THAILANDWP1- Multidisciplinary Situation Appraisal of

Mangrove Ecosystems

“Mangrove ecosystems, communities and conflict: developing knowledge-based approaches to reconcile

multiple demands”

Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University,Bangkok, Thailand

Mangrove Consortium Meeting, Ha NoiJuly 9, 2007

Mangrove forest in Thailand

• 87% sps in 41 families

• 5 families major components

Rhizophora apiculata(Family: Rhizophoraceae)

Lumnitzera racemosa(Family: Combretaceae)

Nypa fruticans(Family: Palmae)

Sonneratia caseolaris(Family: Sonneratiaceae)

Avicennia marina(Family: Avicenniaceae)

Trend in mangrove forest area(1960 – 2000)

(Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003)

The extent of existing mangrove forests and other land uses, by different regions in 1996 compared to original

mangrove forest before 1961Total area 1996 (ha)

Region Mangrove forest

Shrimp pond

Resettlement Other uses* Total original

mangrove forest before

1961 (ha) 24,295.30 3,957.10 13,934.60 Eastern 12,658.00 (58 %) (9 %) (33 %) 54,845.00

15,629.20 3,099.90 42,803.70 Central 5,449.00 (25 %) (5 %) (70 %) 66,981.80

21,919.60 1,001.10 16,957.00 South: Gulf of Thailand 16,517.40 (55 %) (3 %) (42 %) 56,449.20

5,153.80 742.30 55,371.90 South: Andaman Sea 132,904.00 (9 %) (1 %) (90 %) 194,172.00

66,997.90 8,800.40 129,067.20 Total 167,582.40 (33%) (4%) (63%) 372,448.00

Source: Charuppat and Charuppat (1997)* Other uses including agriculture, urbanization, ports and harbors

Distribution of mangrove forest areas in Thailand in 2004

Mangrove forest area in 2004 No. Regions/ Provinces ha % Eastern Region (Gulf of Thailand) 24,369.56 10.43

1 Trat 9,189.85 3.93 2 Chantaburi 11,722.32 5.02 3 Rayong 1,555.02 0.67 4 Chon Buri 727.66 0.31 5 Chachoengsao 1,174.72 0.50

Central Region (Gulf of Thailand) 6,357.41 2.72 6 Samut Prakarn 1,213.62 0.52 7 Bangkok 405.96 0.17 8 Samut Sakhon 1,684.87 0.72 9 Samut Songkhram 2,004.84 0.86 10 Petchaburi 1,048.11 0.45

Southern Region (Gulf of Thailand) 28,637.71 12.25 11 Prachuap Khirikhan 270.78 0.12 12 Chumphon 6,445.44 2.76 13 Surat Thani 6,509.47 2.79 14 Nakhon Si Thammarat 10,277.90 4.40 15 Phatthalung 67.58 0.03 16 Songkhla 1,369.57 0.59 17 Pattani 3,696.96 1.58

Southern Region (Andaman Sea) 174,334.82 74.60 18 Ranong 26,072.51 11.16 19 Phangnga 44,301.58 18.96 20 Phuket 1,680.67 0.72 21 Krabi 36,103.85 15.45 22 Trang 30,610.75 13.10 23 Satun 35,565.45 15.22

Total 233,699.50 100.00

Source: DMCR, 2005 (Unpublished data)

Distribution of mangrove forest of Thailand in 2004

(Source: Jumnongsong, 2005 based on data from the DMCR GIS Database, 2005)

Selection criteria for MANGROVE Project sites in Thailand

Phatthalung Prachuap Khiri Khan

Chumphon Surat Thani

Nakhon Si Thammarat

Songkhla Pattani

Area 1 2 4 4 5 2 3 Forest types 1 1 4 3 5 1 2 Diversity 1 1 4 3 5 1 2 Abundance1 1 1 4 3 5 1 2 Economic sp. 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 Communities 2 2 2 4 5 4 2 Households 2 2 2 4 5 4 2 Resource uses 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 Logistics2 4 4 4 4 5 4 1 Secondary data

3 2 2 2 5 4 1

Conflicts 2 2 2 5 5 5 1 Total score 24 24 35 40 55 33 23

1 Abundance (density, biomass)2 Logistics (transportation and accommodation)

3 communities - Project sites

(a) (b) (c) (www.wikipedia.com) (www.earth.google.com)

1

32

1) Ban Kong Khong, Pak Phanang Fang Tawan Ok Subdistrict, Pak PhanangDistrict (Abundant)

2) Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya, Ta Sak Subdistrict, Mueang District (Abandoned shrimp ponds)

3) Ban Talad Has, Pak Phun Subdistrict, Mueang District (New mud flat and mangrove area)

Seasons and Monsoon

Rainy SummerJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rainy

(NE)

Summer

Rainy (SW) Rainy (NE))

SW = South West MonsoonNE = North East Monsoon

Meteorological data in Nakhon Si Thammarat in 2005

Temperature Relative Humidity Precipitation Month Max

( ๐C ) Min ( ๐C )

Average( ๐C )

Max ( % )

Min ( % )

Average( % )

Per month (mm.)

No. of rainy days

(days) Jan 33.1 18.7 26.39 97 50 80.74 85.70 8 Feb 34.2 19.0 26.94 97 44 77.63 0.0 0 Mar 33.9 19.4 27.15 97 51 79.45 241.5 9 Apr 36.7 21.7 28.96 98 30 77.22 12.4 3 May 36.9 23.0 29.49 98 45 78.81 132.2 13 Jun 36.4 22.7 28.43 97 43 76.42 121.0 12 Jul 35.5 22.0 28.00 96 41 76.51 147.1 14 Aug 36.0 21.8 28.21 97 40 76.14 65.2 14 Sep 35.2 22.5 27.81 97 43 78.64 136.5 13 Oct 34.7 22.3 26.52 99 50 86.18 384.4 23 Nov 33.0 22.0 26.33 98 55 85.79 643.1 15 Dec 31.0 21.0 24.87 100 64 89.84 927.9 24

Total - - - - - - 2,987.2 148 Source: Meteorological station at Kakhon Si Thammarat

http://www.nakhonsithammarat.go.th/air.php

Soil TypePak Pak Phanang Fang Ok Subdistrict (Ban Kong Khong)

http://giswebldd.ldd.go.th/

Soil TypeTasak Subdistrict (Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya)

http://giswebldd.ldd.go.th/

Soil TypePak Phoon Subdistrict (Ban Talad Has)

http://giswebldd.ldd.go.th/

Sustainable Livelihoods Framework

(DFID; Guidance Sheet – Section 1, 1999)

Gender Analysis FrameworkCategory of

enquiry Issues to consider

1) Assets (natural, physical, financial, human, social)

• What livelihood assets/opportunities do men and women have access to?

• What constraints do they face? 2) Roles and

responsibilities

• What do men and women do? (1) Productive roles - paid work, self-employment,

and subsistence production, (2) Reproductive roles (domestic work, child care and

care of the sick and elderly) 3) Power and

decision-making • What decision-making do men and/or women participate

in or control? (1) Household level (2) Community level

4) Needs, priorities and perspectives

• What are women’s and men’s needs and priorities?

Note: Adapted from DFID Infrastructure Department (1999)

Assessment of livelihoods, goods and services

PCA with Ban Talad Has community at Pak Phun TAO

PCA with Ban Kong Khong community at Ban Kong Khong School

PCA with Ban Pak Nam Pak Phayacommunity at Ban Pak Nam Pak

Phaya School

About 30 villagers from each community participated in PCA (Total – about 90 villagers)

Specific objectives and methodologies for assessment of livelihoods, goods and services

Objectives Methodologies/Tools

(1) To assess the assets of each community

Review of secondary data, site observation, questionnaire, and focus group (natural, physical, financial, human, and social assets)

(2) To assess the role of mangrove for providing goods and services in the livelihoods of poor people

PCA - Brainstorming • Rank the importance of mangrove goods and

services • Map the flow of goods and services supporting

the communities (Marketing channel)

(3) To assess the vulnerability context of each community

PCA- Brainstorming • Rank the causes of impacts on the mangrove

forest and mangrove aquatic resources • Trend line of the quantity of natural resources,

the economy, social relation, and conflicts in different periods

• Seasonal calendar of activities related to the mangrove ecosystem

(4) Address specific gender issues

PCA- Participatory Gender Framework Analysis • Mapping of community assets (natural, physical,

financial, human, and social) • Perceptions of roles and responsibilities, • Perceptions of power and decision-making • Rank the needs and priorities

1. Assessment of community assets

Assessment of community’s assets

The asset pentagon (DFID; Guidance Sheet – Section 2.3, 1999)

• Human assets (H) - e.g. health services, education, and information access

• Natural assets (N) - e.g. natural goods and services derived from the mangrove ecosystem, resources and the system of land allocation

• Financial assets (F) - e.g. capital/income, credit, and levels of trust

• Physical assets (P) - e.g. Infrastructure, tools and equipment that people use to work more productively

• Social assets (S) - e.g. social networks (vertical/ horizontal), membership of more formalized groups

Review of secondary data, site observation, questionnaire, and focus group

Situations and changes in access to assets in study sites

Study sites Ban Kong Khong Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya Ban Talad Has

Asset Types

Situation* Changes ** Situation* Changes ** Situation* Changes ** H 5 (+) 8 (+) 8 (+) N 4 (-) 7 (-) 8 (+) F 5 (-) 7 (-) 6 (-) P 4 (+) 6 (+) 8 (+) S 6 (+) 6 (NS) 5 (NS)

(a) Ban Kong Khong (b) Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya

(c) Ban Talad Has

S (+)

H (+)

P (+) F (-)

N (-)

H (+)

N (-)

F (-) P (+)

S (NS)

H (+)

N(+)

F (-) P (+)

S (NS)

* 0= completely no access or severed conflicts,

10 = perfectly access and no conflicts)

** Declined (-), extended (+), or not significant changes (NS)

H=Human asset, N=Natural asset, F=Financial asset, P=Physical asset, S=Social asset

2. Assessment of roles of mangrove ecosystem

providing goods and services in livelihoods of poor people

2. Assessment of roles of mangrove ecosystem providing goods and services in

livelihoods of poor people

PCA - Brainstorming

• Ranking importance of mangrove goods and services

1) Mapping flows of goods supporting communities

Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA) with 3 communities

Ranking importance of mangrove goods and services

(a) Representative of male group from

Ban Kong Khong (21 June 07) (b) Representative of female group from Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya (24 June 07)

Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA) with 3 communities

Example of ranking from Ban KongKhong, PakPhanangFangTawanOk Subdistrict, PakPhanang District

Female Group Male Group 1. Use of mangrove wood for house construction

and charcoal 2. Prevention of coastal erosion 3. Drainage of water for aquaculture (Giant

Seaperch, mud crab, Giant Tiger Prawn, Sesarmid crab)

4. Source of food for the community 5. Habitat of aquatic fauna 6. Collecting Sesarmid crab and shells 7. Use of mangrove’s parts for herb and medicine 8. Collection of white shrimp (Penacus indicus) 9. Collection of mud crab and fish 10. Use of Nipa palm’s leaves for roof material and

tobacco wrapping, used of Nipa palm’s stem for fishing gear

11. Selling Rhizophora seedlings for mangrove planting project

12. Place for ecotourism 13. Use of Sonneratia griffithii as plant for house

decoration, fruit for consumption

1. Collection of Sesarmid crab 2. Collection of mud crab 3. Collection of fish 4. Collection of shrimp 5. Use of mangrove wood for house

construction 6. Selling Rhizophora seedlings for

mangrove planting project 7. Collection of muolusk 8. Habitat for Nohk Gwak (a white-

breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus)

9. Habitat for Heron 10. Prevention of coastal erosion 11. Use of Nipa palm’s leaves as material

for thatched house or dwellings 12. Breeding areas of aquatic fauna 13. Habitat and food source of Nest

Swiftlets bird 14. Use of mangrove poles for fishing gear

Ranks of importance of goods supporting communities

Ban Kong Khong Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya Ban Talad Has 1. Sesarmid crab (Sesarma mederi) 2. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) 3. Banana shrimp/Indian white

shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus)

4. Bluespot Grey Mullet (Valamugil seheli)

5. Java Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica ) 6. Walking Catfish (Pla Duk Talae)

(Clarias spp. ) 7. Giant Seaperch (Pla Kra Pong)

(Lates calcarifer) 8. Common Geloina (Hoi Gan)

(Polymesoda erosa) 9. Horse Mussel (Hoi Kapong)

(Musculus senhousia) 10. Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) – Roof

material 11. Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) –

Tobacco wrapping 12. Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) – Pure

i

1. Banana shrimp/Indian white shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus)

2. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) 3. Walking Catfish (Clarias spp.) 4. Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus

pelagicus) 5. Giant Seaperch (Lates calcarifer)

6. Bluespot Grey Mullet (Valamugil

seheli) 7. Horse Mussel (Musculus

senhousia) 8. Cockle (Anadara granosa) 9. Sesarmid crab (Sesarma mederi) 10. Green Mussel (Perna viridis)

(Culture) 11. Mysids (Acetes spp.) 12. Honey

1. Bluespot Grey Mullet (Valamugil seheli)

2. Banana shrimp/Indian white shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus)

3. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) 4. Horse Mussel (Musculus

senhousia) 5. Walking Catfish (Clarias spp.) 6. Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) –

Tobacco wrapping 7. Sesarmid crab (Sesarma mederi) 8. Shieldheaded Catfish (Pla God)

(Arius nella)

Flow chart –Mud crab (Scylla serrata)

F ish e rs in B an K o n g K h o n g

F ish e rs in B an P ak N a m P ak P h a ya

F ish e rs in B an T a la d H a s

H o u se h o ld co nsu m p tio n

M id d le m an in v illa g e

S e lle r in m a rk e t in P a k P h an an g D is tr ic t

S e lle r in m a rk e t in B an g k o k an d o th e r p ro v in ces

M id d le m a n fro m o u tsid e v illa g e

E x p o rt

S a le a t M ee tin g m a rk e t in v illa g e

S e lle r in m a rk e t in N ak ho n T o w n

S a le a t m ark e t in N ak h o n T o w n

(Summarized from three diagrams that were developed during PCA)

Flow chart –Banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) &

Indian white shrimp (P. indicus)

Fishers in Ban Kong Khong

Fishers in Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya

Fishers in Ban Talad Has

Household consumption

Middleman in village

Seller in market in Pak Phanang District

Seller in market in Bangkok and other provinces

Middleman from outside village

Sale at Meeting market in village

Collector in Mueang District (Sin Thai Pae)

Sale at market in Nakhon Town

Collector in Pak Nakhon Subdistrict (Chock Sunan Pae)

Seller in market in Nakhon Town

Export to Malaysia

(Summarized from three diagrams that were developed during PCA)

3. Assessment of vulnerability context

Assessment of vulnerability context

(DFID; Guidance Sheet – Section 2.2, 1999)

PCA- Brainstorming

• Ranking the causes of impacts to mangrove forest and mangrove aquatic resources

• Trend line of natural resource quantity, economy, social relation, conflicts in different periods

• Seasonal calendar of activities related to mangrove ecosystem

Ranking the causes of impacts to mangrove forest and mangrove aquatic resources

Ban Kong Khong Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya Ban Talad Has 1. Severe storm-

damaged mangroves 2. Mangrove cutting 3. Private sector

- Cause of decrease in catch as they cannot survive in low quality of water contaminated by waste water discharged from industrial plants

- Cause of loss in mangrove area for different purposes

- Waste from shrimp farm may be cause of reduction in catch from mangrove forest

1. Strong wave cause of coastal erosion

2. Strong winds and storms 3. Mangrove cutting 4. Low survival rate of

mangrove seedlings planted because of boat, big poles, strong winds

5. Discharged Waste water from industrial plants and town to canal nearby mangrove forest

6. People throw waste and rubbish into canal nearby mangrove forest

1. Human - Mangrove cutting - Shrimp farm - Waste from shrimp farm may

be cause of reduction in catch from mangrove forest

- People throw waste and rubbish into canal nearby mangrove forest

- Discharged Waste water from industrial plants and town to canal nearby mangrove forest

- Use of illegal fishing gear - Fishing in breeding season

2. Natural hazard - Strong storms and wave

create coastal erosion - Flooded area by raised sea

water level

Shocks in the pastIn 1962 - Typhoon “Harriet” with wind speeds over 90 km/hr swept through the province during October 24-25. Laem Talumpuk was swept clean. More than 1,000 people lost their lives and 422 were injured.

In 1970 - Mangrove forest areas were cleared for shrimp farming.

In 1989 - Thai government launched the Cabinet Resolution on August 1st, 1989 – The reservation and protection for mangrove forest areas in Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat Provinces.

In 1995 - Dam was constructed.

Trend line of natural resource quantity, economy, social relation, conflicts in different periods (1)

Items/ Shocks Before the storm

occurred

After storm- Before

shrimp farm started

After shrimp farm started – Before

resolution declared

After resolution declared –

Before dam constructed

After dam constructed – After present

Extensive / Intensive 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1

1) Mangrove forest area in the communities

5 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1

2) Catch amount

5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 1

3) Economic situation in the communities

0=None, 1=Very low, 2=Low, 3=Medium, 4=High, Ban Kong Khong Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya Ban Talad Has

Trend line of natural resource quantity, economy, social relation, conflicts in different periods (2)

Items/ Shocks Before the storm

occurred

After storm- Before

shrimp farm started

After shrimp farm started – Before

resolution declared

After resolution declared –

Before dam constructed

After dam constructed – After present

Extensive / Intensive 4 2 2

1 1

4) Level of conflicts among local people in the village 0 0 0 0 0

5 5 3 2 1

5) Level of conflicts between local people and government 0 0 0 0

3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1

6) Level of Appreciation for efficiency of government work 0 0

0=None, 1=Very low, 2=Low, 3=Medium, 4=High, Ban Kong Khong Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya Ban Talad Has

Seasonal calendar of activities related to mangrove ecosystem

Items/ Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Seasons (SW-South West, NE-North East Monsoon)

Rainy

(NE)

Summer

Rainy (SW) Rainy (NE))

Strong winds/high wave

Catching White shrimp (a-Gill net, b-stake trap)

a

a a

b

Catching Mud crab (a-by traditional crab trap or Raew, b-gill net)

b

a

b

Catching Sesarmid crab (hands)

Catching fish (gill net)

Catching Horse Mussel (Hoi Kapong) – low level of water

Catching Common Geloina (Hoi Gan) by hands

Mangrove plantating (Low level of water)

4. Assessment of Specific gender issues

4. Assessment of Specific gender issues

PCA- Participatory Gender Framework Analysis

1) Mapping of community assets (natural, physical, financial, human, and social)

2) Perceptions of roles and responsibilities, 3) Perceptions of power and decision-making4) Rank the needs and priorities

Example of community asset map from Ban Pak Nam Pak Phaya

Men

Women

Perceptions of roles , responsibilities, power and decision-making

% of respondents Ban Kong Khong

(n=33, m=14, w=19) PakNam Pak Phaya (n=32, m=14, w=18))

Ban Talad Has (n=31, m=16, w=15)

M W E M W E M W E Roles and responsibilities 1. Productive roles - work

outside home (paid work, self-employment, and subsistence production)

87.90 0.00 12.1 78.13 3.13 18.75 83.87 0.00 16.13

2. Productive roles - work at home 6.45 9.68 83.9 31.25 50.00 18.75 16.13 77.42 6.45

3. Reproductive roles (domestic work, child care and care of the sick and elderly)

0.00 100.0 0.00 3.13 84.38 12.50 6.45 90.32 3.23

4. Directly use mangrove goods 90.60 6.25 3.13 90.32 3.23 6.45 66.67 3.33 30.00

5. Community participation/self-help (voluntary work for the benefit of the community as a whole)

51.50 21.20 27.30 58.06 16.13 25.81 74.19 6.45 19.35

Power and decision-making 6. Household level (e.g.

decisions over household expenditure)

33.30 60.60 6.06 25.00 46.88 28.13 22.58 64.52 12.90

7. Community level (e.g. decisions on the management of community water supplies)

60.60 25.20 24.20 71.88 15.63 12.50 74.19 9.68 16.13

Rank the needs and priorities Steps to get the rank

1) Participants wrote their needs into colourcards

2) Colour cards with different needs received from participants were grouped

3) Participants were given 3 stickers (green for men and pink for women) with no. 1, 2, and 3 on it so each participant will have 6 points to vote for their prioritized needs.

4) The highest score will be given to the most priority and the lowest score will be given to the lowest priority.

5) Then calculation to find out scores given by women and men as well as total score for each topic will be done.

Rank the needs and priorities Ban Kong Khong

Rank NO.

Needs/ priorities Male Woman Total

1 Solution for land title or land ownership 38 47 85 2 Increase in aquatic fauna 14 20 34 3 Sufficient water for household use 14 11 25 4 Availability of finance help /credit 5 15 20 5 Improvement of infrastructure (Road) 6 7 13 6 Increase in mangrove plantation area 6 5 11 7 Security of occupation 6 2 8 8 Sufficient / availability of medicine 0 2 2 Total 89 109 198

Rank the needs and priorities Ban Pak Nam Phaya

Rank No.

Needs/ priorities Men (n=17)

Women(n=16)

Total(n=33)

1 Termination of illegal fishing 27 23 50

2 Increase in mangrove plantation area 16 23 39

3 Provision of equipment for occupation + additional occupation 18 15 33

4 Conservation of mangrove forest in the community 5 13 18

4 Construction of seawall 15 3 18

5 Use some parts of mangrove woods/pools in mangrove forest 11 6 17

6 Increase in aquatic fauna 6 10 16

7 People’s participation in rules and regulation related to mangrove ecosystem 2 3 5

8 Land for agriculture 2 0 2

Total 102 96 198

Rank the needs and priorities Ban Talad Has

Rank No. Needs/ priorities Men

(n=14)Women (n=14)

Total (n=28)

1 Increase in mangrove plantation area 26 22 48

2 Healthy mangrove ecosystem 21 10 31

3 Termination of mangrove cutting in the community 10 11 21

4 Need to get knowledge about mangrove ecosystem 10 10 20

5 Increase in mangrove plantation area 12 6 18

6 Development of mangrove zonation 3 14 17

7 Participation in mangrove conservation 2 11 13

Total 84 84 168

Institutional and Stakeholder Analysis

Main organization for mangrove forest mgt. in Thailand

The Mangrove Resource

Conservation Bureau

Under RFD, MOAC

The Mangrove Resource

Conservation Bureau

Under DMCR, MONRE

Gov. structurereformation in late 2002

However, the RFD also has responsibility of the Forest Act B.E. 2484 (1941) for protection and supervision in which the Provincial Offices represent central administration for inspection in provincial level.

Cabinet’s resolutions (1966 -2000)

2000: Last resolution on October 17th, 2000 referred to the July 23rd, 1991.

1966: 15 yr-mangrove concession grants

1978: measures for mangrove utilization

1984: Silvo-fishery system

1987: Mangrove forest zonation 3 zones

Solve problems in specific mangrove areas e.g., Chachoengsao, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat + eastern Thailand

1991: urgent measures for mangroves + corals (provincial level plan, marking mangrove boundary, mangrove plantation, seed source areas, public promotion)

July 23rd, 1991: Utilization in mangrove forest areas shall be completely prohibited

1992: the National Environmental Board recommend gov. working with local gov+ local community. Mangrove management unit

1996: concerned impacts of shrimp culture

1996: concession in mangrove forest areas was terminated by this resolution

Venn Diagram – Relationship of stakeholders

K

P

T

DMCR

RDF

Other Departments*

School & university

M

M M

R

R

R

Tambon (Subdistrict) Administrative Office (TAO) Provincial Administrative Office (PAO) M Middlemen R Religious

K Kong Khong Vilalge T Talad Has Village P Pak Nam Pak Nakhon Vilalge

Thank YouThank You