecomposition information provided below to estimate available recyclables and organics.

GREEN GROCER

Paper

Cardboard

Recyclablecontainers

Organics

Other

FOOD SERVICE

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other


WO R K S H E E T A4


QUESTION RESPONSE

Q14. Estimate the tonnage of waste, recyclables,and organics that is or could be available fromnon-fee containerized waste that is providedto municipal institutions.

MATERIAL GREEN GROCER FOOD SERVICE RETAIL OFFICE

Paper 7% 15% 22% 43%

Cardboard 20% 18% 32% 8%

Recyclable 8% 20% 9% 30%containers

Organics 40% 42% 11% 8%

Other 25% 5% 26% 11%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

Sources: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of Toronto BiodegradableWaste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001.Commercial Waste Disposal Assessment Report. Massachusetts Department of

Environmental Protection, 2002.

Use this information to determine the amount of recyclables, organics, and waste that could be added to your integrated resource and waste management services.

Identify the total amount of waste collected from municipal institutions as calculated in Q11.

________ tonnes/yr

Multiply the tonnes generated by the waste composition information providedbelow to estimate available recyclables and organics.

MUNICIPAL

Paper 38%Cardboard 10%Recyclable containers 10%Organics 2%Other 40%Total 100%

Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of Toronto Biodegradable Waste from Landfill.Prepared by RIS for Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001

OFFICE

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other

MUNICIPAL

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other

RETAIL

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other



WO R K S H E E T A4

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q15. Estimate the tonnage of waste, recyclables,and organics that could be available from fee-for-service collected from other IC&Iclients (contracted containerized service).

Identify the total amount of waste collected from municipal institutions as calculated in Q12.

tonnes/yr in manufacturingtonnes/yr in office buildingtonnes/yr in educationtonnes/yr in hospital/health services

Multiply the tonnes generated by each group by the corresponding wastecomposition information provided below to estimate available recyclables and organics.

MATERIAL MANUFACTURE OFFICE BUILDING EDUCATION HOSPITALHEALTH

Paper 25% 54% 38% 44%

Cardboard 14% 9% 9% 6%

Recyclable 17% 10% 26% 25%containers

Organics 5% 8% 10% 10%

Other 39% 19% 17% 15%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

Source: Prioritized List of Actions to Increase Diversion of Toronto Biodegradable Waste from Landfill. Prepared by RIS for Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), 2001

OFFICE BUILDING

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other

HOSPITAL/HEALTH

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other

MANUFACTURE

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other

EDUCATION

Paper

Cardboard


Organics

Other


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aste

Flo

w A

naly

sis

Or


Stage B – Policy Decision-making Tree

Resource and solid waste management policies

can help drive waste minimization efforts and

the quantity, quality and type of material available

for waste diversion programs. Some policies are

already in place, typically at the provincial level,

and have affected the amount and composition

of waste remaining. Consequently, decisions on

new policies should be made at the beginning of

an integrated resource and waste management

planning process to determine the effects on the

residential waste stream.

This stage addresses the applicability of various

policies to influence waste reduction, reuse, and

recycling and, at the end of the decision tree,

offers policy considerations that reflect certain

characteristics of your community, including its

innovation level and waste reduction goals and

aspirations.

TASK 1: IDENTIFY WASTE

REDUCTION TARGET

Based on the waste minimization goals set in

Task 2 of the Preliminary Groundwork Stage,

identify which policies and Policy Decision-

making Tree you should use.

If your community has established a waste

reduction goal of:

<50% go to Figure 4

>50% go to Figure 5

Information RequirementsNone


Section 2)

TASK 2: DETERMINE YOUR COMMUNITY’S

APPETITE FOR INNOVATION

Innovation implies a willingness to try strategies

or techniques that may be less proven and/or

may require extensive community and political

support and participation to ensure success. To

determine how willing your community is to

embrace innovative opportunities at the political

and community level to minimize waste and

divert recyclables, complete Worksheet B1–

Community Innovation Assessment.

However, additional factors specific to your

community may affect the final outcome. Use

your knowledge and understanding of your

community to determine its appetite for

innovation.

Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet B1 – Community

Innovation Assessment


Section 2)



WO R K S H E E T B1

COMMUNITY INNOVATION ASSESSMENT

INNOVATION ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT YOUR SCORE SCORE

Q1. What is the current waste reduction or diversion goal of your community?

Q2. How would you classify your Council’s attitudein pursuing innovative waste managementideas?

Q3. How active is your community in supportingwaste diversion goals (e.g., through community initiatives)?

Q4. Are your residential recycling programsrequired by Council or through a waste bylawto achieve the following results (over a 10-yearaverage and when factoring in disposal costsavings)?

Q5. What is the level of concern for landfill/disposal capacity in the short term (next 3 years)?

Q6 What is the level of concern for landfill/disposal capacity in the long term (next 7 years)?

Q7. What is the availability of end markets for recyclable materials?

>50% 20 – 50% < 20%

AdventurousTraditional

Very activeSomewhat activeNot active/don’t know

Recycling program may have some financial lossRecycling program costs must break evenRecycling program must make a profit

High concernMedium concernLow concern

High concernMedium concernLow concern

GoodMediumPoor

210

10

210

210

210

210

210


COMMUNITY INNOVATION ASSESSMENT

WO R K S H E E T B1

Q8. What is the ability to develop local end markets for recyclable materials?

Add up your total score

HighMediumLow

Total Score

210

Compare your score with the following ranks and determine your community’ sinnovation level (high, medium, low) based on your score and how well youknow your community.

Circle the innovation level that best describes your community

Highest innovation 15 points High

Medium innovation 9 points Medium

Lowest innovation 0 points Low

INNOVATION ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT YOUR SCORE SCORE

SCORE AND RANK


TASK 3: CONSIDER POLICY

OPPORTUNITIES

The Policy Decision-making Trees in Figures 4

and 5 will direct you to policy opportunities and

legislative options that best meet your community’s

waste reduction goal and appetite for innovation.

The higher the waste reduction target and inno-

vation level the greater the variety of policy and

legislative options available for consideration.

The policy decision-making process involves the

following:

■ If <50% waste reduction goal and low

innovation level, go to Figure 4, Option A

■ If <50% waste reduction goal and medium

innovation level, go to Figure 4, Option B

■ If <50% waste reduction goal and high

innovation level, go to Figure 5, Option C

■ If >50% waste reduction goal and low

innovation level, go to Figure 4, Option B

■ If >50% waste reduction goal and medium

innovation level, go to Figure 5, Option C

■ If >50% waste reduction goal and high

innovation level, go to Figure 5, Option D

You should review all the options to identify

additional policy opportunities. This process

must be completed in conjunction with the

Review of Waste Policies and Section 3 of the

Overview.



Section 3 and Review of Waste Policies)

TASK 4: EVALUATE POLICY

OPPORTUNITIES

Upon identifying the policy options that best

meet the needs and characteristics of your

community, work through Figure 6 to determine

provincial or municipal legislation that might

affect those policies.


Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Review of

Waste Policies)

TASK 5: LIST VIABLE POLICY

OPPORTUNITIES

To complete the policy decision-making process,

develop a list of viable policy and legislative

initiatives for your integrated resource and waste

management system. Enter this list in the spaces

provided in Figure 6 and review other policies in

place at the provincial or regional levels.

As these policy initiatives may affect the imple-

mentation and functioning of selected technologies,

it is critical to keep them in mind as you work

through the next stage.


Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide (Review of

Waste Policies)


STA

GE

B –

PO

LIC

YD

EC

ISIO

N-M

AK

ING

TRE

EF

IGU

RE

4

≤50

% W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

Yes

Go to

Fig

ure

5

No

Dete

rmin

e th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l (U

se W

orks

heet

B1)

——

inno

vatio

n to

lera

nce

■Ti

ppin

g fe

e su

rcha

rges

(a p

ortio

n of

re

side

ntia

l sel

f-hau

led

garb

age

is c

harg

eda

tippi

ng fe

e, n

o fe

e is

col

lect

ed o

n di

verte

dre

cycl

able

s, o

rgan

ics,

or H

HW)

■Ex

plor

e w

aste

flow

and

full-

cost

acc

ount

ing

tool

s us

ing

GAP

or s

imila

r ana

lysi

s■

User

pay

(may

wis

h to

intro

duce

par

tial

user

pay

, thr

ee-b

ag li

mit

in fi

rst y

ear a

ndgr

adua

lly m

ovin

g to

war

d tw

o-ba

g lim

it,

then

one

-bag

lim

it, th

en fu

ll us

er p

ay o

ver

seve

n-ye

ar p

erio

d)■

Carb

on c

redi

ts (e

xplo

re m

onito

ring

the

effe

ct o

f was

te o

n GH

Gs a

nd id

entif

y ca

rbon

cre

dit o

ptio

ns)

■Vo

lunt

ary

exte

nded

pro

duce

r res

pons

ibili

ty(e

xplo

re ta

ke-it

-bac

k pr

ogra

ms

with

loca

lbu

sine

sses

)■

Enha

nced

pro

mot

ion

(bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g)■

Sour

ce s

epar

atio

n of

leaf

and

yar

d w

aste

(cou

pled

with

pro

mot

ion

of b

acky

ard

com

post

ing)

■Ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent p

rogr

ams

and

soci

al o

bjec

tives

(loo

k fo

r opp

ortu

nitie

s to

prom

ote)

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

awar

enes

s■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

and

Rev

iew

of W

aste

Pol

icie

s)

Is y

our c

omm

unity

’s w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<50%

?

■Di

spos

al m

ater

ial b

ans

(on

mat

eria

ls b

eing

effe

ctiv

ely

dive

rted)

with

free

recy

clin

g an

dco

mpo

stin

g■

Wor

k to

war

ds c

urbs

ide

bans

on

mat

eria

ls(e

.g.,

gras

s cl

ippi

ngs)

■M

anda

tory

recy

clin

g (ta

rget

ing

recy

clab

les

–ke

ep fl

exib

le to

inco

rpor

ate

new

mat

eria

ls)

■Ti

ppin

g fe

e su

rcha

rges

(a p

ortio

n of

re

side

ntia

l and

, ove

r tim

e, IC

&I s

elf-h

aule

dga

rbag

e is

cha

rged

a ti

ppin

g fe

e; n

o fe

e is

colle

cted

on

recy

clab

les,

org

anic

s, o

rHH

W)

■Ex

plor

e w

aste

flow

and

full-

cost

acc

ount

ing

tool

s us

ing

GAP

or s

imila

r ana

lysi

s ■

User

pay

(may

wis

h to

intro

duce

par

tial

user

pay

, tw

o-ba

g lim

it in

firs

t yea

r and

grad

ually

mov

ing

tow

ard

one-

bag

limit,

then

full

user

pay

ove

r fiv

e-ye

ar p

erio

d)

■Ca

rbon

cre

dits

(wor

k to

war

ds m

onito

ring

the

effe

ct o

f was

te o

n GH

Gs a

nd id

entif

y ca

rbon

cre

dit o

ptio

ns)

■Vo

lunt

ary

exte

nded

pro

duce

r res

pons

ibili

ty(e

xplo

re ta

ke-it

-bac

k pr

ogra

ms

with

lo

cal b

usin

esse

s)■

Enha

nced

pro

mot

ion

(nat

ural

land

scap

ing

and

mul

chin

g of

gra

ss)

■So

urce

sep

arat

ion

of le

af a

nd y

ard

was

te(c

oupl

ed w

ith p

rom

otio

n of

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g,

natu

ral l

ands

capi

ng, a

nd g

rass

cycl

ing)

■Ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent p

rogr

ams

and

soci

al o

bjec

tives

(loo

k fo

r opp

ortu

nitie

s to

prom

ote)

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

awar

enes

s■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

and

Rev

iew

of W

aste

Pol

icie

s)

Yes

No

Is th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l low

?

Yes

No

Is th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l med

ium

?

Your

com

mun

ity s

houl

d re

cons

ider

its

was

te re

duct

ion

goal

s;

high

er ta

rget

s m

ay b

e ac

hiev

able

.

Go to

Fig

ure

5 –

Optio

n C

Yes

Is th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l hig

h?

Revi

sit t

he g

oal-s

ettin

g pr

oces

s.

Refe

r to

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

, Se

ctio

n 2)

and

Wor

kshe

et A

1

OPT

ION

B

OPT

ION

A


STA

GE

B –

PO

LIC

YD

EC

ISIO

N-M

AK

ING

TRE

EF

IGU

RE

5

≥50

% W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

Yes

Go to

Fig

ure

4

No

Dete

rmin

e th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l (U

se W

orks

heet

B1)

——

inno

vatio

n to

lera

nce

■Di

spos

al m

ater

ial b

ans

(on

mat

eria

ls b

eing

effe

ctiv

ely

dive

rted)

affe

ctin

g re

side

ntia

l and

IC&

I, w

ith fr

ee re

cycl

ing

and

com

post

ing

■W

ork

tow

ards

cur

bsid

e ba

ns o

n m

ater

ials

(e

.g.,

gras

s cl

ippi

ngs)

■

Man

dato

ry re

cycl

ing

(targ

etin

g re

cycl

able

s at

the

resi

dent

ial l

evel

and

, ove

r tim

e, th

e IC

&I

leve

l—ke

ep fl

exib

le to

inco

rpor

ate

new

m

ater

ials

) ■

Tipp

ing

fee

surc

harg

es (a

por

tion

of re

side

ntia

lan

d IC

&I s

elf-h

aule

d ga

rbag

e is

cha

rged

a

tippi

ng fe

e, n

o fe

e is

col

lect

ed o

n re

cycl

able

s,or

gani

cs, o

r HHW

)■

Expl

ore

was

te fl

ow a

nd fu

ll-co

st a

ccou

ntin

g

tool

s us

ing

GAP

or s

imila

r ana

lysi

s■

User

pay

(may

wis

h to

intro

duce

par

tial u

ser

pay,

two-

bag

limit

in fi

rst y

ear a

nd g

radu

ally

mov

ing

tow

ard

one-

bag

limit,

then

full

user

pay

over

five

-yea

r per

iod)

■Ca

rbon

cre

dits

(sta

rt m

onito

ring

the

effe

ct o

fw

aste

on

GHGs

and

iden

tify

carb

on c

redi

top

tions

)■

Volu

ntar

y ex

tend

ed p

rodu

cer r

espo

nsib

ility

(exp

lore

take

-it-b

ack

prog

ram

s w

ith lo

cal

busi

ness

es)

■En

hanc

ed p

rom

otio

n (n

atur

al la

ndsc

apin

g an

dm

ulch

ing

of g

rass

)■

Sour

ce s

epar

atio

n of

leaf

and

yar

d w

aste

(cou

pled

with

pro

mot

ion

of b

acky

ard

com

post

-in

g, n

atur

al la

ndsc

apin

g, a

nd g

rass

cycl

ing)

■In

trodu

ce s

light

ly h

ighe

r tip

ping

fees

for I

C&I

load

s ex

ceed

ing

limits

set

for r

ecyc

labl

es o

rco

mpo

stab

les

■Ec

onom

ic d

evel

opm

ent p

rogr

ams

and

soci

alob

ject

ives

(loo

k fo

r opp

ortu

nitie

s to

pro

mot

e)■

Expl

ore

gree

n pr

ocur

emen

t■

Stro

ng p

rom

otio

n an

d ed

ucat

ion

to in

crea

seaw

aren

ess

■Se

e Se

e So

lid W

aste

as

a Re

sour

ce G

uide

(Ove

rvie

w a

nd R

evie

w o

f Was

te P

olic

ies)

Yes

No

Is th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l low

?

Yes

No

Is th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l med

ium

?

Your

com

mun

ity s

houl

d re

cons

ider

its

was

te

redu

ctio

n go

als,

whi

ch m

ay b

e to

o ad

vent

urou

s.

Go to

Fig

ure

4 –

Optio

n B

Yes

Is th

e in

nova

tion

leve

l hig

h?

Revi

sit t

he g

oal-s

ettin

g pr

oces

s.

Refe

r to

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

, Se

ctio

n 2

and

Wor

kshe

et A

1)

■Di

spos

al m

ater

ial b

ans

(on

mat

eria

ls b

eing

effe

ctiv

ely

dive

rted

and

thos

e th

at c

ould

be

dive

rted,

e.g

., gr

ass

clip

ping

s, H

HW, t

ires,

etc

.)af

fect

ing

resi

dent

ial a

nd IC

&I,

with

free

re

cycl

ing

and

com

post

ing

■Cu

rbsi

de b

ans

on m

ater

ials

(e.g

., gr

ass

clip

ping

s)■

Man

dato

ry re

cycl

ing

(targ

etin

g re

cycl

able

s at

the

resi

dent

ial a

nd IC

&I l

evel

s— k

eep

flexi

ble

to in

corp

orat

e ne

w m

ater

ials

)■

Gree

n pr

ocur

emen

t (sm

alle

r com

mun

ities

will

bene

fit b

y fo

rmin

g pa

rtner

ship

s w

ith o

ther

s)■

Tipp

ing

fee

surc

harg

es (a

ll ga

rbag

e, in

clud

ing

resi

dent

ial a

nd IC

&I s

elf-h

aul i

s ch

arge

d a

tippi

ng fe

e, n

o fe

e is

col

lect

ed o

n re

cycl

able

s,or

gani

cs, o

r HHW

)—ke

ep in

min

d w

illin

gnes

sto

pay

■W

aste

man

agem

ent u

tility

by

oper

atin

g al

lw

aste

man

agem

ent a

ctiv

ities

as

a se

para

teut

ility

(req

uire

s co

mpl

etio

n of

was

te fl

ow a

ndfu

ll-co

st a

ccou

ntin

g us

ing

GAP

anal

ysis

)

■Im

plem

ent w

aste

min

imiza

tion

and

dive

rsio

npo

licie

s on

bus

ines

ses

with

in y

our c

omm

unity

(e.g

., us

er p

ay, o

rgan

ics

dive

rsio

n, c

arbo

ncr

edits

, man

dato

ry ta

ke-it

-bac

k)■

User

pay

(ful

l use

r pay

incl

udes

fee

appl

ied

toal

l bag

s an

d fu

ll co

st re

cove

ry)

■Ca

rbon

cre

dits

(mon

itor t

he e

ffect

of w

aste

on

GHGs

and

iden

tify

carb

on c

redi

t opt

ions

)■

Exte

nded

pro

duce

r res

pons

ibili

ty (i

mpl

emen

tta

ke-it

-bac

k pr

ogra

ms

for a

utom

otiv

e, e

lect

roni

c,ga

rden

sup

plie

s, m

edic

al s

uppl

ies,

HHW

, and

hous

ehol

d pr

oduc

ts)

■En

hanc

ed p

rom

otio

n (e

.g.,

natu

ral l

ands

capi

ng,

mul

chin

g of

gra

ss, “

treas

ure

hunt

”)■

Sour

ce s

epar

atio

n of

org

anic

s (c

oupl

ed w

ithba

n on

gra

ss c

lippi

ngs

at th

e cu

rb a

nd

prom

otio

n of

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g, n

atur

alla

ndsc

apin

g, a

nd g

rass

cycl

ing)

■Ba

n op

en b

urni

ng, b

ut p

rovi

de a

ltern

ativ

edi

vers

ion

oppo

rtuni

ties

■Us

er p

ay a

nd s

ourc

e se

para

tion

prog

ram

s ta

rget

ing

mun

icip

ally

col

lect

ed IC

&I w

aste

■In

trodu

ce h

ighe

r tip

ping

fees

for I

C&I l

oads

exce

edin

g lim

its s

et fo

r rec

ycla

bles

or

com

post

able

s■

Purs

ue e

cono

mic

dev

elop

men

t pro

gram

s an

dso

cial

obj

ectiv

es (w

ork

with

the

com

mun

ity to

deve

lop

sust

aina

ble

busi

ness

opp

ortu

nitie

san

d pr

ovid

e fin

anci

al in

cent

ives

if n

eces

sary

,e.

g., r

euse

cen

tres)

■Re

quire

was

te re

duct

ion

and

recy

clin

g pl

ans

of IC

&I b

usin

esse

s■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

and

Rev

iew

of W

aste

Pol

icie

s)

Is yo

ur c

omm

unity

’s w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<5

0%?

OPT

ION

C

OPT

ION

D


STA

GE

B –

PR

OVIN

CIA

L/M

UN

ICIP

AL

LE

GIS

LA

TIO

NF

IGU

RE

6

PO

LIC

YD

EC

ISIO

N-M

AK

ING

TRE

E

Iden

tify

whi

ch p

olic

y op

tion

was

sele

cted

pre

viou

sly

(Fig

ures

4 a

nd 5

):

——

Opt

ion

A—

— O

ptio

n B

——

Opt

ion

C—

— O

ptio

n D

For e

ach

of th

e po

licy

optio

ns

iden

tifie

d pr

evio

usly

, app

ly th

e fo

llow

ing

deci

sion

-mak

ing

proc

edur

es

No

Is th

is p

olic

y in

pla

ce

at th

e pr

ovin

cial

leve

l?

Curr

ently

in p

lace

—no

act

ion

requ

ired

Yes

No

Is th

is p

olic

y in

pla

ce

as a

byl

aw o

r offi

cial

pro

gram

at

the

regi

onal

or

loca

l lev

el?

Curr

ently

in p

lace

—no

act

ion

requ

ired

Yes

No

Is th

is p

olic

y pe

rmitt

ed

unde

r pro

vinc

ial o

r m

unic

ipal

legi

slat

ion?

Enco

urag

e or

pur

sue

legi

slat

ive

chan

ge

Yes

List

the

polic

ies

(e.g

., m

anda

tory

recy

clin

g re

gula

tion

land

fill b

ans

regu

latio

n)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

List

the

polic

ies

(e.g

., la

ndfil

l ban

s by

law

, us

er p

ay b

ylaw

, bag

lim

it by

law

)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Iden

tify

polic

ies

to p

ursu

e

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_


Stage C – Integrated Resourceand Waste ManagementSystem Decisions

In this stage you will explore the suitability

of various technologies for your integrated

resource and waste management system needs,

and determine whether partnering with other

communities would benefit your community.

The decision-making trees in Figures 7, 8, 9,

and 10 will help you select among a number of

options. The chosen path will be influenced by

several key factors, including the amount of resi-

dential waste generated annually, your resource

and waste policies, and budgetary constraints.

The residential and IC&I waste information

you generated in Stage A will now help you

evaluate resource and waste management

options. As IC&I volumes are not entirely reliable

for budget certainty, you should recognize their

potential but be cautious as to the extent to

which they are included in your system.

TASK 1: IDENTIFY WASTE TONNAGE RANGE

Once you have compiled the total residential

waste generation information (with or without

the IC&I waste), work through the appropriate

decision-making tree to determine the appropriate

waste category:

■ If <7,000 tonnes of total waste generation peryear, go to Figure 7

■ If 7,000 – 35,000 tonnes of total waste generation per year, go to Figure 8

■ If 35,000 – 90,000 tonnes of total waste generation per year, go to Figure 9

■ If >90,000 tonnes of total waste generation per year, go to Figure 10


Companion ReadingNone

TASK 2: EVALUATE DIVERSION

GOAL REALITY

As you work through the schematic that corre-

sponds to your total waste generation rate, you

will be prompted to consider the practicality of

your community’s waste reduction goal given

the amount of waste available, the potential

costs, and the level of innovation and community

support required. At the end of this exercise,

you may want to revisit your goals or investigate

other options, such as partnering with adjacent

communities or instituting user pay.

Information RequirementsInformation from Worksheet B1 – Community

Innovation Assessment


Section 1 and Review of Waste Policies)


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

SYS

TEM

DE

CIS

ION-M

AK

ING

TRE

E(≤

7,0

00

TP

Y)

FIG

UR

E7

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

Furth

er co

st sa

vings

can b

e atta

ined b

y for

ming

pa

rtner

ships

with

neigh

bour

ing c

omm

unitie

s to

incre

ase t

onna

ges a

nd se

cure

bette

r end

mar

kets

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Or

Yes

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

You c

an ac

hieve

betw

een 2

5 an

d 50%

redu

ction

th

roug

h eco

nom

ical m

eans

by fo

rming

pa

rtner

ships

with

neigh

bour

ing co

mm

unitie

s or r

egion

alizin

g se

rvice

s to i

ncre

ase t

onna

ge an

d allo

w fo

r sha

ring o

f tec

hnolo

gies

and r

esou

rces

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Opt

ion

BTh

is p

ath

may

be

chal

leng

ing

to a

ccom

plis

h. Y

ou c

an a

chie

vebe

twee

n 25

and

50%

redu

ctio

n w

ith s

tring

ent d

iver

sion

po

licie

s (s

ee F

igur

e 5)

in p

lace

, rec

yclin

g an

d co

mpo

stin

g of

all o

rgan

ics

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n,

go to

Fig

ure

13

$$$

Sym

bols

$$$$

$ $$

very

exp

ensi

ve

expe

nsiv

e

som

ewha

t exp

ensi

ve

not e

xpen

sive

$$$

a lo

t of i

nnov

atio

nre

quire

d

som

e in

nova

tion

requ

ired

little

inno

vatio

nre

quire

d

a lo

t of c

omm

unity

su

ppor

t req

uire

d

com

mun

ity s

uppo

rt ad

vant

ageo

us

min

imal

com

mun

ity

supp

ort n

eede

d

This

pat

h m

ay b

e ve

ry c

halle

ngin

g

$$$$

Opt

ion

AYo

u ca

n ac

hiev

e <2

5% re

duct

ion

with

min

imal

pro

gram

s (i.

e., s

ome

recy

clin

g, b

acky

ard

com

post

ing,

m

inim

al le

af a

nd y

ard

win

drow

com

post

ing)

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

12$

Go to

Fig

ure

8

Tota

l res

iden

tial w

aste

gen

erat

ion

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Calc

ulat

e us

ing

GAP

Was

te F

low

or

Wor

kshe

et A

2

No

Cons

ider

targ

etin

g IC

&I m

ater

ials

toin

crea

se to

nnag

e

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Dete

rmin

e op

portu

nitie

s us

ing

Wor

kshe

et A

4

Yes

No

Is y

our c

omm

unity

in

nova

tive

and

will

ing

to s

pend

mon

ey o

n ne

w te

chno

logy

?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Is th

e to

tal r

esid

entia

l w

aste

gen

erat

ion

less

than

7,00

0 to

nnes

/yr?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

>50

%?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

betw

een

25 a

nd 5

0%?

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<25

%?

You

may

nee

d to

reas

sess

you

r was

te re

duct

ion

goal

s an

dpo

licy

optio

ns, w

hich

may

incl

ude:

Optio

n A

Optio

n B

Com

bine

d w

ith p

artn

ersh

ips

Refe

r to

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

, Sec

tion

2) a

nd W

orks

heet

A1


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

SYS

TEM

DE

CIS

ION-M

AK

ING

TRE

E(7

,00

0 –

35,0

00

TP

Y)

FIG

UR

E8

Or

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

Furth

er co

st sa

vings

can b

e atta

ined b

y for

ming

pa

rtner

ships

with

neigh

bour

ing c

omm

unitie

s to

incre

ase t

onna

ges a

nd se

cure

bette

r end

mar

kets

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Or

Yes

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

You c

an ac

hieve

betw

een 2

5 an

d 50%

redu

ction

th

roug

h eco

nom

ical m

eans

by fo

rming

pa

rtner

ships

with

neigh

bour

ing co

mm

unitie

s or r

egion

alizin

g se

rvice

s to i

ncre

ase t

onna

ge an

d allo

w fo

r sha

ring o

f tec

hnolo

gies

and r

esou

rces

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Opt

ion

BDe

pend

ing

on th

e si

ze o

f you

r com

mun

ity, t

his

path

may

be

chal

leng

ing

to a

ccom

plis

h. Y

ou c

an a

chie

ve b

etw

een

25 a

nd50

% re

duct

ion

with

stri

ngen

t div

ersi

on p

olic

ies

(see

Fig

ure

5)in

pla

ce, r

ecyc

ling,

and

com

post

ing

of a

ll or

gani

cs

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n,

go to

Fig

ure

13

$$$

Sym

bols

$$$$

$ $$

very

exp

ensi

ve

expe

nsiv

e

som

ewha

t exp

ensi

ve

not e

xpen

sive

$$$

a lo

t of i

nnov

atio

nre

quire

d

som

e in

nova

tion

requ

ired

little

inno

vatio

nre

quire

d

a lo

t of c

omm

unity

su

ppor

t req

uire

d

com

mun

ity s

uppo

rt ad

vant

ageo

us

min

imal

com

mun

ity

supp

ort n

eede

d

This

pat

h m

ay b

e ve

ry c

halle

ngin

g

$$$$

Opt

ion

AYo

u ca

n ac

hiev

e <2

5% d

iver

sion

with

min

imal

pro

gram

s (i.

e., s

ome

recy

clin

g, b

acky

ard

com

post

ing,

m

inim

al le

af a

nd y

ard

win

drow

com

post

ing)

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

12$

Go to

Fig

ure

9

Tota

l res

iden

tial w

aste

gen

erat

ion

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Calc

ulat

e us

ing

GAP

Was

te F

low

or

Wor

kshe

et A

2

No

Cons

ider

targ

etin

g IC

&I m

ater

ials

toin

crea

se to

nnag

e

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Dete

rmin

e op

portu

nitie

s us

ing

Wor

kshe

et A

4

Yes

No

Is y

our c

omm

unity

in

nova

tive

and

will

ing

to s

pend

mon

ey o

n ne

w te

chno

logy

?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Is th

e to

tal r

esid

entia

l w

aste

gen

erat

ion

betw

een

7,00

0 an

d 35

,000

tonn

es/y

r?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

>50

%?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

betw

een

25 a

nd 5

0%?

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<25

%?

You

may

nee

d to

reas

sess

you

r was

te re

duct

ion

goal

s an

dpo

licy

optio

ns, w

hich

may

incl

ude:

Optio

n B

(Fig

ure

13)

Refe

r to

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

, Sec

tion

2) a

nd W

orks

heet

A1

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

Depe

nding

on th

e size

of yo

ur co

mm

unity

, this

path

may

be ch

allen

ging t

o acc

ompli

sh ev

en if

form

ing pa

rtner

ships

with

neig

hbou

ring c

omm

unitie

s to s

hare

the

costs

of tw

o- or

thre

e-str

eam

colle

ction

, com

post

ing of

all o

rgan

ics,

and p

ossib

ly ot

her e

mer

ging t

echn

ology

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

SYS

TEM

DE

CIS

ION-M

AK

ING

TRE

E(3

5,0

00

– 9

0,0

00

TP

Y)

FIG

UR

E9

Or

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

Furth

er co

st sa

vings

can b

e atta

ined b

y for

ming

pa

rtner

ships

with

neigh

bour

ing c

omm

unitie

s to

incre

ase t

onna

ges a

nd se

cure

bette

r end

mar

kets

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Or

Yes

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

You c

an ac

hieve

betw

een 2

5 an

d 50%

redu

ction

th

roug

h eco

nom

ical m

eans

by fo

rming

pa

rtner

ships

with

neigh

bour

ing co

mm

unitie

s or r

egion

alizin

g se

rvice

s to i

ncre

ase t

onna

ge an

d allo

w fo

r sha

ring o

f tec

hnolo

gies

and r

esou

rces

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Opt

ion

B

You

can

achi

eve

betw

een

25 a

nd 5

0% re

duct

ion

with

stri

ngen

tdi

vers

ion

polic

ies

(see

Fig

ure

5, O

ptio

ns C

or D

) in

plac

e,

recy

clin

g, a

nd c

ompo

stin

g of

all

orga

nics

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n,

go to

Fig

ure

13

$$

Sym

bols

$$$$

$ $$

very

exp

ensi

ve

expe

nsiv

e

som

ewha

t exp

ensi

ve

not e

xpen

sive

$$$

a lo

t of i

nnov

atio

nre

quire

d

som

e in

nova

tion

requ

ired

little

inno

vatio

nre

quire

d

a lo

t of c

omm

unity

su

ppor

t req

uire

d

com

mun

ity s

uppo

rt ad

vant

ageo

us

min

imal

com

mun

ity

supp

ort n

eede

d

This

pat

h m

ay b

e ve

ry c

halle

ngin

g

$$$$

Opt

ion

AYo

u ca

n ac

hiev

e <2

5% re

duct

ion

with

sim

ple

prog

ram

s (i.

e., s

ome

recy

clin

g, b

acky

ard

com

post

ing,

m

inim

al le

af a

nd y

ard

win

drow

com

post

ing)

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

12$

Go to

Fig

ure

10

Tota

l res

iden

tial w

aste

gen

erat

ion

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Calc

ulat

e us

ing

GAP

Was

te F

low

or

Wor

kshe

et A

2

No

Cons

ider

targ

etin

g IC

&I m

ater

ials

toin

crea

se to

nnag

e

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Dete

rmin

e op

portu

nitie

s us

ing

Wor

kshe

et A

4

Yes

No

Is y

our c

omm

unity

in

nova

tive

and

will

ing

to s

pend

mon

ey o

n ne

w te

chno

logy

?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Is th

e to

tal r

esid

entia

l w

aste

gen

erat

ion

betw

een

35,0

00 a

nd 9

0,00

0 to

nnes

/yr?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

>50

%?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

betw

een

25 a

nd 5

0%?

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<25

%?

You

may

nee

d to

reas

sess

you

r was

te re

duct

ion

goal

s an

dpo

licy

optio

ns, w

hich

may

incl

ude:

Optio

n B

(Fig

ure

13)

Refe

r to

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

, Sec

tion

2) a

nd W

orks

heet

A1

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

You c

an ac

hieve

>50%

redu

ction

mor

e effe

ctive

ly by

form

ing pa

rtner

ships

with

neig

hbou

ring

com

mun

ities t

o sha

re th

e cos

ts of

two-

or t

hree

-stre

am c

ollec

tion,

com

posti

ng of

all o

rgan

ics, a

nd po

ssibl

y oth

er em

ergin

g tec

hnolo

gy

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Opt

ion

BYo

u ca

n ac

hiev

e be

twee

n 25

and

50%

redu

ctio

n w

ith

strin

gent

div

ersi

on p

olic

ies

(see

Fig

ure

5, O

ptio

ns C

or D

) in

pla

ce, r

ecyc

ling,

and

com

post

ing

of a

ll or

gani

cs

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

13


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

SYS

TEM

DE

CIS

ION-M

AK

ING

TRE

E(≥

90

,00

0 T

PY)

FIG

UR

E10

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

betw

een

25 a

nd 5

0%?

Yes

Yes

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

You c

an ac

hieve

>50%

redu

ction

mor

e ec

onom

ically

by f

orm

ing pa

rtner

ships

with

ne

ighbo

uring

com

mun

ities o

r reg

ionali

zing s

ervic

es to

incr

ease

to

nnag

e and

allow

for s

harin

g of t

echn

ologie

s and

reso

urce

s

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

Opt

ion

CYo

u ca

n ac

hiev

e >5

0% re

duct

ion

mor

e ef

fect

ivel

y by

form

ing

partn

ersh

ips

with

nei

ghbo

urin

g co

mm

uniti

es to

sha

re th

eco

sts

of tw

o- o

r thr

ee-s

tream

col

lect

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com

post

ing

of a

llor

gani

cs, a

nd p

ossi

bly

othe

r em

ergi

ng te

chno

logy

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n,

go to

Fig

ure

14

$$$

Sym

bols

$$$$

$ $$

very

exp

ensi

ve

expe

nsiv

e

som

ewha

t exp

ensi

ve

not e

xpen

sive

$$$

a lo

t of i

nnov

atio

nre

quire

d

som

e in

nova

tion

requ

ired

little

inno

vatio

nre

quire

d

a lo

t of c

omm

unity

su

ppor

t req

uire

d

com

mun

ity s

uppo

rt ad

vant

ageo

us

min

imal

com

mun

ity

supp

ort n

eede

dO

ptio

n A

You

can

achi

eve

<25%

redu

ctio

n w

ith lo

w-te

ch p

rogr

ams

(i.e.

, som

e re

cycl

ing,

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g, m

inim

al le

af a

ndya

rd w

indr

ow c

ompo

stin

g)

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

12$

Tota

l res

iden

tial w

aste

gen

erat

ion

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Calc

ulat

e us

ing

GAP

Was

te F

low

or

Wor

kshe

et A

2

Cons

ider

targ

etin

g IC

&I m

ater

ials

toin

crea

se to

nnag

e

____

____

_ton

nes/

yr

Dete

rmin

e op

portu

nitie

s us

ing

Wor

kshe

et A

4Ye

s

No

Is y

our c

omm

unity

in

nova

tive

and

will

ing

to

incr

ease

the

was

te

man

agem

ent b

udge

t?

Yes

Yes

Is th

e to

tal r

esid

entia

l w

aste

gen

erat

ion

>90,

000

tonn

es/y

r?

No

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

>50

%?

Is th

e w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<25

%?

Part

ners

hip

Opt

ion

You c

an ac

hiev

e bet

wee

n 25 a

nd 50

% re

duct

ion

thro

ugh e

cono

mica

l mea

ns by

form

ing

partn

ersh

ips w

ith ne

ighbo

urin

g com

mun

ities o

r reg

ionali

zing

serv

ices t

o inc

reas

e ton

nage

and a

llow

for s

harin

g of t

echn

ologie

san

d res

ourc

es

If yo

u de

cide

to p

ursu

e th

is o

ptio

n, g

o to

Fig

ure

11

$


WO R K S H E E T C1

P a r t A : E s t a b l i s h i n g t h e N e e d f o r P a r t n e r s

TASK 3: EVALUATE PARTNERSHIP

OPPORTUNITIES

Forming partnerships with other municipalities

may provide access to technical opportunities

not feasible otherwise. Partnerships can be par-

ticularly beneficial to smaller municipalities with

high waste diversion expectations because they

help overcome limited access to funds, personnel,

training, and technical support.

In this task, you will evaluate partnering

opportunities with other communities by working

through the decision-making tree in Figure 11

and completing Worksheet C1 – Establishing

Partnerships with other Communities. The

worksheet allows you to identify benefits and

goals that must be compatible with those of

other communities and concerns that may need

to be overcome before entering into a partner-

ship arrangement. You will also begin to identify

potential partnering communities.

In the decision-making process, you will

need to determine the collective amount of

resources available from all partnering commu-

nities. Refer to Task 5 on page 60 for further

instructions.

Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet C1 – Establishing

Partnerships with Other Communities


Section 4)

ESTABLISHING PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES

QUESTION RESPONSE

Q1. Identify the benefits that your communitywould hope to receive from establishing part-nerships with other communities. (Rank interms of importance)

� Reducing waste

� Overall system cost savings

� Increasing the quantity of end-market materials

� Recognize environmental benefits (e.g., reduced number of vehicles on the road, reduced greenhouse gases)

� Opportunity to hire more expertise

� Opportunity to create new jobs

� Other

QUESTION RESPONSE


WO R K S H E E T C1



Q2. Identify which integrated waste managementactivities your community would wish to pursue with other partnering communities.(Please check)

Q3. Determine whether your staff and Council can overcome and resolve possible con-cerns/trade-offs arising from establishing a partnership arrangement with other communities.

Q4. Identify other concerns that may arise fromestablishing a partnership arrangement withother communities. (Please list)

� Sharing curbside collection equipment for recyclables, organics,and/or waste

� Sharing processing equipment (MRF) for recyclables

� Sharing composting technologies (e.g., channel, in-vessel, anaerobic digestion)

� Sharing disposal technologies (e.g., landfill, thermal technologies)

� Sharing household hazardous or special waste collection and storage/bulking activities

� Sharing administrative resources

� Other

YES NO DON’T KNOW

� � � Different waste reduction goals

� � � Increased bureaucracy

� � � Less flexibility over decisions

� � � Potential conflict over budgets

� � � Uneven playing field

1.

2.

3.

4.


QUESTION RESPONSE



WO R K S H E E T C1

P a r t B : I d e n t i f y i n g P o t e n t i a l P a r t n e r i n g C o m m u n i t i e s

Identifying Potential Partners RANK

Q5. Evaluate your responses to questions 1 through 4 and decide whether establishing a partnership arrangement with other communities makes sense for your community.

� Yes, partnership makes sense

� No, partnership does not make sense

� Re-evaluate at a later date

Notes:

Q6. Rank the importance of having characteristics of partnering communities similar to your community. (Circle one of the following: high,med, or low importance)

Having similar waste diversion goals

Being of similar size

Sharing same waste management programneeds

Sharing similar essential services (e.g.,road, water supply, landfill)

Sharing the same regional boundaries

High Medium Low

High Medium Low

High Medium Low

High Medium Low

High Medium Low


WO R K S H E E T C1

P a r t B : I d e n t i f y i n g P o t e n t i a l P a r t n e r i n g C o m m u n i t i e s

IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL PARTNERS RANK

Q7. Using insights gained fromQuestion 6, rank the followingboundaries in terms of impor-tance in pursuing partner com-munities. See Guide (Overview,Section 4) for definitions of eachboundary. (Give one rank toeach)

Q8. Within the preferred boundaryarea established in Question 7,make a list of potential partnercommunities (keep in mind thecharacteristics that you feel areimportant as a result of the ranking process completed inQuestion 6).

Regional boundaries

Pre-established waste management boundaries

Service area boundaries

Conservation authority boundaries

Other boundaries

Provide name and contact and population size

Community Name Contact Population Size

Community 1

Community 2

Community 3

Community 4

Community 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5



STA

GE

C –

PA

RTN

ER

SH

IPO

PTI

ON

ES

TAB

LIS

HIN

GP

AR

TNE

RS

HIP

SW

ITH

OTH

ER

CO

MM

UN

UIT

IES

FIG

UR

E11 Ye

s

Does

form

ing

a pa

rtner

ship

with

othe

r com

mun

ities

mak

ese

nse

for y

our c

omm

unity

? (U

se W

orks

heet

C1,

Pa

rt A)

Is y

our w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

<25

%?

Go to

Fig

ure

12an

d re

cons

ider

at a

late

r dat

e

No

Yes

Have

you

id

entif

ied

othe

r po

tent

ial p

artn

erin

g co

mm

uniti

es?

Use

Wor

kshe

et C

1, P

art B

to id

entif

ypo

tent

ial p

artn

erin

g co

mm

uniti

es

No

Yes

Have

you

ap

proa

ched

pot

entia

l pa

rtner

ing

com

mun

ities

an

d in

tere

st is

sho

wn?

If co

mm

uniti

es a

re n

ot in

tere

sted

,re

-eva

luat

e yo

ur s

elec

tion

proc

ess

and

appr

oach

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es

Use

Wor

kshe

et C

1, P

art B

to

iden

tify

new

pot

entia

l pa

rtner

ing

com

mun

ities

No

Yes

Have

you

co

nsid

ered

targ

etin

g IC

&I w

aste

to in

crea

se

volu

me

of m

ater

ials

?

Use

Wor

kshe

et A

4 to

est

imat

eto

nnes

of w

aste

, rec

ycla

bles

and

orga

nics

pot

entia

lly a

vaila

ble

from

the

IC&

I sec

tor

No

Com

plet

e th

epa

rtner

ship

proc

ess

on th

ene

xt p

age

Is y

our w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

betw

een

25 a

nd 5

0%?

Go to

Fig

ure

13an

d re

cons

ider

at a

late

r dat

e

Is y

our w

aste

redu

ctio

n ta

rget

>50

%?

Go to

Fig

ure

14

and

reco

nsid

er a

t a la

ter d

ate


STA

GE

C –

PA

RTN

ER

SH

IPO

PTI

ON

ES

TAB

LIS

HIN

GP

AR

TNE

RS

HIP

SW

ITH

OTH

ER

CO

MM

UN

UIT

IES

FIG

UR

E11

No

Is th

e to

tal

resi

dent

ial w

aste

gen

erat

ion

>90,

000

tonn

es/y

r?

Go b

ack

to F

igur

e 10

Yes

No

Is th

e to

tal

resi

dent

ial w

aste

ge

nera

tion

betw

een

35,0

00 a

nd 9

0,00

0to

nnes

/yr?

Go b

ack

to F

igur

e 9

Yes

No

Is th

e to

tal

resi

dent

ial w

aste

ge

nera

tion

betw

een

7,00

0 an

d 35

,000

to

nnes

/yr?

Go b

ack

to F

igur

e 8

Yes

Yes

Is th

e to

tal

resi

dent

ial w

aste

gen

erat

ion

<7,0

00 to

nnes

/yr?

Go b

ack

to F

igur

e 7

Yes

For a

ll pa

rtner

ing

com

mun

ities

, col

lect

ivel

y de

term

ine

the

Amou

nt o

fAv

aila

ble

Reso

urce

s (u

seW

orks

heet

C2

and

Tabl

e 1)

Curr

ent p

rogr

am

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

Figu

re 1

1co

ntin

ued

from

pr

evio

uspa

ge

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

With

5-y

ear p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr


TASK 4: DETERMINE RESOURCES

AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY

At various points along the decision-making

process you will need to determine the amount

of materials available for recovery. This will

typically refer to residential resources, but may

include other resources (i.e., IC&I).

Worksheet C2 – Resources Available for

Recovery and Table 1 – Residential Waste

Composition will help you calculate available

material for recovery. The worksheet relies on

residential waste composition information from

waste audits performed in small, medium and

large Canadian communities. If your community

has conducted a residential waste audit, those

audit results should be used in preference to the

waste composition information provided in

Table 1.

When the worksheet is completed you may

need to add potential resources available from

the IC&I sector and other partnering communities.

Information RequirementsComplete Worksheet C2 – Resources Available

for Recovery

Refer to Table 1 – Residential Waste Composition



482

0

482

x 2,500

Subtract recyclables divertedthrough outside agencies(refer to the GAPWaste Flow Data)

Total available recyclables(tonnes/year)

Paper recyclables (includes ONP,OMG and OCC)

19.3% = (0.193)

(this is the sum offigures from Table 1for the includedcategories of paperrecyclables)

Sample Exercise for Dixie Township

(population 7,300):

Total Residential Waste Generation 2,500 tonnes/year

Waste Composition Audit used for this Worksheet North Glengarry Township, Ontario

RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY

S a m p l e E x e r c i s e

RESOURCE TOTAL COMPOSITION TOTAL RESIDENTIAL WASTE TOTAL AVAILABLE RESOURCE(%) GENERATION (tonnes/yr) (tonnes/yr)

Calculating Available Material for Recovery

From the selected waste composition table in Table 1, calculate the total percentage composition of the targetedmaterial categories and place the number in the column “Total Composition.” Multiply the % composition by the“Total Residential Waste Generation” figure identified above to arrive at the subtotal of potential availableresources currently in the waste stream. Subtract any materials collected by an outside agency (e.g.,deposit/return program). Place the final number in the column “Total Available Resource.”

WO R K S H E E T C2



Calculate Available Recyclable Materials:

WO R K S H E E T C2

482x 2,500

x

x

x

x

x

S A M P L E

Paper recyclables(includes ONP, OMGand OCC)

Paper RecyclablesIncludes:

Plastic RecyclablesIncludes:

Metal RecyclablesIncludes:

Glass RecyclablesIncludes:

OtherIncludes:

19.3% = (0.193)


Subtract recyclables diverted through outside agencies(Refer to the short GAP guide for default values or calculate the tonnages

by selecting the percentage composition of each deposit/return material and multiplying by total waste generation rate.)

Total available recyclables (tonnes/year)



Calculate Available Organic Resources:

WO R K S H E E T C2

32.5x 2,500

x

x

x

S A M P L E

Leaf and yard waste(includes woody andother yard waste)

Leaf and yard wasteIncludes:

Food waste Includes:

OtherIncludes:

1.3% = (0.013)


Subtract organics diverted through backyard composters and grasscycling(Refer to the Short GAP guide or calculate the grass tonnages by selecting the percentagecomposition of grass material and multiplying by total waste generation rate and calculatebackyard composters by multiplying the total number of backyard composters sold by the

municipality over the years by 100 kg/composter/yr.)

Total available organics(tonnes/year)

Leaf and yard waste: leaves, brush, woody waste, and grass,unless banned at curbside.

Food waste: vegetable food waste and may include animal foodwaste (meats, fats, oils) and animal waste (feces from pets, petlitter and bedding).

Other organic waste may include manure, non-recyclablepapers and paper products, if no markets exist.



Calculate Available Bulky Wastes and White Goods:

WO R K S H E E T C2

x 2,500

x

x

S A M P L E

Bulky wastes (includesfurniture, but notelectronic appliances)

Bulky wastesIncludes:

White goodsIncludes:

n/a


Subtract bulky wastes and white goods collected by outside agency(Refer to the short GAP guide or calculate the tonnages of the bulky items

and white good items by selecting their percentage composition and multiplyingby total waste generation rate.)

Total available bulky wastes and white goods(tonnes/year)

Bulky waste: furniture and mattresses, but not small electronics(stereos, televisions) or computers and supporting equipment(printers, fax machines, copiers).

White goods: large appliances (stoves, refrigerators, washers,dryers, air conditioners), but not small electronics (stereos, televisions) or computers and supporting equipment (printers, fax machines, copiers).

NOTE: Computers and small electronics are dealt with separately in this workbook due to pending extended producerresponsibility initiatives at the federal level.



Calculate Available Electronic and Electrical Resources:

WO R K S H E E T C2

50x 2,500

x

S A M P L E

Electronic waste*(includes computersand electronic goods)

Electronic wasteIncludes:

2.0% = (0.02)

2.0% = (0.02)*


Subtract electronics/electrical products collected by outside agency

Total available electronic and electrical wastes(tonnes/year)

* Relatively few waste audits have focused on electronic wastebecause, traditionally, they have been combined with otherwaste categories or they did not regularly appear in the auditedwaste stream. Several recent residential waste audits conductedfor the City of Calgary, Alta., the Region of Durham, Ont., and the City of Toronto, Ont., show ranges from 1 – 3% of thewaste stream. Consequently, we have chosen an estimate of2% for use here.

Electronic waste: computer waste and electronic goods.

Computer waste: monitors, hard drives, laptops and supportingequipment (printers, fax machines, copiers).

Electronic goods: small electronics (stereos, televisions, andradios).



Calculate Available Household Hazardous Wastes:

WO R K S H E E T C2

5.0x 2,500

x

S A M P L E

HHW or HSW includesbatteries, paint, motoroil, flammables, andother HHW/HSW

Household hazardousor special wastesIncludes:

0.2% = (0.002)


Subtract HHW/HSW collected by retail stores or outside agency(Refer to B.5 and B.6 Cells of the GAP W aste Flow Data or calculate the tonnages of

household hazardous waste by selecting the percentage composition of each categorythat is diverted and multiplying by total waste generation rate.)

Total available household hazardous or special wastes(tonnes/year)

HHW or HSW waste includes batteries, paint, motor oil, flammables, medicines, syringes, aerosols.


1. PAPER FIBRES

RESIDENTIAL WASTE COMPOSITIONTABLE 1

NewspaperMagazinesPhone BooksCardboardBoxboard/RollsMixed PapersMolded PulpBooksKraft PaperSpiral WoundTissue/TowelingOther PaperGable Top CartonsAseptic Containers

Municipality:

Population:

Setting:

Households:

NORTHGLENGARRY, ONT.

10,589

rural

mostly single-familyhhlds4,100 dwellings

SUDBURY, ONT.

85,000

urban/rural

mostly single-familyhhlds37,400 dwellings

CITY OF CALGARY, ALTA.

880,000

urban

2/3rds single-familyhhlds330,000 dwellings

11.14.60.03.63.12.10.40.41.00.22.00.70.40.0

29.7

10.4

0.34.23.34.8

4.40.40.1

27.8

11.11.80.13.63.73.70.20.40.50.12.50.70.20.0

28.6

ONP, inserts

OMG

OTB

OCC

OBB

junk mail, fine household papers

egg cartons, drink trays

hard and soft cover

paper bags

frozen juice, pringles-type packaging

tissues, napkins, paper towels

multi-layered, waxed, wrapping, fast food

milk, juice

tetra-type packaging

Waste sort categories

Waste sort descriptions Composition%

Composition%

Composition%

Subtotal Paper Fibres

2. PLASTICS

PETE Soft DrinkLCBO ContainersPETE OtherHDPE bottlesPVCLDPE & PP BottlesWide-mouth Tubs and LidsPSRecyclable FilmNon-recyclable FilmOther ContainersOther Plastics

0.50.00.50.70.10.20.40.61.12.30.01.8

8.3

0.3

1.00.1

0.3

0.7

4.2

2.1

8.7

0.40.50.60.10.00.10.20.81.70.20.51.3

6.4

#1 soft drink

alcoholic beverage containers

water, juice, food, dish soap, trays

#2

#3, bottles, packaging

#4 and #5, squeezable

#2,4,5 and 6

#6, trays, cups, packaging

shopping bags, milk pouches

garbage bags, chip bags, shrink wrap

#7, trays, bottles, unmarked plastics

non-pkg, garden hose, VCR tape, toys

Subtotal Plastics


3. METALS


Aluminum CansAluminum Foil TraysSteel CansOther Metal

Municipality: NORTHGLENGARRY, ONT.

SUDBURY, ONT.


0.70.11.80.8

3.4

0.40.31.30.6

2.6

1.20.12.61.0

4.9

food and beverage cans

pie plates, etc.

food and beverage cans

scrap metal, other containers, bikes

4. GLASS

LCBO ClearLCBO ColouredClearColouredOther Glass

2.02.73.20.70.3

9.0

1.5

0.5

2.0

1.30.62.20.30.6

5.0

clear glass alcoholic beverages

coloured glass alcoholic beverages

food and beverage containers

food and beverage containers

lightbulbs, window glass, cups, ceramics

Subtotal Glass

Subtotal Paper Fibres

5. HOUSEHOLD SPECIAL WASTES

BatteriesPaintMotor OilFlammablesAerosol CansPaint CansOther HSW

0.00.10.10.00.30.20.0

0.6

0.10.10.00.0n/an/a0.8

1.0

0.10.30.00.00.20.20.0

0.8

all types

paints (not empty)

used oil, filters

starter fluid, solvents

empty

empty

sharps, drugs, acids, antifreeze

Subtotal HSW


6. COMPOSTABLES


Vegetable Food WasteAnimal Food WasteGrassWoody Yard WasteOther Yard WasteAnimal WasteWood Ashes

Municipality: NORTHGLENGARRY, ONT.

SUDBURY, ONT.


26.00.60.00.40.92.00.0

30.0

18.51.6

14.61.66.52.2n/a

45.0

25.8

10.1

2.3n/a

38.2

vegetable and fruit peelings

meats, fats, oils

grass clippings

brush, branches, wood chips

leaves, soil, garden wastes

feces, animal litter and bedding

fireplaces and stoves

Subtotal Compostables

7. OTHER WASTE MATERIALS

TextilesBuilding RenovationsWhite GoodsSanitary ProductsRubberFurnitureElectronicsOther

2.10.50.1

12.30.20.0n/a3.8

19.0

100.0

3.81.60.04.10.1

n/a1.22.0

12.8

99.9

4.26.01.32.30.11.00.01.2

16.1

100.0

clothing, shoes

drywall, lumber, carpeting

large appliances

diapers, napkins

tires, mats, tubing

sofas, chairs, cabinets

televisions, radios, computers

materials not classified elsewhere

Subtotal Other Waste Materials

TOTAL COMPOSITION


TASK 5: RECONFIRM PRIORITIES AND

POLICIES

Reconfirm key priorities and visions established

for the community, and identify existing policies

and promising policy opportunities from Stage

B. This exercise reinforces the importance of

understanding your community’s broader priorities

and goals, its waste reduction goal, and other

complementary waste diversion policies.

It also sets the stage for evaluating integrated

resource and waste management system options.

Information RequirementsInformation from Worksheet B1–

Community Innovation Assessment

Policy opportunities identified in Stage B


TASK 6: IDENTIFY INTEGRATED RESOURCE

AND WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

The final set of integrated resource and waste

management system options you select (by

working through Figures 12, 13, and 14) will

depend on which of the following factors take

priority in your community:■ waste reduction and environmental effects■ system cost■ high quality of end-market materials

The complexity of the technical considerations

and capital expenditures required will be affected

by the guiding priorities, the waste reduction

target, and the amount of available resources.



Sections 5 to 9 and Review

of Waste Technologies)


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TO

PTI

ON

S

OP

TIO

NA

– W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

≤25%

FIG

UR

E12

Iden

tify

polic

ies

that

sho

uld

be

intro

duce

d ov

er th

e ne

xt c

oupl

e of

yea

rs (u

se P

olic

y De

cisi

on-

mak

ing

Tree

– F

igur

e 6)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Add

in re

sour

ces

from

IC&

Ise

ctor

and

/or p

artn

erin

gco

mm

uniti

es, i

f app

licab

le

Curr

ent p

rogr

am

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

With

5-y

ear p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

■Th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m (r

ecyc

labl

es, l

eaf,

and

yard

was

te)

■W

eekl

y or

biw

eekl

y cu

rbsi

de c

olle

ctio

n of

recy

clab

les

(sin

gle-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—co

min

gled

—or

two-

stre

amre

cycl

able

s—pa

per a

nd c

onta

iner

s) u

sing

exi

stin

geq

uipm

ent,

such

as

a re

ar p

acke

r in

the

case

of s

mal

lco

mm

uniti

es, o

r dua

l-com

partm

ent c

olle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e,or

co-

colle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e (e

.g.,

rura

l are

as, e

spec

ially

ifla

ndfil

l and

MRF

are

clo

se to

geth

er) a

nd d

epot

s fo

rad

ditio

nal m

ater

ials

not

col

lect

ed th

roug

h cu

rbsi

de(a

ssum

ing

mar

kets

ava

ilabl

e)■

Priv

ate-

sect

or c

olle

ctio

n co

ntra

ct a

n op

tion,

but

nee

d to

con

side

r effe

ct o

f rec

ycla

bles

col

lect

ion

syst

em o

npr

oces

sing

cos

ts a

nd v

ice

vers

a ■

Prov

ide

resi

dent

s w

ith c

lear

ly m

arke

d, v

isib

le re

cycl

ing

cont

aine

rs a

nd in

trodu

ce p

olic

ies,

suc

h as

man

dato

ryre

cycl

ing,

par

tial u

ser p

ay, a

nd s

ome

tippi

ng fe

e su

rcha

rges

to s

uppo

rt in

itiat

ives

■Cu

rbsi

de c

olle

ctio

n of

leaf

and

yar

d w

aste

in p

aper

bags

(opp

ortu

nity

to a

lter c

olle

ctio

n w

eeks

with

sin

gle-

stre

amre

cycl

able

s), a

nd p

oten

tial b

an o

n gr

ass

clip

ping

s■

Priv

ate-

sect

or p

roce

ssin

g co

ntra

ct if

recy

clab

le

mat

eria

ls n

eed

to b

e pr

oces

sed

outs

ide

the

com

mun

ity(<

30,0

00 tp

y of

recy

clab

les)

. Con

side

r effe

ct o

n co

llect

ion

■Si

mpl

e op

en, t

urne

d w

indr

ow c

ompo

stin

g (n

o m

inim

umsi

ze re

quire

men

t), w

hich

requ

ires

larg

er b

uffe

r are

a(1

50+

met

res)

, sup

porte

d by

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g ca

mpa

ign

■Co

llect

pai

nts

thro

ugh

sim

ple

HHW

faci

lity

and/

orm

obile

HHW

dep

ot s

hare

d w

ith o

ther

com

mun

ities

■Pr

ovid

e or

con

tract

bul

ky w

aste

and

whi

te g

oods

with

poss

ible

exc

hang

e ce

ntre

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

aw

aren

ess

■Se

e So

lid W

aste

as

a Re

sour

ce G

uide

(Ove

rvie

w a

ndRe

view

of W

aste

Tec

hnol

ogie

s)

No

Opt

ion

A1

Was

te d

iver

sion

or e

nviro

nmen

tal

conc

erns

Yes

Optio

n A

cont

inue

d on

ne

xt p

age

Iden

tify

polic

ies

curr

ently

in p

lace

(u

se W

orks

heet

A1)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Iden

tify

the

key

prio

ritie

s fo

r es

tabl

ishi

ng a

n In

tegr

ated

Res

ourc

ean

d W

aste

Man

agem

ent P

lan

(use

Wor

kshe

et A

1). K

ey p

riorit

ies

are:

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_Us

e the

se p

riorit

ies to

help

in

the d

ecisi

on-m

aking

proc

ess

Dete

rmin

e th

e Am

ount

of

Avai

labl

e Re

sour

ces

(use

Wor

kshe

et C

2 an

d Ta

ble

1)

A1

Cons

ider

atio

ns


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TO

PTI

ON

S

OP

TIO

NA

CO

NTI

NU

ED

– W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

≤25%

FIG

UR

E12

Figu

re 1

2co

ntin

ued

from

prev

ious

page

■Th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m (r

ecyc

labl

es, l

eaf,

and

yard

was

te)

■W

eekl

y or

biw

eekl

y cu

rbsi

de c

olle

ctio

n of

sour

ce-s

epar

ated

, tw

o-st

ream

recy

clab

les

(rear

pac

ker c

an b

e us

ed fo

r pap

er a

nd

cont

aine

rs o

n al

tern

ate

wee

ks) o

r mul

ti-st

ream

recy

clab

les

(e.g

., hy

drau

lic s

ide-

load

ing

recy

clin

g tru

ck)

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

col

lect

ion

cont

ract

an

optio

n,bu

t nee

d to

con

side

r effe

cts

of re

cycl

able

sco

llect

ion

syst

em o

n pr

oces

sing

cos

ts a

ndvi

ce v

ersa

. Wan

t low

com

pact

ion

rate

s to

max

imize

qua

lity

of m

ater

ials

■Pr

ovid

e re

side

nts

with

cle

arly

mar

ked,

vis

ible

recy

clin

g co

ntai

ners

and

intro

duce

pol

icie

s,su

ch a

s m

anda

tory

recy

clin

g, p

artia

l use

r pay

,an

d so

me

tippi

ng fe

e su

rcha

rges

to s

uppo

rtin

itiat

ives

■Cu

rbsi

de c

olle

ctio

n of

leaf

and

yar

d w

aste

,an

d po

ssib

le b

an o

n gr

ass

clip

ping

s

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

pro

cess

ing

cont

ract

if re

cycl

able

mat

eria

ls m

ust b

e pr

oces

sed

outs

ide

the

com

mun

ity (<

30,0

00 tp

y of

recy

clab

les)

, but

need

to c

onsi

der e

ffect

on

colle

ctio

n or

, with

hydr

aulic

sid

e-lo

ader

and

mul

ti-st

ream

sor

t at

the

curb

by

colle

ctio

n cr

ew, m

ater

ials

may

be

clea

n en

ough

to b

e sh

ippe

d di

rect

ly to

mar

ket

■Si

mpl

e op

en, t

urne

d w

indr

ow c

ompo

stin

g (n

om

inim

um s

ize re

quire

men

t), w

hich

requ

ires

larg

er b

uffe

r are

a (1

50+

met

res)

, sup

porte

d by

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g ca

mpa

ign

■Co

llect

pai

nts

thro

ugh

sim

ple

HHW

faci

lity

and/

or m

obile

HHW

dep

ot s

hare

d w

ithot

her c

omm

uniti

es■

Prov

ide

or c

ontra

ct b

ulky

was

te a

nd w

hite

good

s w

ith p

ossi

ble

exch

ange

cen

tre■

Stro

ng p

rom

otio

n an

d ed

ucat

ion

to in

crea

seaw

aren

ess

■Se

e So

lid W

aste

as

a Re

sour

ce G

uide

(Ove

rvie

w a

nd R

evie

w o

f Was

te T

echn

olog

ies)

No

Opt

ion

A3

Is h

igh

qual

ity o

f end

mat

eria

ls

(bot

h re

cycl

able

s an

d co

mpo

stab

les)

the

high

est p

riorit

y in

the

deci

sion

-mak

ing

proc

ess?

Yes

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

col

lect

ion

cont

ract

pro

babl

e,bu

t nee

d to

con

side

r effe

ct o

f col

lect

ion

sys-

tem

on

proc

essi

ng c

osts

for r

ecyc

labl

es a

ndco

mpo

st■

Self-

haul

(dro

p-of

f dep

ot c

olle

ctio

n fo

r rec

y-cl

able

s), o

r biw

eekl

y, o

r mon

thly

cur

bsid

e co

l-le

ctio

n of

recy

clab

les

usin

g ad

ditio

nal

equi

pmen

t cur

rent

ly a

vaila

ble

(e.g

., ad

ditio

nal

rear

pac

kers

col

lect

ing

sing

le-s

tream

or t

wo-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s) w

ith re

side

nts

prov

idin

gth

eir o

wn

recy

clin

g co

ntai

ners

with

som

e tip

ping

fee

surc

harg

es■

Self-

haul

(dro

p-of

f dep

ot c

olle

ctio

n fo

r lea

fan

d ya

rd w

aste

) or s

easo

nal c

urbs

ide

colle

c-tio

n of

leaf

and

yar

d w

aste

usi

ng a

dditi

onal

equi

pmen

t (e.

g., r

ear p

acke

rs) w

ith re

side

nts

prov

idin

g le

af a

nd y

ard

was

te in

pap

er b

ags

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

pro

cess

ing

cont

ract

if re

cycl

able

mat

eria

ls n

eed

to b

e pr

oces

sed

outs

ide

the

com

mun

ity (<

30,0

00 tp

y of

recy

clab

les)

■Si

mpl

e op

en, t

urne

d pi

les

or w

indr

ow

com

post

ing

(no

min

imum

size

requ

irem

ent),

whi

ch re

quire

s la

rger

buf

fer a

rea

(150

+m

etre

s)■

Colle

ct p

aint

s th

roug

h si

mpl

e HH

W fa

cilit

yan

d/or

mob

ile H

HW d

epot

sha

red

with

oth

erco

mm

uniti

es■

Have

resi

dent

s se

lf-ha

ul b

ulky

was

te a

ndw

hite

goo

ds to

land

fill

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

awar

enes

s■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

and

Rev

iew

of W

aste

Tec

hnol

ogie

s)

Opt

ion

A2

Is s

yste

m c

ost t

he h

ighe

st

prio

rity

in th

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

g pr

oces

s?

Yes

Opt

ion

A3

Cons

ider

atio

nsO

ptio

n A

2 Co

nsid

erat

ions


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TO

PTI

ON

S

OP

TIO

NB

– W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

25 –

50

%F

IGU

RE

13

Iden

tify

polic

ies

that

sho

uld

be

intro

duce

d ov

er th

e ne

xt c

oupl

e of

yea

rs (u

se P

olic

y De

cisi

on-

mak

ing

Tree

– F

igur

e 6)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Add

in re

sour

ces

from

IC&

Ise

ctor

and

/or p

artn

erin

g co

mm

uniti

es, i

f app

licab

le

Curr

ent p

rogr

am

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

With

5-y

ear p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

■Th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m (r

ecyc

labl

es, l

eaf,

and

yard

was

te)

or p

ossi

bly

two-

stre

am s

yste

m (w

et a

nd d

ry) i

f tot

al

resi

dent

ial w

aste

>40

,000

tpy

■Fo

r thr

ee-s

tream

sys

tem

, wee

kly

or b

iwee

kly

curb

side

colle

ctio

n of

recy

clab

les

(sin

gle-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—co

min

gled

— o

r tw

o-st

ream

recy

clab

les—

pape

r and

co

ntai

ners

) usi

ng e

xist

ing

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s a

rear

pack

er in

the

case

of s

mal

l com

mun

ities

, or d

ual-c

om-

partm

ent c

olle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e, o

r co-

colle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e(e

.g.,

rura

l are

as, e

spec

ially

if la

ndfil

l and

MRF

are

cl

ose

toge

ther

)■

Priv

ate-

sect

or c

olle

ctio

n co

ntra

ct a

n op

tion,

but

nee

d to

con

side

r effe

ct o

f rec

ycla

bles

col

lect

ion

syst

em o

n pr

oces

sing

cos

ts a

nd v

ice

vers

a■

Prov

ide

resi

dent

s w

ith c

lear

ly m

arke

d, v

isib

le re

cycl

ing

cont

aine

rs a

nd in

trodu

ce p

olic

ies,

suc

h as

mat

eria

l ban

s,m

anda

tory

recy

clin

g, p

artia

l or f

ull u

ser p

ay, a

nd s

ome

tippi

ng fe

e su

rcha

rges

to s

uppo

rt in

itiat

ives

■

Curb

side

col

lect

ion

of le

af a

nd y

ard

was

te w

ith e

vent

ual

ban

on g

rass

clip

ping

s an

d po

ssib

le in

clus

ion

of fo

odw

aste

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

pro

cess

ing

cont

ract

if re

cycl

able

mat

eria

lsne

ed to

be

proc

esse

d ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

unity

(<

30,0

00 tp

y of

recy

clab

les)

■Op

en, t

urne

d w

indr

ow c

ompo

stin

g or

mor

e co

stly

aer

ated

stat

ic-p

ile c

ompo

stin

g w

ith p

ossi

ble

incl

usio

n of

food

was

te if

ver

y la

rge

buffe

r are

a (e

.g.,

400

met

res)

(eith

er

is g

ood

for r

ural

com

mun

ities

), or

cha

nnel

com

post

ing

syst

ems

if fo

od w

aste

incl

uded

with

eco

nom

ies

of s

cale

or u

rban

com

mun

ity (s

mal

ler b

uffe

r are

a re

quire

d, e

.g.,

<150

met

res)

. All

syst

ems

shou

ld b

e su

ppor

ted

by b

ack-

yard

com

post

ing

cam

paig

n■

Colle

ct a

ll ho

useh

old

haza

rdou

s w

aste

s (H

HW) a

t a p

er-

man

ent H

HW fa

cilit

y an

d pr

ovid

e m

obile

HHW

dep

ots

thro

ugho

ut th

e ar

ea (p

oten

tially

sha

red

with

oth

er c

om-

mun

ities

)■

Prov

ide

or c

ontra

ct b

ulky

was

te a

nd w

hite

goo

ds w

ithpo

ssib

le e

xcha

nge

cent

re■

Stro

ng p

rom

otio

n an

d ed

ucat

ion

to in

crea

se a

war

enes

s■

Prov

ide

free

on-s

ite re

cycl

ing

and

com

post

ing

faci

litie

sfo

r ban

ned

mat

eria

ls a

nd m

ake

them

ava

ilabl

e to

sel

f-ha

ul w

aste

(res

iden

tial a

nd IC

&I)

■Se

e So

lid W

aste

as

a Re

sour

ce G

uide

(Ove

rvie

w a

ndRe

view

of W

aste

Tec

hnol

ogie

s)

No

Opt

ion

B1

Was

te d

iver

sion

or e

nviro

nmen

tal

conc

erns

Yes

Optio

n B

cont

inue

d on

ne

xt p

age

Iden

tify

polic

ies

curr

ently

in p

lace

(u

se W

orks

heet

A1)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Iden

tify

the

key

prio

ritie

s fo

r es

tabl

ishi

ng a

n In

tegr

ated

Res

ourc

ean

d W

aste

Man

agem

ent P

lan

(use

Wor

kshe

et A

1). K

ey p

riorit

ies

are:

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_Us

e th

ese

prio

ritie

s to

hel

p in

th

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

g pr

oces

s

Dete

rmin

e th

e Am

ount

of

Ava

ilabl

e Re

sour

ces

(use

Wor

kshe

et C

2 an

d Ta

ble

1)

B1

Cons

ider

atio

ns


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TO

PTI

ON

S

OP

TIO

NB

CO

NTI

NU

ED

– W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

25 –

50

%F

IGU

RE

13

Figu

re 1

3 co

ntin

ued

from

prev

ious

pag

e

■Th

ree-

stre

am sy

stem

(rec

ycla

bles

, leaf

, and

yard

was

te) o

r pos

sibly

two-

stre

am sy

stem

(wet

and

dry)

if to

tal r

esid

entia

l was

te >

40,00

0 tpy

■Fo

r thr

ee-s

tream

syst

em, w

eekly

or b

iwee

klycu

rbsid

e co

llect

ion

of so

urce

-sep

arat

ed, t

wo-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s usin

g ex

istin

g eq

uipm

ent,

such

as a

rear

pac

ker i

n th

e ca

se o

f sm

all c

om-

mun

ities

(rea

r pac

ker c

an b

e us

ed fo

r pap

er a

ndco

ntai

ners

on

alte

rnat

e w

eeks

), or

dua

l-com

part-

men

t col

lect

ion

vehi

cle,

or m

ulti-

stre

am re

cy-

clab

les (

e.g.

, hyd

raul

ic si

de-lo

adin

g re

cycl

ing

truck

)■

Priva

te-s

ecto

r col

lect

ion

cont

ract

an

optio

n bu

tne

ed to

con

sider

effe

ct o

f rec

ycla

bles

col

lect

ion

syst

em o

n pr

oces

sing

cost

s and

vice

vers

a. W

ant

low

com

pact

ion

rate

s to

max

imize

qua

lity o

fm

ater

ials

■Pr

ovid

e re

siden

ts w

ith c

lear

ly m

arke

d, vi

sible

recy

clin

g co

ntai

ners

and

intro

duce

pol

icie

s, su

chas

mat

eria

l ban

s, m

anda

tory

recy

clin

g, p

artia

l or

full u

ser p

ay, a

nd so

me

tippi

ng fe

e su

rcha

rges

tosu

ppor

t ini

tiativ

es■

Curb

side

colle

ctio

n of

leaf

and

yard

was

te w

ithev

entu

al b

an o

n gr

ass c

lippi

ngs a

nd p

ossib

lein

clus

ion

of fo

od w

aste

if vi

able

■Pr

ivate

-sec

tor p

roce

ssin

g co

ntra

ct if

recy

clab

lem

ater

ials

mus

t be

proc

esse

d ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

unity

(<30

,000 t

py o

f rec

ycla

bles

), bu

t nee

d to

con

dide

ref

fect

on

colle

ctio

n. E

xpec

t hig

hest

qua

lity o

fm

ater

ials

with

mul

ti-st

ream

recy

clab

les c

olle

ctio

n■

Open

, tur

ned

win

drow

com

post

ing

or m

ore

cost

lyae

rate

d st

atic

-pile

com

post

ing

with

pos

sible

incl

usio

n of

food

was

te if

very

larg

e bu

ffer a

rea

(e.g

., 400

met

res)

(eith

er is

goo

d fo

r rur

al c

omm

u-ni

ties)

, or c

hann

el c

ompo

stin

g sy

stem

s if f

ood

was

te in

clud

ed w

ith e

cono

mie

s of s

cale

or u

rban

com

mun

ity (s

mal

ler b

uffe

r are

a re

quire

d, e

.g.,

<150

met

res)

. All s

yste

ms s

houl

d be

supp

orte

d by

back

yard

com

post

ing

cam

paig

n■

Colle

ct a

ll hou

seho

ld h

azar

dous

was

tes (

HHW

) at

a pe

rman

ent H

HW fa

cilit

y and

pro

vide

mob

ileHH

W d

epot

s thr

ough

out t

he a

rea

(pot

entia

llysh

ared

with

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es)

■Pr

ovid

e or

con

tract

bul

ky w

aste

and

whi

te g

oods

with

pos

sible

exc

hang

e ce

ntre

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

awar

enes

s■

Prov

ide

free

on-s

ite re

cycl

ing

and

com

post

ing

faci

litie

s for

ban

ned

mat

eria

ls an

d m

ake

them

avai

labl

e to

self-

haul

was

te (r

esid

entia

l and

IC&I

)■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a R

esou

rce

Guid

e (O

verv

iew

and

Revie

w o

f Was

te Te

chno

logi

es)

No

Opt

ion

B3

Is h

igh

qual

ity o

f end

mat

eria

ls

(bot

h re

cycl

able

s an

d co

mpo

stab

les)

the

high

est p

riorit

y in

the

deci

sion

-mak

ing

proc

ess?

Yes

■Th

ree-

stre

am sy

stem

(rec

ycla

bles

, leaf

, and

ya

rd w

aste

)■

Wee

kly o

r biw

eekly

cur

bsid

e co

llect

ion

of

recy

clab

les (

singl

e-st

ream

recy

clab

les—

com

ingl

ed—

or t

wo-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—pa

per

and

cont

aine

rs) u

sing

exist

ing

equi

pmen

t, su

chas

a re

ar p

acke

r in

the

case

of s

mal

l com

mun

ities

,or

dua

l-com

partm

ent c

olle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e, o

r co

-col

lect

ion

vehi

cle

(e.g

., rur

al a

reas

, esp

ecia

llyif

land

fill a

nd M

RF a

re c

lose

toge

ther

)■

Priva

te-s

ecto

r col

lect

ion

cont

ract

an

optio

n,

but n

eed

to c

onsid

er e

ffect

of r

ecyc

labl

es

colle

ctio

n sy

stem

on

proc

essin

g co

sts a

nd

vice

vers

a■

Prov

ide

resid

ents

with

cle

arly

mar

ked,

visib

lere

cycl

ing

cont

aine

rs a

nd in

trodu

ce p

olic

ies,

such

as m

ater

ial b

ans,

man

dato

ry re

cycl

ing,

pa

rtial

or f

ull u

ser p

ay, a

nd so

me

tippi

ng fe

e su

rcha

rges

to su

ppor

t ini

tiativ

es■

Curb

side

colle

ctio

n of

leaf

and

yard

was

te w

ithev

entu

al b

an o

n gr

ass c

lippi

ngs

■Pr

ivate

-sec

tor p

roce

ssin

g co

ntra

ct if

recy

clab

lem

ater

ials

mus

t be

proc

esse

d ou

tsid

e th

eco

mm

unity

(<30

,000 t

py o

f rec

ycla

bles

), bu

t ne

ed to

con

sider

effe

ct o

n co

llect

ion

■Op

en, t

urne

d w

indr

ow c

ompo

stin

g or

mor

e co

stly

aera

ted

stat

ic-p

ile c

ompo

stin

g w

ith

poss

ible

incl

usio

n of

food

was

te if

very

larg

ebu

ffer a

rea

(e.g

., 400

met

res)

(eith

er is

goo

d fo

r rur

al c

omm

uniti

es),

or c

hann

el c

ompo

stin

gsy

stem

s if f

ood

was

te in

clud

ed w

ith e

cono

mie

sof

scal

e or

urb

an c

omm

unity

(sm

alle

r buf

fer a

rea

requ

ired,

e.g

., <15

0 met

res)

. All s

yste

ms s

houl

dbe

supp

orte

d by

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

g ca

mpa

ign

■Co

llect

hou

seho

ld h

azar

dous

was

tes (

HHW

)th

roug

h sim

ple

hous

ehol

d fa

cilit

y and

mob

ileHH

W d

epot

shar

ed w

ith o

ther

com

mun

ities

■Pr

ovid

e or

con

tract

bul

ky w

aste

and

whi

tego

ods a

nd c

harg

e a

fee

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

awar

enes

s■

Prov

ide

free

on-s

ite re

cycl

ing

and

com

post

ing

faci

litie

s for

ban

ned

mat

eria

ls an

d m

ake

them

avai

labl

e to

self-

haul

was

te (r

esid

entia

l and

IC&I

)■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a R

esou

rce

Guid

e (O

verv

iew

and

Revie

w o

f Was

te Te

chno

logi

es)

Opt

ion

B2

Is s

yste

m c

ost

the

high

est p

riorit

y in

the

deci

sion

-mak

ing

proc

ess?

Yes

Opt

ion

B2

Cons

ider

atio

nsO

ptio

n B

3 Co

nsid

erat

ions


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TO

PTI

ON

S

OP

TIO

NC

– W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

≥50

%F

IGU

RE

14

Iden

tify

polic

ies

that

sho

uld

be

intro

duce

d ov

er th

e ne

xt c

oupl

e of

yea

rs (u

se P

olic

y De

cisi

on-

mak

ing

Tree

– F

igur

e 6)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Add

in re

sour

ces

from

IC&

Ise

ctor

and

/or p

artn

erin

gco

mm

uniti

es, i

f app

licab

le

Curr

ent p

rogr

am

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

With

5-y

ear p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Recy

clab

les

Orga

nics

Bulk

y/W

hite

goo

dsHH

W

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

____

____

_to

nnes

/yr

____

____

____

__to

nnes

/yr

■Th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m (r

ecyc

labl

es, l

eaf,

and

yard

was

te),

or tw

o-st

ream

sys

tem

(wet

and

dry

) if t

otal

resi

dent

ial

was

te >

40,0

00 tp

y, o

r pot

entia

l sin

gle-

stre

am s

yste

m(m

ixed

was

te p

roce

ssin

g, w

hich

is s

till e

mer

ging

te

chno

logy

)■

If th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m, t

hen

wee

kly

or b

iwee

kly

curb

side

colle

ctio

n of

recy

clab

les

(sin

gle-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—co

min

gled

—or

two-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—pa

per a

nd

cont

aine

rs) u

sing

exi

stin

g eq

uipm

ent,

such

as

a re

arpa

cker

in th

e ca

se o

f sm

all c

omm

uniti

es, o

r dua

l-com

-pa

rtmen

t col

lect

ion

vehi

cle,

or c

o-co

llect

ion

vehi

cle

(e.g

., ru

ral a

reas

, esp

ecia

lly if

land

fill a

nd M

RF a

re c

lose

toge

ther

)■

If tw

o-st

ream

sys

tem

, the

n w

eekl

y co

llect

ion

of d

ryst

ream

usi

ng d

ual-c

ompa

rtmen

t col

lect

ion

vehi

cle

or

co-c

olle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e (e

.g.,

rura

l are

as, e

spec

ially

if

land

fill a

nd M

RF a

re c

lose

toge

ther

)■

Priv

ate-

sect

or c

olle

ctio

n co

ntra

ct a

n op

tion,

but

nee

d to

con

side

r effe

ct o

f rec

ycla

bles

col

lect

ion

syst

em o

npr

oces

sing

cos

ts a

nd v

ice

vers

a■

Prov

ide

resi

dent

s w

ith c

lear

ly m

arke

d, v

isib

le re

cycl

ing

cont

aine

rs o

r car

ts a

nd in

trodu

ce p

olic

ies,

suc

h as

m

ater

ial b

ans,

man

dato

ry re

cycl

ing,

full

user

pay

, and

fu

ll tip

ping

fee

surc

harg

es to

sup

port

initi

ativ

es

■Cu

rbsi

de c

olle

ctio

n of

all

orga

nics

(lea

f and

yar

d w

aste

,an

d fo

od w

aste

) with

pot

entia

l ban

on

gras

s cl

ippi

ngs

(dep

ends

on

com

post

ing

syst

em)

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

pro

cess

ing

cont

ract

if th

ree-

stre

am

syst

em re

cycl

able

s (<

30,0

00 tp

y of

recy

clab

les)

or t

wo-

stre

am d

ry m

ater

ials

nee

d to

be

proc

esse

d ou

tsid

e th

eco

mm

unity

■Ch

anne

l com

post

ing

syst

ems

or in

-ves

sel c

ompo

stin

g fo

rfo

od w

aste

s in

larg

e or

urb

an c

omm

uniti

es, o

r pos

sibl

ean

aero

bic

dige

stio

n (if

tota

l res

iden

tial w

aste

>40

,000

tpy)

coup

led

with

cha

nnel

or i

n-ve

ssel

com

post

ing

afte

r. Al

lsy

stem

s sh

ould

be

supp

orte

d by

bac

kyar

d co

mpo

stin

gca

mpa

ign

■Co

llect

all

hous

ehol

d ha

zard

ous

was

tes

(HHW

) at a

pe

rman

ent H

HW fa

cilit

y an

d pr

ovid

e sm

alle

r sat

ellit

ean

d/or

mob

ile H

HW d

epot

s th

roug

hout

the

area

(p

oten

tially

sha

red

with

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es)

■Pr

ovid

e or

con

tract

bul

ky w

aste

and

whi

te g

oods

with

poss

ible

exc

hang

e ce

ntre

■Op

tion

of th

erm

al tr

eatm

ent t

echn

olog

y fo

r lar

ge

com

mun

ities

(lar

ge p

opul

atio

n re

quire

d, e

.g.,

300,

000)

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

aw

aren

ess

■Pr

ovid

e fre

e on

-site

recy

clin

g an

d co

mpo

stin

g fa

cilit

ies

for b

anne

d m

ater

ials

and

mak

e th

em a

vaila

ble

to s

elf-

haul

was

te (r

esid

entia

l and

IC&

I)■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de (O

verv

iew

and

Revi

ew o

f Was

te T

echn

olog

ies)

No

Opt

ion

C1W

aste

div

ersi

on o

r env

ironm

enta

lco

ncer

ns

Yes

Optio

n C

cont

inue

d on

ne

xt p

age

Iden

tify

polic

ies

curr

ently

in p

lace

(u

se W

orks

heet

A1)

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Iden

tify

the

key

prio

ritie

s fo

r es

tabl

ishi

ng a

n In

tegr

ated

Res

ourc

ean

d W

aste

Man

agem

ent P

lan

(use

Wor

kshe

et A

1). K

ey p

riorit

ies

are:

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_Us

e the

se p

riorit

ies to

help

in

the d

ecisi

on-m

aking

proc

ess

Dete

rmin

e th

e Am

ount

of

Ava

ilabl

e Re

sour

ces

(use

Wor

kshe

et C

2an

d Ta

ble

1)

Opt

ion

C1 C

onsi

dera

tions


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TO

PTI

ON

S

OP

TIO

NC

CO

NTI

NU

ED

– W

AS

TER

ED

UC

TIO

NTA

RG

ET

≥50

%F

IGU

RE

14

Figu

re 1

4co

ntin

ued

from

pr

evio

us p

age

■Th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m (r

ecyc

labl

es, l

eaf,

and

yard

was

te) o

r pos

sibl

y tw

o-st

ream

sys

tem

(wet

and

dry

) if t

otal

resi

dent

ial w

aste

>40

,000

tpy,

but e

xpec

t low

er q

ualit

y of

end

mat

eria

ls■

If th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m, t

hen

wee

kly

orbi

wee

kly

curb

side

col

lect

ion

of re

cycl

able

s(s

ingl

e-st

ream

recy

clab

les—

com

ingl

ed—

ortw

o-st

ream

recy

clab

les—

pape

r and

con

tain

-er

s) u

sing

exi

stin

g eq

uipm

ent,

such

as

a re

arpa

cker

in th

e ca

se o

f sm

all c

omm

uniti

es, o

rdu

al-c

ompa

rtmen

t col

lect

ion

vehi

cle,

or c

o-co

llect

ion

vehi

cle

(e.g

., ru

ral a

reas

, esp

ecia

lly

if la

ndfil

l and

MRF

are

clo

se to

geth

er)

■If

two-

stre

am s

yste

m, t

hen

wee

kly

colle

ctio

nof

dry

stre

am u

sing

dua

l-com

partm

ent c

olle

c-tio

n ve

hicl

e or

co-

colle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e (e

.g.,

rura

lar

eas,

esp

ecia

lly if

land

fill a

nd M

RF a

re c

lose

toge

ther

)■

Priv

ate-

sect

or c

olle

ctio

n co

ntra

ct a

n op

tion

but

need

to c

onsi

der e

ffect

of r

ecyc

labl

es c

olle

ctio

nsy

stem

on

proc

essi

ng c

osts

and

vic

e ve

rsa.

■Pr

ovid

e re

side

nts

with

cle

arly

mar

ked,

vis

ible

recy

clin

g co

ntai

ners

and

intro

duce

pol

icie

s,su

ch a

s m

ater

ial b

ans,

man

dato

ry re

cycl

ing,

full

user

pay

, and

full

tippi

ng fe

e su

rcha

rges

tosu

ppor

t ini

tiativ

es■

Curb

side

col

lect

ion

of a

ll or

gani

cs (l

eaf a

ndya

rd w

aste

, and

food

was

te) w

ith p

oten

tial b

anon

gra

ss c

lippi

ngs

(dep

ends

on

com

post

ing

syst

em)

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

pro

cess

ing

cont

ract

if th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m re

cycl

able

s (<

30,0

00 tp

y of

recy

clab

les)

or p

ossi

ble

two-

stre

am d

ry

mat

eria

ls n

eed

to b

e pr

oces

sed

outs

ide

the

com

mun

ity■

Chan

nel c

ompo

stin

g sy

stem

s or

in-v

esse

lco

mpo

stin

g fo

r foo

d w

aste

s in

larg

e or

urb

anco

mm

uniti

es, o

r pos

sibl

e an

aero

bic

dige

stio

n(if

tota

l res

iden

tial w

aste

>40

,000

tpy)

cou

pled

with

cha

nnel

or i

n-ve

ssel

com

post

ing

afte

r. Al

lsy

stem

s sh

ould

be

supp

orte

d by

bac

kyar

dco

mpo

stin

g ca

mpa

ign

■Co

llect

all

hous

ehol

d ha

zard

ous

was

tes

(HHW

)at

a p

erm

anen

t HHW

faci

lity

and

prov

ide

mob

ile H

HW d

epot

s th

roug

hout

the

area

(pot

entia

lly s

hare

d w

ith o

ther

com

mun

ities

)■

Prov

ide

or c

ontra

ct b

ulky

was

te a

nd w

hite

good

s w

ith p

ossi

ble

exch

ange

cen

tre■

Optio

n of

ther

mal

trea

tmen

t tec

hnol

ogy

for

larg

e co

mm

uniti

es (l

arge

pop

ulat

ion

requ

ired,

e.g.

, 300

,000

)■

Stro

ng p

rom

otio

n an

d ed

ucat

ion

to in

crea

seaw

aren

ess

■Pr

ovid

e fre

e on

-site

recy

clin

g an

d co

mpo

stin

gfa

cilit

ies

for b

anne

d m

ater

ials

and

mak

e th

emav

aila

ble

to s

elf-h

aul w

aste

(res

iden

tial a

ndIC

&I)

■Se

e So

lid W

aste

as

a Re

sour

ce G

uide

(Ove

rvie

w a

nd R

evie

w o

f Was

te T

echn

olog

ies)

No

Opt

ion

C3Is

hig

h qu

ality

of e

nd m

ater

ials

(b

oth

recy

clab

les

and

com

post

able

s)th

e hi

ghes

t prio

rity

in th

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

g pr

oces

s?

Yes

■Th

ree-

stre

am s

yste

m (r

ecyc

labl

es, l

eaf,

and

yard

was

te) o

r pos

sibl

y tw

o-st

ream

sys

tem

(wet

and

dry

) if t

otal

resi

dent

ial w

aste

>4

0,00

0 tp

y ■

For t

hree

-stre

am s

yste

m, w

eekl

y or

biw

eekl

ycu

rbsi

de c

olle

ctio

n of

recy

clab

les

(sin

gle-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—co

min

gled

—or

two-

stre

am re

cycl

able

s—pa

per a

nd c

onta

iner

s)us

ing

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s a

rear

pack

er in

the

case

of s

mal

l com

mun

ities

, or

dual

-com

partm

ent c

olle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e, o

r co-

colle

ctio

n ve

hicl

e (e

.g.,

rura

l are

as, e

spec

ially

if la

ndfil

l and

MRF

are

clo

se to

geth

er)

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

col

lect

ion

cont

ract

an

optio

n,bu

t nee

d to

con

side

r effe

ct o

f rec

ycla

bles

col

-le

ctio

n sy

stem

on

proc

essi

ng c

osts

and

vic

eve

rsa

■Pr

ovid

e re

side

nts

with

cle

arly

mar

ked,

vis

ible

recy

clin

g co

ntai

ners

and

intro

duce

pol

icie

s,su

ch a

s m

ater

ial b

ans,

man

dato

ry re

cycl

ing,

parti

al o

r ful

l use

r pay

, and

som

e tip

ping

fee

surc

harg

es to

sup

port

initi

ativ

es■

Chan

nel c

ompo

stin

g sy

stem

s or

in-v

esse

lco

mpo

stin

g fo

r foo

d w

aste

s in

larg

e or

urb

an-

com

mun

ities

, whi

ch s

houl

d be

sup

porte

d by

back

yard

com

post

ing

cam

paig

n

■Pr

ivat

e-se

ctor

pro

cess

ing

cont

ract

if re

cycl

able

mat

eria

ls m

ust b

e pr

oces

sed

outs

ide

the

com

-m

unity

(<30

,000

tpy

of re

cycl

able

s), b

ut n

eed

to c

onsi

der e

ffect

on

colle

ctio

n■

Colle

ct p

aint

s th

roug

h si

mpl

e ho

useh

old

faci

lity

and/

or m

obile

HHW

dep

ot s

hare

d w

ith o

ther

com

mun

ities

■Pr

ovid

e or

con

tract

bul

ky w

aste

and

whi

tego

ods

and

char

ge a

fee

■Op

tion

of th

erm

al tr

eatm

ent t

echn

olog

y w

ithec

onom

ies

of s

cale

■St

rong

pro

mot

ion

and

educ

atio

n to

incr

ease

awar

enes

s■

Char

ge a

ll se

lf-ha

ul w

aste

(res

iden

tial a

ndIC

&I)

and

prov

ide

free

recy

clin

g an

d co

mpo

stin

g■

See

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

and

Rev

iew

of W

aste

Tec

hnol

ogie

s)

Opt

ion

C2Is

sys

tem

cos

t th

e hi

ghes

t prio

rity

in th

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

g pr

oces

s?

Yes

Opt

ion

C2 C

onsi

dera

tions

(unl

ikel

y to

ach

ieve

resu

lts w

ithou

t lar

ge in

fusi

on o

f cap

ital)

Opt

ion

C3 C

onsi

dera

tions


TASK 7: DEFINE THE INTEGRATED

RESOURCE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

At the end of the process you should have a list

of technical considerations that best reflects the

needs and characteristics of your community.

Evaluation of the technical considerations must

take into consideration the effect of policy

options. Work through Figure 15 – System

Design Chart to review the selected policy and

technical options and determine their compati-

bility with one another and with the broader

community goals and priorities.


Companion ReadingSolid Waste as a Resource Guide

(Overview, Section 10)


STA

GE

C –

IN

TEG

RA

TED

RE

SO

UR

CE

AN

DW

AS

TEM

AN

AG

EM

EN

TS

YS

TEM

SYS

TEM

DE

SIG

NC

HA

RT

FIG

UR

E15

Yes

No

Do th

e se

lect

ed

polic

ies

and

tech

nolo

gies

su

ppor

t the

bro

ader

com

mun

ity

prio

ritie

s an

d go

als?

Have

you

con

side

red

the

trade

-offs

(e

.g.,

reco

very

vs.

cos

t vs.

qu

ality

of m

ater

ial)?

Do th

e se

lect

ed

polic

ies

and

tech

nolo

gies

su

ppor

t one

ano

ther

?Ye

s

Mod

ify th

e po

licie

s or

tech

nolo

gies

, or

se

t asi

de u

ntil

a fu

ture

dat

e

No

Yes

Take

the

time

to c

onsi

der

Revi

ew S

tage

B o

f thi

s W

orkb

ook

and

Solid

Was

te a

s a

Reso

urce

Gui

de(O

verv

iew

, Sec

tion

10)

No

Revi

sit c

omm

unity

goa

ls a

nd p

riorit

ies,

or

m

odify

the

polic

ies

or te

chno

logi

esId

entif

y te

chno

logi

es to

pur

sue

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

Iden

tify

polic

ies

to p

ursu

e

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_

G U I D E

F E D E R A T I O N O F C A N A D I A N M U N I C I P A L I T I E S

for Susta inable Communit ies

Solid Wasteas a Resource

Solid Waste as a ResourceTable of Contents i

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Integrated Resource and Waste Management for Sustainable Communities . . . . 7

Understanding Your System and Setting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Policy and Legislative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Partnership Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Technology Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Energy and Greenhouse Gas Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Financial and Economic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

End-use Market Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Promotion and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Review of Waste Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Policy Options Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Criteria for Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Regulatory Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Economic Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Voluntary Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Strategic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Community Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Review of Waste Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Waste Management System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Thermal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Landfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

The Overview, Review of Waste Policies and Review of Waste Technologies sections each include a detailed

table of contents and a list of tables and figures.

Solid Waste as a ResourceGlossary 261

Glossary

TERM DESCRIPTION

Anaerobic digestion A biological process using microbes to break down organic material

(AD) in the absence of oxygen. Digestion takes place in an enclosed chamber,

where critical environmental conditions (e.g., moisture content,

temperature and pH levels) can be controlled to maximize microbe

generation, gas generation, and waste decomposition rates.

Backyard composting Composting of residential organic materials by a household, usually in

the backyard. Generally considered a method of source reduction.

Buy-back A staffed facility that usually purchases post-consumer recyclable

containers and materials, such as aluminum cans, glass, and newspapers

from the public. May consist of mobile units. They seldom perform

materials processing.

Centralized composting Process using a central facility within a defined area to compost

organic material.

“Clean” recyclable or Material collected in a source-separated program, where contamination

compostable material is minimal.

Commingled Recycling programs where a number of different materials are mixed

together, not collected separately.

Composting A biological process whereby organic matter is decomposed through

microbial activity, in the presence of oxygen, to produce a peat-like

humus.

Container material Recyclable materials used in drink and food containers, typically

plastic, metal and glass.

Contamination Material that is collected as part of a recycling or organics program and

that must be removed before processing or marketing.

Co-collection The collection of recyclables and organics together with municipal

garbage in one truck; separated later for recycling and

composting/digestion or disposal.

262 GlossarySolid Waste as a Resource

Collection The process of picking up waste, recyclables, or compostable material

from a household or business.

Curbside collection Collection of waste, organics, or recyclables from the curb.

Deposit/refund systems Systems to collect fees on items when sold; fees are reimbursed when

the used product is returned.

Disposal bans Regulation prohibiting disposal of materials or products (e.g., yard

waste, or lead-acid batteries) in landfills and/or incinerators; typically

targets items that contribute substantial volume or toxicity to the solid

waste stream.

Drop-off/depot Facilities (staffed or unstaffed) where the public brings recyclable

materials, organics, or garbage for management by the municipality.

Separate drop boxes may be available for different materials, such as

newspaper, glass, or metal.

Fibre Paper materials, such as cardboard, newsprint, and mixed papers.

Flow control Legislation that limits free market access to specific wastes and ensures

their disposal at a particular processing or ultimate disposal facility.

Full cost accounting Assigning all known waste management costs to the waste manage-

ment program, including those shared with other operations or

programs. May also be applied to landfills.

Grasscycling Leaving grass clippings on the lawn and allowing them to decompose

naturally instead of collecting them for composting, digestion, or

disposal.

Hierarchy (for waste) A hierarchical method of solid waste management. The following

practices are ranked in order of preference: source reduction; reuse;

recycling; energy and material recovery; and landfill disposal.

In-vessel composting Composting involving a closed tank or unit with physical controls.

Landfill mining Materials are recovered from a landfill by excavation. Organic matter

may be reused as a daily cover, and material, such as wood, metal,

brick, plastics and glass, may be recovered and recycled.


Landspreading A procedure whereby organic material is applied directly to land

(usually agricultural) to improve the physical and chemical properties

of soil.

Mandatory separation A regulation requiring waste generators to separate designated

recyclable or compostable materials from the waste stream for recycling.

Market development Policies or measures used by organizations or governments to stimulate

demand for secondary materials (i.e., procurement policies, regulations,

or mandated recycled content).

Material recovery facility A facility that separates and processes source-separated secondary

(MRF) materials (such as glass, metals, plastics, or paper) into marketable

materials.

Mixed MSW Mixed municipal solid waste. The residual waste stream after some

recyclables have been removed.

Mixed-waste processing Through manual or mechanical means, some recyclable material is

removed from waste. The remaining fraction may be used to make a

fuel product, be composted, or both.

Municipal solid waste The controlled decomposition of municipal solid waste, including

composting some form of preprocess to remove non-compostable material.

On-site composting Composting conducted at or near the (generation) source of the

organic material.

Organics The organic fraction of the waste stream, consisting of material that is

biodegradable, typically food, yard waste, and paper.

Processing Preparation of solid waste for sale to markets through such activities

as hand sorting, magnetic and/or mechanical separation or shredding,

composting, or digestion.

Procurement The purchase of goods or services, usually by an organization or

government. Procurement policies or regulations may establish

requirements for purchasing goods that contain a minimum level of

recycled content and/or are recyclable.

Rendering Processing of animal wastes at high temperatures to produce oil, fats,

or animal feed.

264 GlossarySolid Waste as a Resource

Reuse The use of a product, such as a refillable beverage bottle, more than

once, possibly with slight modification.

Source reduction The conservation of materials and energy by preventing the formation

(also waste reduction of wastes such that no treatment, reuse, or disposal is required of

at source) excess or discarded materials. Source reduction is a subset of waste

reduction.

Source separation The separation of materials suitable for recycling or composting from

solid waste at the source of generation (e.g., households, businesses).

Thermal treatment Technologies that process waste using high temperatures to reduce the

quantity of material requiring disposal, stabilize the material requiring

disposal, and recover energy and potentially material resources.

Tipping fee surcharges A surcharge or levy applied on a per-tonne basis to all wastes delivered

to landfill sites, waste-to-energy plants and/or other waste handling

facilities.

User pay Waste collection system whereby generators pay for disposal according

to tonnage or volume of waste produced. User pay systems may result

in a reduction of the amount of solid waste requiring collection and

management.

Variable tipping fees Different fees may be charged at waste recovery, processing, and

disposal facilities based on the particular kind of wastes in a specific

load and/or the extent to which waste has been source-separated.

Vermicomposting Worms digest organic wastes.

Waste composition The various component materials of the waste stream, typically

described as a percentage of the entire waste stream by weight.

Waste diversion The redirection of generated wastes away from disposal through reuse,

recycling, or recovery. It does not include source reduction.

Waste diversion credits Financial incentive provided by municipalities to encourage or to

reward waste diversion based on tonnage diverted from the waste

stream.


Waste exchange System for transferring waste material from one company to another

that can use it. For example, packaging foam received by one company

can be transferred to a stuffed toy manufacturer for use as stuffing.

Waste minimization Measures or techniques, including plans and directives, that reduce

the amount of wastes for disposal to the greatest degree practical.

(Getting as close to zero waste as practical.) Methods to achieve

minimization include source reduction, reuse, environmentally sound

recycling, and recovery.

Waste reduction The decreasing to some extent of the waste stream, requiring disposal

through source reduction, reuse, recycling, or recovery. It is often

confused with the more limited "source reduction," which deals with

policies and approaches only from the curbside on, not further

upstream.

Waste stream The waste output of a community, region, or facility. Total waste can

be categorized into different waste stream components (e.g., wet

organic waste, construction waste, household hazardous waste, or

white goods).

Wet/dry collection The separation of residential solid waste into at least two components

for collection: wet wastes, which are organic and collected for

composting; and dry wastes, which are sorted at a central facility

where the recyclables are removed for further processing.

Windrow composting Composting process whereby piled organic material is placed in a

series of rows, usually two metres deep. The rows are turned

periodically for natural aeration.

A AD – anaerobic digestion

AMRC – Ontario’s Association of Municipal

Recycling Coordinators

B BEST – Businesses for an Environmentally

Sustainable Tomorrow

BNQ – Le Bureau de normalisation du Québec

BOD – biological oxygen demand

BRBA – Buy Recycled Business Alliance in the U.S.

C CCI – Canada Compost Inc.

CCME – Council of Ministers of the Environment

Cd – cadmium

C&D – construction and demolition

CFCs – chlorofluorocarbons

CNG – compressed natural gas

CO2 – carbon dioxide

D DfE – design for the environment

E eCO2 – equivalent carbon dioxide

ECS – eddy current separators

E-E – Eco-Emballages

EFW – energy from waste

ENGOS – environmental non-profit organizations

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency

EPP – environmentally preferable procurement

EPR – extended producer responsibility

F FCM – Federation of Canadian Municipalities

G GAP – Generally Agreed Principles

GERT – Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading

GFNCR – Greening of Facilities National

Capital Region

GHG – greenhouse gas

GIPPER – Governments Incorporating Procurement

Policies to Eliminate Refuse

GJ– Gigajoule, a measure of energy. A joule is a watt

per second

GMF – Green Municipal Funds

GVRD – Greater Vancouver Regional District

H HCl – hydrochloric acid

HDPE – high density polyethylene

Hg – mercury

HHW or HSW – household hazardous waste

(called household special waste in some provinces)

HRM – Halifax Regional Municipality

I IC&I – industrial, commercial and institutional

IWM – integrated waste management

L LCA – life cycle analysis

LFG – landfill gas

M MRF – material recovery facilities

MSW – municipal solid waste

MTCE – metric tonnes of carbon equivalent

N NaPP – National Packaging Protocol

NIR – near infrared

NORA – Northern Ontario Recycling Association

NRC – National Recycling Coalition

NOx – nitrogen oxides

O OCC – old corrugated cardboard

ONP – old newspapers

OMG – old magazines

P PAYT – pay-as-you-throw

Pb – lead

PET – polyethylene terephthalate

P&E – promotion and education

PERT – Pilot Emissions Reduction Trading Project

PROs – Producer Responsibility Organizations

PM – particulate matter

R RDF – refuse derived fuel

RMDZ – recycling market development zones

RRFB – Nova Scotia Resource Recovery Fund Board

RRQ – Reseau des Ressourceries du Quebec

S SOx – sulphur oxides

SSO – source-separated organics

SUBBOR – Super Blue Box Recycling Corporation

SDS – sustainable development strategies

SWICO – Swiss Association for Information,

Communication and Organization

V VOCs – volatile organic compounds

W WRAC – Ontario Waste Reduction Advisory

Committee

Acronyms

Solid Waste as a ResourceAcronyms 267

Workbook E.qxd - FCM

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