Word Class in English
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Different words do different jobs in a sentence.
word class
Danial Mohammadzadeh
Different words do different jobs in a sentence.
noun adjectivepronoun
verb
preposition
These are calledword classes.
adverb
conjunctiondeterminer
Lexical categoriesFunctional categoriesMorphological properties of English verbs
1. Nouns2. Verbs3. Adjectives4. Adverbs5. Prepositions
a noun isthe name of
a person,place, animal
or thing
Nouns 1
girl
city
dog
day
Emma
Belfast
Fido
Monday
girl
city
fox
man
girls
cities
foxes
men
commonnoun
generalnames
propernoun
particularnames
singular
just one
plural
morethan one
Nouns 2
Nounscan be…
collectivenouns
abstractnouns
group team
crowdflock
herdclass
singular nounfor a plural group
justicehappinessgriefwisdom
idea
things you can’tsee, hear, touch, smell
A group of words builtround a noun is called a noun phrase..
It acts like a noun in a sentence.
The small boy with grubbyknees was laughing. We had an interesting discussion about life.
Verb 1The verb is
the word that tellsyou what’s
happening in a sentence
pasttense
future
present tense
e.g. ate
was eating
used to eat
had eaten
e.g. will eat
is going to eat
e.g. eats is eating
Where more than oneword is needed it’s called a verb chain.
Verb 2Verbs can
be…
imperative
negative
interrogative
conditional
active or passive
e.g. Stop! Mix the flour…
e.g. is not… cannot… don’t…
e.g. What is she doing? May I have a drink?
e.g. may be… might have… could be…
The monster ate the pie. The pie
was eaten by the
monster.
Nouns and Verbs Phrase(Art+N) eg. The books1.Complement(V+Art+N) borrow the books2.Subject eg. The rabbit ran.3.Argument(complement and subject)
Adjectives
Adjectivestell you
more abouta noun.
They can comebefore the noun…
e.g. The huge fluffy monster
or after it…
e.g. The monster was huge and fluffy.
They can be…comparative or superlative.
tallermore enormous
tallestmost enormous
rather talltallish
quite tallextremely tall
They can suggest degree…
Adverbshow? where?
when?
e.g. gently
sadly
happily
e.g.now then
afterwards
yesterday
e.g. inside
outside
here
there
everywherecomparative superlative
degree
morehappily
mosthappily
quite happilyextremely happily
Adverbs fill inbackgrounddetail about
what happens.
PrepositionsPrepositionscome at thebeginning of
a phrase.
inup
with
roundover
on
after
through
under
in the garden
with big teeth
over the rainbow
on his bestbehaviour
after lunch
under the arches
The phrasessometimes act like adjectives… and sometimes like adverbs.
The dog in the gardenwas barking.
telling us more
about the dog The dog was barking in the garden.
up the stairs
round the corner
through the years
adjectives adverbs
where was it barking?
1. Determiners2. Auxiliaries3. Pronouns4. Conjunctions5. Complementisers
Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc. are known as function words and they belong to functional categories.
They differed from nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions(content words)
They differ:1. In description of individual languages2. In study of acquisition of language3. In study of language disorders.
There is a relationship between content words and function words, that assigning words to lexical categories rely on specific types of function words.
Determinersan
a the
that this
an apple
the car
The articles the/a and the demonstratives belong to a class a function words called determiners
a book
This/that are
known as
demonstratives
Nouns can be preceded by a
definite or indefinite
article
that bag
Like your, his, her, its, our, their, the word my is half-way between apronoun and a determiner.
Auxiliary verbscan
willmust
be have
They differ with lexical verbs in terms of “moving”, that lexical verbs do not move in a sentence while these verbs move.
Verbs can be preceded by a type of function words which are known
as auxiliaries verbs
Also a sentence is negated by placing “not”( or n’t) after a n auxiliary.
PronounsSingular Plural
Firstperson
Apronounstands inplace of a noun
I
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he/she/it
him/her/it
his/hers/its
his/hers/its
himself/herself/itself
Secondperson
Thirdperson
Firstperson
Secondperson
Thirdperson
Any word that stands in for a noun(or noun phrase) is a pronoun, e.g.
this, that, those, one
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
ConjunctionsConjunctionsmake linksbetweenwords or phrases
time links
when whilewhenever
before until
after
conditionallinks
although
if unless
as long as
and
causal links
place links
or
but
so
as sincebecause
in order that
so that
wherewherever
Index
complementisers
The subordinating conjunction “that”
in modern linguistics are
known as complementisers
Index
Tom wondered [if it will rain]Tom arranged [for Dick to leave early]
Each of the bracketed clauses is a complement clause, since it serves as the complement of the bold-face verb.
Verbs have a simple form which are called the base form.
There are special forms of verbs in a sentence, that is a base form plus an
ending –s. Eg. He plays baseball on Mondays.
Here the verb agrees with its subject.
1. Daniel presented a presentation.2. Daniel is presenting a presentation.3. Daniel has presented a presentation.
The verb “presented” in number 1 has indicated the Tense of the action.
In English we have regular verbs and irregular ones.
2. Daniel is presenting a presentation.ing-form is sometimes referred to as present
participle, but it is better to call them as progressive participle which is talking about an on-going action.
The auxiliary “be” is referred to as a “progressive auxiliary” when it’s used in progressive aspect sentences.
3. Daniel has presented a presentation.The “presented” in this sentence is wrongly called
“past participle” of the verb “present”, which is must be called as “perfect participle”.
The auxiliary “has” is referred to as a “perfect auxiliary” when it’s used in conjunction with a perfect participle.
When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence, we say that it inflects.
A category like Tense is therefore called an inflectional category.
The category of Tense has two forms, past and non-past in English.
Eg. Took(past form) and take/takes(non-past form)
the traditional term used to distinguish sentences in which the relations of subject and object are changed is voice.
1. Daniel took a picture of John.( active participle )2. A picture of John was taken by Daniel.( passive
participle )
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