Word Formation in Englis
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Transcript of Word Formation in Englis
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Lexicon. Characteristics of wordformation in English.
Prefixation, suffixation andcompounding.
Unit 10
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1. Lexicon
1.1. Lexicography.
1.2.The Evolution of the moderndictionary.
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Types of Lexicography
Alphabetical lexicography
Thematic Lexicography
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Products of lexicography
If account for size
20-volume Oxford
Dictionary The Concise
Oxford Dictionary
The Pocket OxfordDictionary
The Collins Gem
If account for type
Monolingual
Bilingual Multilingual
Phonetical
Etymologies Synonyms and
antonyms.etc.
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In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequentwords in dictionaries.
The gratest figure in English lexicography in
the XVIII was Samuel Johnson.
The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was
The OxfordEnglish Dictionary.
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Dictionaries in America
Noah Websteris the great pioneerin lexicography.
His dictonary published in 1828 hadthe titleAn American Dictionaryof the English Language
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English word formation
Affixation.
Compounding.
Conversion.
Other devices: reduplication,clipping, blending, acronyms.
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Prefixation
Characteristics of prefixes
Generally they do not alter the word
class of the base. The are normally written together with
the base as a single word.
Main stress falls normally on the base.
They can be grouped according to theirmeaning.
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Negative Prefixes
un-unfair, unadorned,unfortunately.
non- non-conformist, non-existent.in- invisible, illogical, impossible,
irresponsible.
a(n)-amoral, atheist.dis-disloyal, disobey, disfavour
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Reversible Prefixes
un-undo, undress, unhorse.
de-defrost, depoliticize.
dis- discouraging,disheartened,desinterested.
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Pejorative Prefixes
mis-mishear, misconduct,misleading, misrepresentation.
mal-maltreat, malformed,malfunction.
pseudo-pseudo-scientific,
pseudo- classicism.
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Prefixes of degree and size
arch-archduke, archenemy.
super-supermarket, superman.
out-outlive, outdo, outrun.sur-surcharge,
sub-subnormal, substandard.
over-/under-overdo, undertookhyper-/ultra-hypersensitive.
mini-/macro-/micro-microwave.
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Prefixes of attitude
co-cooperative, cohabit, co-director, co-proprietor.
counter-counter-espionage,counter-attack.
anti-/pro-anti-nuclear, anti-
democracy.
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Locative Prefixes
super-super-structure.
sub-subway, subconscious,
subdivide.inter-international, intermarry,
interwave, interplay.
trans-transatlantic, transplant.
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Prefixes of time and order
fore-foretell, foreman, forewarn.
pre-/post-pre-historial, pre-
marital.ex-ex-minister, ex-wife.
re-rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.
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Number Prefixes
uni-/mono-monosyllable,
unilateral.
bi-/di-dichotomy, bifocal.
multi-/poly-/plurimultiracial
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Conversion prefixes
be-bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle,befriend ( a dog ).
en-/em-endanger, empower.
a-afloat.
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To Summarize
Negative Prefixes.
Reversible Prefixes.
Pejorative Prefixes.
Prefixes of degree and size.
Prefixes of attitude.
Locative prefixes.
Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes.
Conversion Prefixes.
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Suffixation
Characteristics of suffixes. They normally alter the word type of the base.
Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own.
The change the word into which they are included intoanother part of speech.
The can be classified according to the speech part theyform, or according to the type of base the are added to.
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Noun suffixes
Occupational.
-eerengineer, auctitioneer.
-stergangster, gamester, trickster.
-erLondoner, banker
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Noun Suffixes
Diminutive and femenine.
-letbooklet, owlet, piglet.
-ettecigarrette, kitchenette.
-esscountess, hostess.
-yJohnny, daddy, pussy
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Noun Suffixes ( Abstract )
Status, domain, etc.
-hoodboyhood, brotherhood,
flasehood, likelihood.
-shipfriendship, companionship
-dom,-ocracy, -ery/-ry.
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Noun Suffixes
Quantity.
-fulhandful, spoonful
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Noun/adjective suffixes
-iteIsraelite, Rafaelite.
-(i)anShakespearian, Elizabethan.-eseJapanese.
-istnovelist, violinist, typist.
-ismCummunism, Imperialistm.
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De-verbal suffixes
-erworker, onlooker, drinker.
-antinhabitant, occupant.
-ationoperation, exploration.-mentarrangement, argument.
-alapproval, refusal
-ingswimming, living, painting, building.-agepackage, peerage, shortage.
-eetrainee, employee.
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De-adjectival suffixes
-nessgoodness, happiness,selfishness.
-ity/-able/-ible/-alreadable,readability, sentimental,
sentimentality.
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Verb suffixes
-ifycertify, identify.
-izescandalize, organise.
-enblacken, sadden.
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Adjective Suffixes
-ablereadable, drinkable.
-alchemical, criminal, special.
-fulbeautiful, plentiful.-edblue-eyed, odd-shaped.
-enwooden, leaden.
-icGermanic, specific.
-ishfoolish, boyish, snobbish.-lesshelpless, hopeless.
-likefriendly, child-like
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Adverb suffixes
-lyhappily, freely, instantly.
-wardsonwards, eastwards.
-wiseclockwise.
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To Summarize Suffixes
Noun Suffixes.
Noun/Adjective suffixes.
De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes.
Verb suffixes.
Adjective suffixes.
Adverb suffixes.
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Compounding.
Oil paperPaperclip
Paper aeroplane
(to)wallpaperWastepaper
Wastepaper basket
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Characteristics ofcompounds.
The can be written together, (solid)separately or with a hyphen.
Phonologically are identified as for havingthe main stress on the first element. blackbird_____,_____ a species of bird.
blackbird _____ _____ a bird which is back
They can consist of two or three words. sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.
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Other compound nounscome from...
Verb + Noun.
pickpoket.
Verb + Verb.make-belive.
Adjective + Noun.
fast-food.
Particle + Noun
overkill.
Adverb + Noun.new generation
Verb + Particle
press down Phrase compounds
Whisky and soda
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Groups of compound nouns.
Compound nouns can be countable,uncountable, singular or plural andgrouped like that.
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Common countablecompound nouns.
Address book
Air conditioner
Air raid Baby-sitter
Bank account
Brother-in-law Bus-stop
Can opener
Heart attack
High school
Human being Letter-box
Passer-by
Pen-friend Polar bear
Police station.
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Common uncoutablecompound nouns
Birth control
Central heating
Common sense Dry-cleaning
Family planning
Fancy dress Fast-food
Income tax
Lost property
Mail order
Make up Old age
Remote control
Social security First aid
Water-skiing
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Common singularcompound nouns
Cost of living
Fire brigade Generation gap
Human race
Mother-tongue
Public sector Solar system
Welfare state.
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Common plural compoundnouns.
Armed forces
Civil rights High heels
Human rights
Luxury goods
Road works
Social services Winter sports
Yellow pages
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Compound adjectives.
They are made up of two or more
words, usually written with hyphensbetween them. They may bequalitative classifying or colour
adjectives.
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Common patterns to makecompound adjectives.
Adjective or number + noun + -ed
red-haired Adjective or adverb + past participle
low-paid
Adjective, adverb or noun +presentparticiple
good-looking
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Groups of Compoundadjectives.
Compoundqualitativeadjectives
Absent minded. Easy-going.
Low-paid
Nice looking Old fashioned
Open-minded
Second-class Starry-eyed
Tender-hearted
Well-behaved Well-dressed
Well-known.
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Groups of Compoundadjectives.
Compoundclassifyingadjectives
Audio-visual
Brand-new
Built-up
Deep-sea
Duty-free
Long-distance
Made-up
North-east One-way
Second-hand
Tax-free Top-secret
f
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Groups of Compoundadjectives.
Compound colouradjectives
Blood-red Bottle-green
Nut-brown
Royal-blue Sky-blue
Snow-white.
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Compound Verbs.
They are usually written with anhyphen.
Pattern formation:noun + verb sky-dive
verb + nounshun-pike
verb + verbfreeze-dryadjective + verbdouble-book
particle + verboverbook
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Groups of compound verbs
Intransitive compound verbs:Baby-sit hitch-hikeIce-skate roller-skate
Water-ski window-shopTransitive compound verbs:Back-comb ill-treatDry-clean tape recordCompound verbs used in transitive or intransitive
clauses:Bottle-feed sight-readMass-produce spring-cleanShrt-circuit tie-dye