WORD FORMATION

Norzuliatul Akma Mohamad

Siti Khirnie Kasbolah

Nur Fatihah Halim

Siti Aisah Hamid

Ruzanna Abas

PISMP Mathematics 08

In linguistic, word formation is the creation of a new word

These are several ways of forming word in English : Borrowing Compounding Blending Clipping/Abbreviations Backformation Conversion Acronyms Word Coinage Onomatopoeia Eponyms

BORROWING

Borrowing is the taking over of words from other languages

Examples : Amok (Malaysia) Croissant (French) Sofa (Arabic) Tycoon (Japanese) Yogurt (Turkish) Piano (Italian)

COMPOUNDING

Is the joining of two separate words to produce a single form.

Examples for nouns : Chinatown, fingerprint, sunburn, textbook,

wallpaper Examples for compound adjectives:

Good-looking, low-paid Examples for compound of adjectives+noun

fast-food, full-time

BLENDING

The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term.

Accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the word.

Examples: When we are for lunch and late for breakfast, we

combine both for brunch Motel = motor/hotel telecast= television/broadcast

CONVERSION

A change in the function of a word. For example, when a noun comes to be used

as a verb (without any reduction). Other labels for this common process are

‘category change’ and ‘functional shift’.

CONVERSION – NOUNS AS VERBS

A number of nouns have come to be used through conversion as verbs which are readily accepted.

For example: We bottled the juice last night.

Have you buttered the toast?

Dian is vacationing in Tioman.

CONVERSION – VERBS BECOMES NOUNS The conversion can involve verbs becomes nouns.

For example:Phrasal verbs

To print out A printoutTo take over A takeover

Complex verb combinationWant to be He isn’t in the group, he’s just a wannabe.

CONVERSION – VERBS BECOMES ADJECTIVES

Verbs also becomes adjectives: For example:

See through See-through materials

Stand up Stand-up comedian

To dirty A dirty floor To empty An empty room

CONVERSION – COMPOUND NOUNS BECOME ADJECTIVAL OR VERBAL FUNCTIONS. Some nouns have assumed adjectival or

verbal functions. For example: The ballpark A ball-park figure / To ball park Carpool A car-pool friends / To car pool

Other forms, such as ‘up’ can also becomes verbs. As example: Up They’re going to up the price of oil

CONVERSION – COMPOUND NOUNS BECOME ADJECTIVAL OR VERBAL FUNCTIONS. Some words can shift substantially in

meaning when they change category through conversion: Doctor To doctor

CLIPPING / ABBREVIATIONS

The element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process. Clipping is occurs when a word of more than three syllable.

BACK CLIPPING

Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retaned.

Exampes: doctor – doc cablegram – cable gymnasium – gym

FORE CLIPPING

Fore clipping is retained the final part Examples:

parachute – chute raccoon – coon telephone – phone

MIDDLE CLIPPING

Middle clipping is retained the middle of the word

Examples: influenza – flu detective – tec

COMPLEX CLIPPING

Clipped forms are also used in compounds One part of the original compound most

often remains intact Examples:

cablegram – cable gram op art – optical art

BACKFORMATION

a word of one of one type (usually noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually verb) * verb was backformed from noun. Examples: the noun television creates the verb

televise. donation donate emotion emote babysitter babysit option opt

ACRONYMS

Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.These can be forms such as CD (‘compact disk’) or VCD (‘video cassette recorder’) where the pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter.More typically, acronyms are pronounced as new single words, as NATO, NASA or UNESCO.

These examples have kept their capital letters, but many acronyms simply become everyday terms such as laser (‘light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation’), radar (‘radio detecting and ranging’), scuba (‘self-contained underwater breathing apparatus’) and zip (‘zon improvement plan’) code.Names for organization are often designed to have their acronym represent an appropriate term, as in ‘Mothers Against Drunk Driving’ (MADD) and ‘Women Against Rape’ (WAR).

Innovations such as the ATM (‘automatic teller machine’) and the required PIN (‘personal identification number’) are regularly used with one of their elements as repeted, as in I sometimes, forget my PIN number when I go to the ATM machine.

WORD COINAGE Coinage is one of the least common processes of

word formation in English, that is, the intervention of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product.

Older examples are aspirin, nylon, vaseline and zipper; more recent example are kleenex, teflon, tylenol and xerox.

The advertising industry has added many words to English, such as Kodak, Nylon, Orlon and Dacron. Specific brand names such as Xerox, Kleenex, Jell-O, Frigidaire, Brillo, and Vaseline are now sometimes used as the generic name for different brands of these types of products.Notice that some of these words were created from existing words: Kleenex from the word clean and Jell-O from gel.

ONOMATOPOEIA

• Is a word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing.

• Words are invented which (to native speakers at least) sound like the sound they name or entity which produces the sound. E.g. , buzz of bees, the hiss of a goose, the crackle of fire.

• E.g. , such as animal noises like ‘quack’ or ‘meow’, or suggesting its source object, such as ‘boom’, ‘zoom’, ‘click’, ‘bunk’, ‘clang’, ‘zap’, or ‘bang’.

Some other very common English-language examples include bang, beep, and splash.

Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine.

For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), bark (dog), roar (lion), and meow (cat) are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns as verbs.

EPONYMS

An ordinary common noun derived from a proper noun, the name of a person or place.

WORDS MEANING EPONYMS

Ammonia A pungent nitrogen-based gas or liquid used widely as a household cleaning agent.

Ammon or Amen, an Egyptian god of oracles because ammonia was first obtained from a region near the temple of Amen, in Libya.

Sandwich It is a food which has two slices of breads.

Named for the fourth earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while he gambled.

August The eight month of the year between July and September.

Augutus Caesar, the 1st Roman emperor.

Atlas A set of maps. Atlas, a Titan in Greek mythology forced by Zeus to support the heavens upon his shoulders.