Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
-
Upload
anurup-gaurav -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
1/27
Work and Family Harmony:Productivity AND Peace
Work/Life Association Roundtable
E. Jeffrey Hill, Ph.D., CFLEBYU School of Family Life
29 October 2008
Melbourne, Australia
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
2/27
Work-Life Metaphors
Metaphors influence our thoughts
Balance and Juggling: are
dominant work-family metaphors Scarcity mentality based on time
Assumes a Zero-Sum game
Emphasis on conflict Productivity comes at the expense of
individual peace.
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
3/27
Harmony:
A Better Metaphor Harmonyinstead ofBalance
Person is the composer, orchestrator,
and director of his/her own life. Life roles may harmonize or be
dissonant (Work and family are pre-eminent)
Emphasis on facilitation and flexibilityas well as conflict
Productivity AND peace are BOTH
possible simultaneously
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
4/27
Definition of Work-Family
HarmonyAbility to effectively integratework responsibilities and
family/personal aspirations
Assumptions:
Bothwork and family are important Work should not be at the expense of a satisfying
family/personal life and vice versa.
Work and family can benefit one another
Work and family harmony promotes productivity
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
5/27
Global Trends Affecting
Work-Family Harmony Global 24/7/365 economy
Longer work hours
Pervasive technology
Greater gender equity
Dual-career families Global epidemic of work-family conflict
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
6/27
Initiatives to increase harmonyand reduce conflict
Many work and family initiatives aroundthe world
Sponsored by governments, companies,and non-profit organizations
Two examples
Singapore
IBM Corporation
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
7/27
2006 Singapore National Study of Work-Life Harmony
Objectives of Study Develop Singapore National Study of Work-Life
Harmony
Develop a National Measure of Work-LifeHarmony(Establish a scaled benchmark tomeasure progress over time in Singapore)
Explore relationship of Work-Life Harmony to
work and family outcomes (especially fertility) Provide data for research-based policy
discussion
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
8/27
Methodology:
Conceptual model includes predictorsand outcomes of work-life harmony.
(A) Work
Characteristics(B) Individual
Characteristics(C) Family
Characteristics
(F) Work-to-Home
Conflict/Facilitation
(F) Home-to-Work
Conflict/Facilitation
(D) Work-to-HomeAdaptive
Strategies
(E) Home-to-WorkAdaptive
Strategies
(H) WorkVitality
(I) PersonalVitality
(J) FamilyVitality
(G)
Work/LifeHarmony
*Focus groups were conducted to validate the model for Singapore
(K) Community
Vitality
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
9/27
The Questions
All in all, I am able to effectively integrate my work
responsibilities and family/personal aspirations.
How easy or difficult is it for you to integrate your workand your personal/family life?
My job fits well with:
My individual personality My desire to be happily married
My desired number of children
My desire to spend time with my family/children
My preferred pace (tempo) of life
My desire for social interaction (e.g. time with friends)
My personal aspirations
Singapore Measure of
Work-Life Harmony
9 Item Measure
Coefficient Alpha = .91
Highly Reliable
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
10/27
Results
Workers report a sleep deficit
of 10 hours/week.
Lack of sleep has been linked to healthproblems such as obesity, diabetes, and a
lower immune system, as well asperformance problems concerning
judgment, response time, and attention.
Ideal # of hours of sleep per night M= 8.2
Actual # of hours of sleep per night M=6.8
1.4 hours deficit per night9.8 hours deficit per week500 hours deficit per year
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
11/27
National Measure of Work-Life Harmony
Positive Link Between Work-
Life Harmony and Fertility
Controlling for age, education, gender, andHH income, the odds of reporting fewerchildren than ideal is more than two timesgreater for those with little work-life
harmony than those with high work-lifeharmony.
Poor work-life harmony is associated with havingfewer children than is believed to be ideal.
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
12/27
Work-Life Harmony: What
Singapore workers want2006 Singapore Work/Life Harmony %
1.Flexibility in WHERE work gets done 462.Paid leave (marriage, maternity, paternity) 243.Flexibility in WHEN work gets done 234.Greater mgmt. acceptance of work-life 20
5.Greater work-life education for employees 176.Child care services 126. Part-time, job share, reduced hours 126. Sports/social activities in the workplace 12
6. Focus on needs of older workers 12
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
13/27
Summary of Singapore Results:Harmony=Productivity AND Peace
Business case for work-life harmony is stronglyvalidated: it predicts valued work, personal, andfamily vitality outcomes (Productivity AND Peace). Greater job loyalty, satisfaction, opportunity, performance Less job attrition
Greater life satisfaction, physical health, mental health Enhanced marital and family satisfaction Higher fertility
Work-life harmony is predicted by: Personal: Health, sleep, income
Work: Manager support and workplace flexibility Family: Participation in family activities, and having both children
and elders living in the home
Employees express most interest in flexible workoptions (especially flextime) and paid leave
National Work-life Harmony Measure can be used as abenchmark to measure progress over time
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
14/27
IBM Global Work-Life
Initiatives Started in the United States (1970s)
Three US surveys (86, 91, 96)
Three Global surveys (01, 04, 07) 2007 IBM Global Work and Life Issues
Survey Facts
75 countries, 10 languages, 88 corequestions, 59k invitees
Global Work-Life strategies
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
15/27
Work-Life Harmony:
What IBM employees want2007 IBM OVERALL %
1.Flexibility in WHERE work gets done 362.Flexibility in WHEN work gets done 253.Greater mgmt. acceptance of work-life 254.Child care services 21
5.Greater work-life education for employees 216.Part-time, job share, reduced hours 167.Focus on needs of older workers 15
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
16/27
Work-Life Harmony:
What IBM has implemented Workplace flexibility (flextime, mobile
work, work-at-home, part-time, job
sharing, leaves, compressed work, etc.) Supports for children/elders (care
referral, near-site care, camps for
children, homework assistance, etc.) Education for managers and employees
Results: increased work-life harmonyfacilitates achieving business results
W k l Fl ibili R l
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
17/27
Workplace Flexibility ResultsDecade trend: As flexibilityincreases, work-life conflict
decreases, and vitality increases.
0
40
80
1996 2001 2004 2007
Hours Worked
Flexibility in Where Work is Done
Working from Home is Acceptable
Work/Life Conflict
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
18/27
Workplace Flexibility ResultsDinnertime enhances work,
personal, and family vitality Long work hours associated with:
perceptions of unhealthy workplace greater work-family conflict lower perceived life success poorer family relationship quality
Dinnertime mediated all these relationships Workplace flexibility ==> Dinnertime Greater work, personal, and family vitality is
achieved when employees use workplace flexibilityto maintain regular family mealtime, even in theface of long work hours.
Jacob, J., Allen, S. M., Hill, E. J.,Mead, N. L. (2008). Work interference withdinnertime as a mediator and moderator between work hours and work and
family outcomes. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal.
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
19/27
Workplace Flexibility Results
60-Hour Dual-Earner Week
Promotes Work and Family Vitality Comparison of three couple work arrangements:
FT/FT: Both partners work 40+ hours per week
60 Hour: Both partners work and at least one works part-time
FT/NE: One partner works full-time, the other is not employed 60-hour group compares favorably to the other groups
Less work-to-family conflict and greater work-family fit means: Greater work vitality
Enhanced family vitality
1.5 jobs per family seems to work best
Hill, E. J., Mead, N. T., Dean, L. R., Hafen, D. M., Gadd, R., Palmer, A. A., &Ferris, M. (2006). Researching the 60-hour dual-earner work week: Analternative to the opt out revolution.American Behavioral Scientist, 49,
1184-1203.
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
20/27
Workplace Flexibility ResultsFinding an Extra Day per Week
Study uses Break Point analysis: Mathematical pointin hours per week at which 50% of respondents reportdifficulty managing work-life demands.
Overall Break Point: 52 hours/week for those without workplace flexibility 60 hours/week for those with workplace flexibility Benefit of 8 hours/week (an extra day per week)
Break Point for Women with Pre-schoolers
32 hours/week for those without workplace flexibility 43 hours/week for those with workplace flexibility Benefit of 11 hours/week (an extra day per week)
Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. (2001). Finding an extraday a week: The positive effect of job flexibility on work and family lifebalance. Family Relations, 50(1), 49-58.
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
21/27
TOP 10 COUNTRIES for Work-at-Home
1. United States 31% (+12)
2. UK 18% (+11)3. Australia 16% (+10)
4. Canada 16% (+ 6)
5. Germany 11% (+ 6)
6. Austria 10% (+ 4)
7. Brazil 7% (+ 6)
8. Mexico 7% (+ 5)
9. Netherlands 7% (+ 2)
10. South Africa 6% (+ 5)
Working from homeacceptable in my workgroup:US 1996 34%US 2001 51%US 2004 69%US 2007 79%IBM 2007 70%
Commitment NOT
questioned for usingflexible workarrangements:US 1996 33%US 2001 42%US 2004 48%US 2007 46%
IBM 2007 55%
Globally, work-at-home hasincreased from 5% in 01, to
10% in 04, to 15% in 07
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
22/27
Telecommuters: Primarily from Home 16%
At least 10 hours/week 51%
At least 5 hours/week 70%
Of the working primarily at home percent reportingwork-at-home to be beneficial to: Job Satisfaction 81%
Productivity 86%
Moral/motivation 74%
Loyalty/Commitment 76%
Work Overall 84%
Work-Life Balance 87%
Family Life 89%
Results from telecommuters inAustralia (2007)
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
23/27
Beneficial effects:
Increased job satisfaction
Improved performance Lower turnover intent
Decreased role stress
Lower work-family conflict
Concern: co-worker relationships whentelecommuting more than 2.5 days/week
Findings from telecommutingmeta-analysis of 46 studies
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and theunknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators andindividual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524-1541.
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
24/27
The more extensive the telecommuting theless work-to-family conflict.
Schedule flexibility supercharges thebenefits of telecommuting.
The positive relationship betweentelecommuting and job satisfaction plateaus
at two days per week.
Those with a large household sizeexperience greater family-to-work conflict
the more they telecommute.
Research on the extent oftelecommuting
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
25/27
Workplace Flexibility:
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
26/27
Workplace Flexibility:One of the hallmarks of good
management practice
Workplace flexibility will become one ofthe hallmarks of good managementpractice, in part because it can producepositive outcomes for employees as wellas for workplaces.
Source: Testimony given in the United
States Senate, 28 February, 2007)
-
8/3/2019 Work-Life Harmony Productivity and Peace (10!29!08)
27/27
Work and Family Harmony:Productivity AND Peace
THANK YOU!
E. Jeffrey Hill, Ph.D., CFLEBYU School of Family Life