Work and Simple Machines S8P3. Students will investigate relationship between force, mass, and the...
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Transcript of Work and Simple Machines S8P3. Students will investigate relationship between force, mass, and the...
Work and Simple Machines
S8P3. Students will investigate relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects.
a. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration.
b. Demonstrate the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object in terms of gravity, inertia, and friction.
c. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines (lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle)
on work.
Essential Questions
•When is work done on an object?•How do you determine the work done on an object?•What is the relationship between power and work?
WARM-UP:
Work – p.406-407
Work is done on an object when the
object moves in the same direction in which the force is
exerted.
Why is this server in a restaurant NOT doing any work?
Calculating Work – p.408-409
The amount of work done on an object can be determined
by multiplying force times distance.
Is work being done?
• Work = Force x Distance• Work = 5000 N x 200 m• Work = 1,000,000 Joules!
Power – p.409-411
Power is the rate at which work is done.
It is equal to the amount of work
done on an object in a unit of time.
WATT’s the unit of power?!?!
How Machines Do Work– p.412-415
A MACHINE is a device that allows you to do work one of three ways that is easier:
1. It can change the amount of force that you exert
2. It can change the distance over which you exert your force
3. It can change the direction in which you exert your force
Input and Output forces – p.413
Input force is the force that YOU exert on the machine, causing it to move a certain distance. (Ex: You exerted
a force on a shovel)Output force is the force that the MACHINE exerts
over another distance. (Ex: the shovel’s force on the
dirt)
Input and Output work– p.413
Input work is the input force times the input
distanceOutput work is the output
force times the output distance
When you use a machine, the amount of output work can never be greater than the amount of input work.
Mechanical Advantage– p.416-417
A machine’s mechanical
advantage is the number of times
a machine increases force exerted on it.
Efficiency of Machines – p.417-419
A machine’s efficiency (expressed as a percent)
compares the output work to the input
work.Some work is always wasted overcoming the force of friction.
Efficiency = Output work x 100% Input work
Simple Machines p.422
Inclined Plane p.423
• A flat, sloped surface• Ex: ramp• Allows you to exert your
input force over a longer distance.
• Ideal mechanical advantage =
Length of incline Height of incline
Wedge p.424
• A device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end.
• 2 inclined planes back to back that can move.
• Ex: ax, knife, zipper• Allows the output force at a
90o angle to the slope• Ideal mechanical advantage = Length of wedge Width of wedge
Screw p.425
• An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
• Ex: lids of jars• Threads of screw increase the
distance over which you exert the input force. As threads of screw turn, they exert an output force, holding the object in place.
• Ideal mechanical advantage = Length around the threads Length of screw
Levers p.426-427
• A rigid bar that is free to pivot, or rotate on a fixed point, called the fulcrum.
• Ex: wheelbarrow, hockey stick, crowbar
• 3 types (see next slide)• Ideal mechanical
advantage = Distance from fulcrum to input force Distance from fulcrum to output force
1st class levers p. 427
• Change the direction of the input force.
• If the fulcrum is closer to the output force, these levers also increase force.
• If the fulcrum is closer to the input force, these levers also increase distance.
• Examples: scissors, pliers, seesaws
2nd class levers p. 427
• Change the direction of the input force.
• If the fulcrum is closer to the output force, these levers also increase force.
• If the fulcrum is closer to the input force, these levers also increase distance.
• Examples: scissors, pliers, seesaws, wheelbarrow
3rd class levers p. 427
• Increase distance, but do not change the direction of the input force.
• Examples: fishing poles, shovels, baseball bats, hockey sticks, brooms
Wheel and Axle p.428-430• Two circular or cylindrical objects
fastened together that rotate about a common axis.
• Ex: screwdriver, doorknob, steering wheel
• You apply an input force to turn the handle, or wheel. Because the wheel is larger than the axle, the axle rotates and exerts a large output force. The W&A increases your force, but you must exert your force over a long distance.
• Ideal mechanical advantage = Radius of wheel Radius of axle
Pulley p.430-431
• A grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it.
• Ex: flagpole, crane, weight machine, blinds/drapes
• You pull on one end of a rope (input force), while the output force pulls the object you want to move. Makes work easier in 2 ways (see next slide)
• Ideal mechanical advantage = number of sections of rope that
support the object.
Simple Machines in the Body p.432
• Most of the machines in your body are levers that consist of bones and muscles
•Your front teeth (incisors) are wedges!
Which levers are found in your body?
Compound Machines p.433
• Utilize two or more simple machines
• Ideal mechanical advantage is the product of the individual ideal mechanical advantages of the simple machines that make it up.